Chapter 14 Section 14 7 Calculus 1D
Chapter 14 Section 14 7 Calculus 1D
Vinh Nguyen
De Anza College
Definition
A function of two variables has a local maximum at (a,b) if
f (x, y ) ≤ f (a, b) when (x, y ) is near (a, b). The number f (a, b) is called a
local maximum value. If f (x, y ) ≥ f (a, b) when (x, y ) is near (a, b), then
f has a local minimum at (a, b) and f (a, b) is a local minimum value.
This theorem says that if f has a local maximum or minimum at (a, b),
then (a, b) is a critical point of f .
Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 14: Partial Derivatives 4 / 20
Example 1
Example
Let f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 6y + 14. Find the critical point of f .
Example
Let f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 6y + 14. Find the critical point of f .
fx = 2x − 2 and fy = 2y − 6
These partial derivatives are equal to 0 when x = 1 and y = 3. So the
only critical point is (1, 3)
Later we will use the second derivative test to show this critical point
(1, 3) is a local minimum of f , where f (1, 3) = 4
Example
Find the extreme values of f (x, y ) = y 2 − x 2
Example
Find the extreme values of f (x, y ) = y 2 − x 2
Example
Find the extreme values of f (x, y ) = y 2 − x 2
Example
Find the extreme values of f (x, y ) = y 2 − x 2
Example
Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of
f (x, y ) = 10x 2 y − 5x 2 − 4y 2 − x 4 − 2y 4
Example
Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of
f (x, y ) = 10x 2 y − 5x 2 − 4y 2 − x 4 − 2y 4
2x(10y − 5 − 2x 2 ) = 0
5x 2 − 4y − 4y 3 = 0
Example
Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of
f (x, y ) = 10x 2 y − 5x 2 − 4y 2 − x 4 − 2y 4
2x(10y − 5 − 2x 2 ) = 0
5x 2 − 4y − 4y 3 = 0
Example
Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of
f (x, y ) = x 4 + y 4 − 4xy + 1
Example
Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of
f (x, y ) = x 4 + y 4 − 4xy + 1
The pdistance from away point (x, y , z) to the point (1, 0, −2) is
d = p(x − 1)2 + y 2 + (z + 2)2 .
d = (x − 1)2 + y 2 + ((4 − x − 2y ) + 2)2
We can minimize d by minimizing the simpler expression
d 2 = f (x, y ) = (x − 1)2 + y 2 + (6 − x − 2y )2
By solving the equations
fx = 2(x − 1) − 2(6 − x − 2y ) = 4x + 4y − 14 = 0
fy = 2y − 4(6 − x − 2y ) = 4x + 10y − 24 = 0
11 5
We find that the only critical point is , (local min).
6 3
The pdistance from away point (x, y , z) to the point (1, 0, −2) is
d = p(x − 1)2 + y 2 + (z + 2)2 .
d = (x − 1)2 + y 2 + ((4 − x − 2y ) + 2)2
We can minimize d by minimizing the simpler expression
d 2 = f (x, y ) = (x − 1)2 + y 2 + (6 − x − 2y )2
By solving the equations
fx = 2(x − 1) − 2(6 − x − 2y ) = 4x + 4y − 14 = 0
fy = 2y − 4(6 − x − 2y ) = 4x + 10y − 24 = 0
11 5
We find that the only critical point is , (local min). The short
6 3
5√
distance d = 6.
6
Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 14: Partial Derivatives 11 / 20
Example 6
Example
A rectangular box without a lid is to made from 12m2 of cardboard. Find
the maximum volume of such a box.
Example
A rectangular box without a lid is to made from 12m2 of cardboard. Find
the maximum volume of such a box.
Let the length, width, and height of the box (in meters) by x, y , z. Then
volume of the box is V = xyz.
Example
A rectangular box without a lid is to made from 12m2 of cardboard. Find
the maximum volume of such a box.
Let the length, width, and height of the box (in meters) by x, y , z. Then
volume of the box is V = xyz.We can express V as function of two
variables x and y by using the fact that the area of the four sides and the
12 − xy
bottom of the box is 2xz + 2yz + xy = 12 ⇒ z = . So the
2(x + y )
expression for V becomes:
12 − xy xy − x 2 y 2
V = xy =
2(x + y ) 2(x + y )
Example
A rectangular box without a lid is to made from 12m2 of cardboard. Find
the maximum volume of such a box.
Let the length, width, and height of the box (in meters) by x, y , z. Then
volume of the box is V = xyz.We can express V as function of two
variables x and y by using the fact that the area of the four sides and the
12 − xy
bottom of the box is 2xz + 2yz + xy = 12 ⇒ z = . So the
2(x + y )
expression for V becomes:
12 − xy xy − x 2 y 2
V = xy =
2(x + y ) 2(x + y )
∂V ∂V
If V is a maximum, then = = 0, but x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ V = 0. So,
∂x ∂y
∂V ∂V
If V is a maximum, then = = 0, but x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ V = 0. So,
∂x ∂y
x = 2, y = 2 and z = 1
∂V ∂V
If V is a maximum, then = = 0, but x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ V = 0. So,
∂x ∂y
Defintion
Let (a, b) be a point in the domain D of a function f of two variables.
Then f (a, b) is the
1 absolute maximum value of f on D if f (a, b) ≥ f (x, y ) for all
(x, y ) in D.
2 absolute minimum value of f on D if f (a, b) ≤ f (x, y ) for all (x, y )
in D.
Definition
A closed set in R2 is one that contains all its boundary points.[A
boundary point of D is a point (a, b) such that every disk with center
(a, b) contains points in D and also points not in D.]
Definition
A closed set in R2 is one that contains all its boundary points.[A
boundary point of D is a point (a, b) such that every disk with center
(a, b) contains points in D and also points not in D.]
D = {(x, y ) | x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1}
Definition
A bounded set in R2 is one that is contained within some disk. In other
words, it is finite in extent.
Theorem
Extreme Value theorem for Functions of Two Variables If f is continuous
on a closed, bounded set D in R2 , then f attains ab absolute maximum
value f (x1 , y1 ) and an absolute minimum value f (x2 , y2 ) at some points
(x1 , y1 ) nad (x2 , y2 ) in D.
Example
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function
f (x, y ) = x 2 − 2xy + 2y
Example
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function
f (x, y ) = x 2 − 2xy + 2y
f (1, 1) = 1 (1)
f (0, 0) = 0, f (3, 2) = 9(L1 ) (2)
f (3, 0) = 9, f (3, 2) = 1(L2 ) (3)
f (2, 2) = 0, f (0, 2) = 4(L3 ) (4)
f (0, 2) = 4, f (0, 0) = 0 (5)