ASSIGNMENT 4

MATH 366: PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

December 27, 2024

Q1 (a)
utt = 64uxx
⇒ utt − 64uxx = 0
Comparing with the wave equation, utt − c2 uxx = 0
⇒ c2 = 64
√
⇒ c = 64 = 8
Hence the general solution is given as
u(x, t) = f (x + ct) + g(x − ct)

= f (x + 8t) + g(x − 8t)

(b)
4utt − 25uxx = 0
25
⇒ utt − uxx = 0
4
Comparing with the wave equation, utt − c2 uxx = 0
25
⇒ c2 =
4
r
25 5
⇒c= =
4 2
Hence the general solution is given as
u(x, t) = f (x + ct) + g(x − ct)

1
 5 5
= f (x + t) + g(x − t)
2 2
= f (2x + 5t) + g(2x − 5t)

(c)
uxx = 16utt
⇒ 16utt − uxx = 0
1
⇒ utt − uxx = 0
16
Comparing with the wave equation, utt − c2 uxx = 0
1
c2 =
16
r
1 1
⇒c= =
16 4
Hence the general solution is given as
u(x, t) = f (x + ct) + g(x − ct)
1 1
= f (x + t) + g(x − t)
4 4
= f (4x + t) + g(4x − t)

Q2 (a) 
2
utt = c uxx

2
u(x, 0) = e−x

ut (x, 0) = cos2 (x)


The D'alembert formula is given by

Z x+ct
1 1
u(x, t) = [f (x + ct) + f (x − ct)] + g(s)ds
2 2c x−ct

2
f (x) = e−x
2
⇒ f (x + ct) = e−(x+ct)

2
 2
⇒ f (x − ct) = e−(x−ct)

g(x) = cos2 (x)

⇒ g(s) = cos2 (s)

Z x+ct
1 h −(x+ct)2 2
i 1
⇒ u(x, t) = e + e−(x−ct) + cos2 (s)ds
2 2c x−ct

Z x+ct  
1 h (−x2 −2xct−c2 t2 ) 2 2 2
i 1 1
⇒ u(x, t) = e + e(−x +2xct−c t ) + (1 + cos 2s) ds
2 2c x−ct 2

Z x+ct
1 2 2 2  1
= e−x · e−c t e−2xct + e2xct +

(1 + cos2s)ds
2 4c x−ct

 x+ct
1 −x2 −c2 t2  −2xct 2xct
 1 sin 2s
= e ·e e +e + s+
2 4c 2 x−ct

e−2xct + e2xct
   
−(x2 +c2 t2 ) 1 sin 2(x + ct) sin2(x − ct)
=e + (x + ct) + − (x − ct) −
2 4c 2 2

 
−(x2 +c2 t2 ) 1 1
=e cosh 2xct+ (x + ct) − (x − ct) + (sin(2x + 2ct) − sin(2x − 2ct))
4c 2

2 +c2 t2 ) 1
= e−(x cosh 2xct + [2ct + cos 2x sin 2ct]
4c

2 +c2 t2 ) t 1
⇒ u(x, t) = e−(x cosh 2xct + + (cos 2x sin 2ct)
2 4c

(b) 
utt = uxx

u(x, 0) = sin 5x

ut (x, 0) = 15 cos x


3
 The D'alembert formula is given by
Z x+ct
1 1
u(x, t) = [f (x + ct) + f (x − ct)] + g(s)ds
2 2c x−ct

But c = 1
f (x) = sin 5x

⇒ f (x + t) = sin 5(x + t) = sin(5x + 5t)

⇒ f (x − ct) = sin 5(x − t) = sin(5x − 5t)

1
g(x) = cos x
5
1
⇒ g(s) = cos s
5

Z x+t
1 1 1
⇒ u(x, t) = [sin(5x + 5t) + sin(5x − 5t)] + cos(s)ds
2 2 x−t 5
Z x+t
1 1
⇒ u(x, t) = [2 sin 5x cos 5t] + cos(s)ds
2 10 x−t

1
⇒ u(x, t) = sin 5x cos 5t + [sin(s)]x+t
x−t ds
10

1
⇒ u(x, t) = sin 5x cos 5t + [sin(x + t) − sin(x − t)]
10

1
⇒ u(x, t) = sin 5x cos 5t + [2 cos x sin t]
10

1
⇒ u(x, t) = sin 5x cos 5t + cos x sin t
5

4
Q3 (a)
π
ÿ + 4y = 0 y(0) = −2, y( ) = 10
4
let
y = erx , ẏ = rerx , ÿ = r2 erx

Now we have ,

⇒ r2 erx + 4erx = 0
⇒ erx (r2 + 4) = 0 , but erx ̸= 0
⇒ (r2 + 4) = 0
⇒ r2 = −4
⇒ r = ±2i

⇒ y(x) = c1 cos(2x) + c2 sin(2x)

Applying the boundary conditions

⇒ y(0) = c1 cos(2(0)) + c2 sin(2(0)) = −2

⇒ c1 = −2
Similarly,
π π π
y( ) = c1 cos(2( )) + c2 sin(2( )) = 10
4 4 4

⇒ c2 = 10

The solution then is,

y(x) = −2 cos(2x) + 10 sin(2x)

5
(b)
ÿ + 4y = 0 y(0) = −2, y(2π) = −2
let
y = erx , ẏ = rerx , ÿ = r2 erx

Now we have ,
r2 erx + 4erx = 0
⇒ erx (r2 + 4) = 0, , but erx ̸= 0
⇒ (r2 + 4) = 0
⇒ r2 = −4
⇒ r = ±2i
⇒ y(x) = c1 cos(2x) + c2 sin(2x)

Applying the boundary conditions

⇒ y(0) = c1 cos(2(0)) + c2 sin(2(0)) = −2

⇒ c1 = −2
Similarly,

y(2π) = c1 cos(2(2π)) + c2 sin(2(2π)) = −2

⇒ c1 = −2

The solution is,

y(x) = −2 cos(2x) + c2 sin(2x)

(c)
π 5
ÿ + 9y = cos(x) ẏ(0) = 5, y( ) = −
2 3
Solving the homogeneous part rst
⇒ ÿ + 9y = 0

6
let
y = erx , ẏ = rerx , ÿ = r2 erx
Now we have ,
r2 erx + 9erx = 0

⇒ erx (r2 + 9) = 0, , but erx ̸= 0

⇒ (r2 + 9) = 0
⇒ r2 = −9
⇒ r = ±3i

⇒ yh (x) = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x)

Solving for the particular solution,

let
y = A cos(x) + B sin(x)
ẏ = −A sin(x) + B cos(x)
ÿ = −A cos(x) − B sin(x)

We will now have our dierential equation to be ;

−A cos(x) − B sin(x) + 9A cos(x) + 9B sin(x) = cos(x)

8A cos(x) + 8B sin(x) = cos(x)

Comparing coecients,
8A = 1 8B = 0
1
A= B=0
8
The particular thus is;
1
yp (x) = cos(x)
8
The general solution is then;
y(x) = yh (x) + yp (x)

7
 1
y(x) = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x) + cos(x)
8
1
ẏ(x) = −3c1 sin(3x) + 3c2 cos(3x) − sin(x)
8
Applying the boundary conditions;
1
⇒ ẏ(0) = −3c1 sin(3(0)) + 3c2 cos(3(0)) − sin((0)) = 5
8
⇒ 3c2 = 5
5
⇒ c2 =
3
Similarly,

π π π 1 π 5
y( ) = c1 cos(3( )) + c2 sin(3( )) + cos( ) = −
2 2 2 8 2 3
5
⇒ −c2 = −
3
5
c2 =
3
The boundary conditions then tell us that we must have c2 = 53 and they
don't tell us anything about c1 and so it is can be arbitrarily chosen. The
solution is then,

5 1
y(x) = c1 cos(3x) + sin(3x) + cos(x)
3 8