Franklin Open 8 (2024) 100142

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Franklin Open
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fraope

A comprehensive survey on an IoT-based smart public street lighting

system application for smart cities
Siwar Khemakhem , Lotfi Krichen *
National Engineering School of Sfax, Electrical Systems and Renewable Energies Laboratory (LSEER), BP 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The swift advancement and updating of urban lighting systems, along with the incorporation of smart and
Internet of things (IOT) Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure, have opened up numerous opportunities for technological progress across
Smart public street lighting various facets of life. This paper offers a comprehensive overview on the development of smart public street
Smart poles
lighting infrastructure tailored for IoT applications in smart cities. Initially, the focus lies on transitioning from
Leds technology
Communication network
conventional lighting to Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) technology in street lighting. Complementing this tran-
Monitoring unit sition, the incorporation of the wireless networked sensors and controllers ensures dynamic brightness control in
operational zones, envisioning substantial energy savings. Furthermore, the notion characterizing smart cities
denotes incorporating modern digital infrastructures to develop innovative functionalities and connect various
application, following the IoT paradigm. The key findings from the proposed study have enhanced knowledge
regarding smart public street lighting application. This system integrates smart poles equipped with LEDs lamps
technology, smart sensors, communication network and monitoring unit, leveraging current technological ad-
vancements in IoT applications. The implementation of IoT-based smart public street lighting systems presents
several challenges, including integrating diverse sensors and actuators ensuring robust device communication,
secure data management, and effective system scaling and maintenance. Despite these challenges, this system
significantly advances smart city infrastructure by enhancing energy efficiency, safety, and sustainability.
However, addressing their high initial costs, data privacy and security concerns, and ongoing maintenance are
crucial in future studies to realize their full potential in smart cities.

1. Introduction natural resource management is an essential aspect of these initiatives,

reflecting a growing trend in technology-driven projects [8]. In these
Smart cities encompass a fusion of technologies for data collection, recent years, population progression and urbanization have seen a sig-
processing, and dissemination, alongside networking, computing, and nificant surge with more individuals seeking improved opportunities in
data security measures. This integration utilizes electronic tools sensors, smart cities. Indeed, smart cities leverage technology and data to
and advanced communication methods to foster innovation across enhance urban life, address environmental challenges, and boost infra-
various applications, aiming to enhance the lifestyle quality for most structure efficiency. By 2050, around 70 % of the global population is
citizens [1,2]. They strive to enhance the daily activities of its in- expected to live in urban areas, increasing the demand for smart solu-
habitants and establishments through leveraging cutting-edge technol- tions for resource management, transportation optimization, public
ogies to foster sustainable economic development practices [3]. This is safety, and sustainability [9–11]. Consequently, smart cities aim to
where the Internet of Things (IoT) takes main interest. Indeed, IoT is create more liveable, resilient, and efficient environments by integrating
instrumental in fostering the growth of smart cities by establishing IoT devices, data analytics, and automated systems. Various projects
robust connections among devices, sensors, and networks essential for illustrate the diverse approach needed, such as a plug-and-play meth-
their setup [4,5]. odology for IoT medical devices ensuring interoperability and real-time
Within any IoT system, unique identifiers contribute significantly to data collection was presented in [12]. The transition from Sustainable
accelerating the exchange of information across various networks [6,7]. Urban Mobility Plans (SUMP) to Mobility as a Service (MaaS) to improve
Indeed, maintaining equilibrium in the environmental conservation and urban mobility and reduce emissions was explored in [13]. Additionally,

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Krichen).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100142
Received 17 May 2024; Received in revised form 30 July 2024; Accepted 2 August 2024
Available online 5 August 2024
2773-1863/© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Franklin Institute. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
S. Khemakhem and L. Krichen Franklin Open 8 (2024) 100142

the importance of inclusive technology deployment for equitable ben- prompting numerous research initiatives to demonstrate the potential
efits was highlighted in [14]. and positive impacts of integrating smart technologies into streetlamp
Furthermore, as fossil fuels become increasingly scarce and their management. These technologies involve equipping smart street light-
prices continue to rise due to inflation [15], there is a pressing need for ing with sensors, wireless communications capabilities and control al-
improved power management and monitoring strategies to achieve gorithms, enabling them to operate autonomously within the IoT
significant reductions in energy consumption and transition towards a framework [36–38].
low-carbon economy by 2050 [16]. In this regard, approximately 80 % In this context, the progress of intelligent public street lighting,
of the electricity generated is dedicated to fulfilling urban needs, with incorporating monitoring systems, is a subject of significant spotlight
about 60 % of this energy consumed by streetlamps due to their per- among several researchers. For instance, scientists in Refs. [39,40] have
manent operation during nighttime. Therefore, energy saving emerges concentrated on providing cutting-edge advancements in smart street-
as a pivotal concern within the scope of smart cities, achievable specially light systems. They focused on intelligent street light scheme including
through smart lighting systems implementation as alternatives to con- cameras and sensors to enhance and supervise street lighting, facili-
ventional incandescent/fluorescent lamps [17,18]. In this way, imple- tating dynamic adjustments to lighting intensities according to traffic
menting retrofit measures for lighting systems is considered a flow and weather circumstances. This results in an efficient and
commendable approach to significantly reducing energy consumption cost-effective solution for urban illumination. Researchers in Ref. [41]
while enhancing visual luxury and protection [19,20]. Consequently, have reviewed the recent tendencies in smart street lighting, focusing on
the upgrade of conventional lighting technologies with Light-Emitting light lamps type choice, light intensity controlling procedures, and
Diodes (LEDs) technology stands out as an attractive option for retro- strategies for connecting sensors to enable remote light control, weather
fitting older systems, primarily owing to its great luminous efficacy [21]. condition monitoring, and remote lamp failure diagnosis. They
Indeed, LEDs technology is widely recognized as a favourable and compared various intelligent street lighting structures, involving their
cost-effective option, offering advantages such as low energy utilisation, control procedures and connectivity. Similarly, authors in Ref. [42] have
extended lifespan, decreasing maintenance expenditures [22], reduced introduced a technique for proposing a street lighting procedure taking
ecological effect [23], and numerous additional profits. Consequently, into account both energy and economic considerations alongside oper-
the potential application of light control systems holds promise for ator choice. The project was applied initially in a test part and subse-
enhancing human activity, health and safety [24–26]. That’s why, smart quently was expanded to cover the entirety of the campus zone. Data
cities and municipalities find themselves in need of techno-economic gathered from the test situation were examined to assess the energy
analysis tools and methodologies to accurately assess the feasibility of advantages of such lighting techniques and compared with modelled
smart lighting projects, especially public street lighting [27,28]. and scheduled data from the planning stage. The subsequent imple-
To this end, the widespread adoption of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) mentation phase was additionally outlined, including an assessment of
concept has introduced a novel network structure wherein a diverse potential economic advantages. Others in Ref. [43] have concentrated
array of objects and devices are equipped with software, sensors, and on an optimization method designed to assist decision-makers in iden-
further technologies. These components enable devices to connect, tifying suitable upgrade involvements for current lighting systems. They
gather data, monitor, and exchange information with other systems and applied this technique to a definite street lighting setup located in Bari,
devices via the internet. These advancements provide a foundation that Italy. A new systematic approach for conducting energy, illumination
allows numerous individuals to connect with each other. The connec- and economic analyses of street lighting renovation plans was investi-
tivity is facilitated by communication technologies like WiFi, GSM, gated in Ref. [44]. This approach was implemented in the municipality
ZigBee, among others [29–31]. of Pontedera, Italy as an illustrative example. A study in Ref. [45] dis-
Potentially, the IoT technology encompasses numerous applications cussed the feasibility and efficacy of communities organizing a network
designed to enhance various sectors, particularly in smart cities. for applying public smart lighting. Another in Ref. [46] has proposed a
Accordingly, the integration of the IoT as an attractive paradigm into a novel, replicable method for shrewdly managing public lighting out-
smart city context holds significant appeal for public administrations on lines, comprising three key stages: reassigning and updating outdated
a wider scale. Indeed, smart cities harness these intelligent technologies luminaires, incorporating daylighting approaches, and applying a
to generate vast amounts of data in real-time across all public services as dimming technique taking into consideration occupancy and real-time
timely information is essential for enhancing public services and offer- information. Ref. [47] introduced a streetlight regulation strategy
ing feedback to citizens. focussed on the Artificial Bee Colony optimization procedure. This
By incorporating IoT devices into the information system, cities can process was noted for its speed, accuracy, and reliability. In Ref. [48], a
enhance transparency in governance, involve users in political decisions new supervisory system named the lighting level control procedure was
and urban issues, ameliorate healthcare, promote the well-being of elaborated. This process utilized sky brightness assessments to regulate
residents, and address various features of human life [32,33]. Conse- lighting degrees. Unlike conventional methods relying on luminance
quently, the integration of IoT notions enhances smart cities and posi- meters, photocells, or lux meters to identify actual light and adjust
tively impacts various aspects of human life. It enables the provision of lighting operation directly, this approach took a different route. Addi-
cost-effective services, improves public transportation systems, reduces tionally in Ref. [49], an intelligent management and eco-friendly as-
traffic obstruction, and contributes to citizen safety and health. Addi- sessments of road tunnel illumination using a 3D simulation and an
tionally, IoT plays a crucial role at the national level, particularly which extended memory enhancement process was investigated. A proposed
related to pollution decreasing, energy conservation, monitoring sys- adaptive street lighting predictive scheduling solution for street lighting
tems, lighting and essential infrastructure development. Thus, smart schemes was suggested in Ref. [50]. This method involved fulfilling
cities enabled IoT technology can achieve lower costs, greater efficiency, traffic-conscious lighting methods and employing suitable predictive
and enhanced security in operations through energy conservation approaches, leading to notable energy savings in street lighting in-
measures, economic considerations, and increased reliability levels [34, frastructures. A study in Ref. [51] has explored diverse strategies,
35]. including the utilization of IoT technology, sensors, devices and wireless
Recently, public smart lighting has evolved into a dynamic platform communication capabilities, to supervise and regulate street illumina-
that serves as a cornerstone for the urban advancement. The trans- tion systems. Besides, authors have drawn attention to several chal-
formation towards smart cities allows cities to reconsider the utility of lenges inherent in deploying these systems, such as the requirement for
public street lighting assets, viewing them not just as a cost factor but as reliable and secure communication protocols, as well as the substantial
opportunities to introduce new services and generate revenue streams. costs associated with installation and upkeep.
Indeed, smart lighting paradigms have garnered worldwide significance, Numerous real-world applications and use cases demonstrating

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significant benefits are highlighted. For instance, Barcelona has imple- and its applicability within smart cities for ensuring dependable data
mented a comprehensive IoT-based smart street lighting system that transmission. Section 3 delineates the overall structure of an intelligent
uses sensors to adjust the brightness of streetlights based on pedestrian public street lighting system, including its primary functions, the cost
and vehicular traffic, reducing energy consumption by up to 30 %. San savings enabled by remotely managed LEDs smart poles, and the various
Diego has installed over 3000 smart streetlights equipped with sensors communication infrastructures enhancing its smart capabilities and
to monitor traffic and environmental conditions, aiding in urban plan- essential attributes. Meanwhile, Section 4 highlights the future trends in
ning and traffic management. Los Angeles has deployed an advanced smart street lighting systems. Ultimately, Section 5 encapsulates the key
street lighting system integrating Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) lamps takeaways and conclusions.
with IoT sensors and connectivity, enabling remote monitoring and
management of streetlights, which has led to a 60 % reduction in energy 2. IoT services for smart cities
use and millions of dollars in annual savings. These examples illustrate
how IoT-based smart street lighting systems improve energy efficiency, Recently, the concept of a smart city stands out for its integration of
reduce operational costs, enhance public safety, and provide valuable physical, social, and business infrastructures, along with cutting-edge
data for urban management. technology in several domains such as energy, healthcare, communi-
Thus, the aim of this work is to outline a methodology for retrofitting cation, transportation, and governance. This holistic approach fosters
public street lighting within the framework of enhancing energy effi- collective intelligence within the city, driving increased efficiency and
ciency in smart cities. Specifically, we delve the tailored opportunities of innovation.
IoT-enabled smart public lighting applications for smart cities, which The conventional city can transition to a smart city by implementing
play a pivotal involvement in efficient power control. networking infrastructures and adopting emerging technologies like the
In this context, this study reveals an intelligent public street light IoT. This transformation prioritizes the development of efficient and
supervisory system that integrates three key components: LEDs Street sustainable infrastructures, promoting energy conservation and envi-
poles, communication network, and monitoring unit. The main goal is to ronmentally friendly systems aiming to mitigate pollution and support
evaluate the energy savings reachable by replacing traditional systems smart cities in combating climate change. Indeed, a smart city exploits
with LEDs technology in smart street lighting infrastructures as well as IoT advancements to collect data from essential sectors and engage with
ensure the proper functioning of the smart public street lighting struc- governance, thereby enhancing the well-being of a nation’s citizens and
ture through integration with a monitoring unit. The smart public street public functionalities. This facilitates advancements in governance,
lighting application is built upon IoT infrastructures and is equipped management, public security, and overall progress. By leveraging
with a range of sensors strategically positioned on streetlight poles. modern technologies, a smart city can empower individuals to discover
These sensors are connected to the internet through a gateway, ensuring optimal solutions to their challenges [52,53].
seamless communication and data transfer for effective monitoring and The recent implementations of a smart city, for instance smart
control within smart cities concepts. The main contributions of this parking utilizing IoT, smart energy management, smart water systems,
study, emphasizing energy efficiency and economic growth, are sum- smart infrastructure development, smart agriculture, smart healthcare,
marized as follows: particularly focusing on smart public street lighting applications as
outlined in this study, rely on communication devices interconnected
➢ Highlight an overview of IoT architectures for smart cities, covering through the IoT [54–59]. Fig. 1 summarizes the components and current
concepts, structures, and applications related to data collection, applications of a smart city, highlighting their interdependence for the
processing, and distribution. creation of novel solutions. These components not only interact to form
➢ Replace traditional light sources with LEDs luminaires in public innovative systems but also depend on each other to operate optimally
lighting infrastructure to establish a retrofitting system that not only and efficiently.
conserves energy but also delivers superior lighting quality, demands Indeed, the study in [60] explores future waste management in
minimal maintenance, provides adaptable light management, and smart, sustainable cities, focusing on integrating advanced technologies
mitigates environmental effect. The integration of LEDs streetlights to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and public health. It discusses
alongside sensors and supervisory approaches demonstrates further challenges in applying its framework across different city contexts,
enhancement energy effectiveness in public lighting applications. highlights resource and technical demands for advanced technologies,
➢ Provide an overview of the evolution of smart public street lighting and notes gaps in practical implementation. The investigation in [61]
infrastructure customized for IoT applications, highlighting the main examines IoT devices in smart cities, noting high energy demands for
architectures and their roles within the framework of smart cities. data exchange. It advocates Green IoT to reduce device energy use via
➢ Perform a monitoring system streetlights and nodes equipped with hybrid deep learning. Challenges include technical complexity with
various sensors, strategically positioned on streetlights, and con- methods like Green energy-efficient routing (GEER), Ant Colony Opti-
nected to the internet via a gateway unit. mization (ACO), and AutoEncoder (AE), and ongoing energy de-
➢ Integrate IoT technology into smart public street lighting by pendency despite reduction efforts. Authors in [62] reviews the
deploying applications over an internet communication network. state-of-the-art applications of deep learning in water quality manage-
This allows real-time system supervising and monitoring through ment, exploring techniques for monitoring, predicting, and managing
mobile devices such as smartphones. water quality to ensure safe and clean water. It predicts water quality
➢ Explain the possible energy savings and cost reductions achievable issues for proactive intervention. However, implementing these models
through controlled LEDs smart poles, utilizing various communica- requires advanced technical expertise and substantial resources. Their
tion networks facilitating the utilization of smart lighting. effectiveness depends on access to high-quality datasets, and the costs
➢ Upgrade the smart city’s lighting infrastructure to ameliorate the involved may limit their deployment in resource-limited settings.
quality of life for all humans. This involves reducing the carbon Moreover, integrating deep learning into water management infra-
footprint, promoting sustainable growth, enhancing the efficiency of structure is complex and demands significant time investment. Others in
urban lighting systems, and increasing the environmental friendli- [63] address the increasing urbanization and traffic management chal-
ness of cities. lenges faced by cities worldwide. It proposes an IoT-based system to
monitor traffic in real-time, aiming to improve city governance and
The remaining content of the proposed paper is established as fol- urban planning. Nonetheless, implementing this architecture proves
lows: Section 2 delves into the exploration of IoT, encompassing its costly due to investments in infrastructure, sensors, and data manage-
historical evolution, developmental trajectory, architectural framework, ment. Additionally, privacy concerns emerge from real-time data

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collection on traffic, vehicles, and pedestrians, necessitating strict reg-

ulatory compliance. Addressing technical challenges includes ensuring
the reliability and security of IoT devices to prevent disruptions and data
breaches. Table 1 provides a summary to illustrate advancements
beyond related works.
The IoT is gaining prominence as a transformative notion that har-
nesses the internet’s capabilities to connect physical objects, mecha-
nisms, or devices. This connectivity allows them to communicate,
exchange data, and provide users invaluable services and insights. This
is largely accomplished reached thanks to the cooperation of sensors and
communication networks, fostering device-to-device communication.
Consequently, it promotes the advancement of smarter and more effi-
cient energy monitoring systems.
Various IoT architectures have been suggested for integration into
smart cities, with the basic architecture consisting of three layers as
presented in Fig. 2. Indeed, the first layer, known as the perception
layer, plays a crucial role in capturing, gathering, distinguishing, and
identifying information from objects in the physical world. This layer
incorporates tags, sensors, laser scanners, and similar technologies. The
second layer, referred to as the network layer, serves to transmit packets
across a dependable communication medium. Lastly, the application
layer processes the data, combines inputs from different sources, and
presents it [64–67].
Here, we’ve explored the most crucial three layers which the main
tasks are illustrated in Fig. 3:
Fig. 1. Smart city components and applications.

A. Perception Layer: referred to as the device layer, encompasses a di-

versity of sensors (including power sensors), actuators, tags and
readers (including sensor equipment (including Global Positioning
Systems (GPS), cameras or Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
devices). These Internet-enabled devices are capable of perceiving,
detecting objects, collecting information, and exchanging data with
other devices via Internet communication networks.
B. Network Layer: termed as the connectivity layer, plays an important
role for sending information from the perception layer to the appli-
cation layer while considering the limitations imposed by the capa-
bilities of devices, network constraints, and application restriction.
This layer oversees the conveyance of sensor data gathered from the
perception layer, facilitating its processing, management, and
accessibility within the main network, and vice versa.

Table 1
Advancements beyond related works.
Research Area Related Works Advancements Beyond
Related Works

IoT-Enabled Waste Provide context and build Leveraging cutting-edge

Management upon the themes and technologies and innovative
findings, contributing to a strategies to address
broader understanding of challenges in waste
smart city development [60]. management within
sustainable cities.
Environmental Provide the contributions in Enhancing the sustainability
Monitoring Green IoT, energy-efficient and efficiency of IoT systems
routing, and hybrid deep within smart cities.
learning techniques in smart
cities [61].
Smart Water Contextualize the The importance of deep
Management advancements and learning applications in
applications of deep learning water quality management
in water quality management lies in their enhanced
[62]. prediction capabilities,
improved data handling
techniques, and integration
of emerging technologies.
IoT-Based Traffic Provide further insights into Leveraging emerging
Management IoT applications in traffic technologies effectively and
monitoring and intelligent addressing current
transportation systems [63]. limitations in traffic
management systems.

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Fig. 2. IoT basic architecture.

Fig. 3. IoT architecture layers key tasks.

C. IoT schemes utilize an array of short-range communication network configuration is tasked with data processing, computing, and inter-
architectures, including ZigBee and Bluetooth, with the aim of facing with resources.
transmitting data from perception devices to a close gateway, taking
into account the abilities of the communicating entities. Indeed, this Through the application layer, IoT facilitates the seamless integra-
layer facilitates data transfer through various networks, including tion of information technologies and applications, including smart
Wide Area Networks (WAN) and Local Area Networks (LAN), using buildings, smart cities, smart healthcare systems and intelligent trans-
both wired and wireless technologies such as Cellular Networks, Wi- portation systems. These solutions feature intuitive user interfaces at the
Fi (Wireless Fidelity), Bluetooth, Ethernet, Near Field Communica- application layer, aiming to optimize power system monitoring, manage
tions (NFC), Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN), ZigBee, 2 G, demand-side energy, coordinate distributed power storage, and inte-
3 G, 4 G, public switched telephone networks, cable broadband, and grate renewable energy sources.
Power Line Communication (PLC). Additionally, this layer in-
corporates management and information strategies, utilizing 3. Smart public street lighting infrastructure
internet technologies to transport information across extensive dis-
tances according to the application. Currently, energy consumption exceeds that of several decades ago,
D. Application Layer: plays a significant role in managing data collected prompting calls from various sectors to conserve it. Furthermore, there
from the network layer in real-time to effectively control IoT devices, is growing awareness that conserving energy is crucial not just for
allowing more effective power distribution and supervision strate- economic reasons but additionally for environmental sustainability.
gies. It utilizes a diversity of IoT technologies to ease a wide range of Consequently, energy efficacy has become a vital criterion for smart
IoT services and includes the application configuration. This cities. In this context, many cities are keen to investigate the opportu-
nities provided by smart lighting as a solution to inflexible, expensive,

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and ineffective method employed by traditional networks. • Evaluation of energy consumption.

The intelligent public street lighting can be defined as a smart system • Remote management and gate to all services for organizing street
that utilizes an innovative light source technology, serves several user- lighting controls and supervising alerts via a web application.
defined purposes and integrates IoT technologies. By incorporating • Establishment of remote interaction between mobile devices,
smart features into public lighting services, smart cities strive to meet smartphones as well as the web application using WiFi/3 G/4 G
the evolving needs of their inhabitants. Therefore, this section outlines connections.
the procedure for fulfilling smart public street lighting system, one of the • Extracting all data in real-time, sharing it with the web application
numerous opportunities that a smart city should prioritize. The objective and warning the remote management.
is to enhance the reliability and resiliency of the smart city infrastructure • General safety, especially in the event of a connectivity or compo-
while fostering energy efficiency, enhancing safety, promoting cleanli- nent damage, is ensured by the activation of a failsafe default con-
ness, monitoring pollution or weather conditions, reducing electrical dition in the smart street lighting scheme. Consequently, all
consumption, curbing greenhouse gas emissions, and ultimately intelligent features are deactivated, and the system operates like a
improving overall urban liveability by creating more comfortable urban conventional disconnected scheme.
environments for residents.
Research in smart lighting systems seems to follow two main possi- As a result, the evolution of smart public street lighting systems over
bilities: firstly, there’s a focus on enhancing the efficiency of the tradi- the past two decades has seen significant advancements, particularly
tional lighting devices themselves. Secondly, many researchers with the shift from traditional lighting to LED technology. This transi-
concentrate on intelligent management of lighting systems to optimize tion has enhanced energy efficiency and reduced operational costs.
their operation [68-70]. Initially costly, LED and IoT sensor integration has become more
In this regard, this study addresses not only the replacement and affordable due to technological progress and economies of scale,
retrofitting of traditional streetlights with LEDs technology, but also the expanding access for municipalities. Government policies and incentives
employment of communication and information infrastructures and the have further accelerated adoption, aligning with sustainability and
potential incorporation of a wide range of procedures. These approaches smart city initiatives. Additional factors, such as advances in commu-
involve management and monitoring systems for the entire smart city. nication networks, predictive maintenance through data analytics, and
As illustrated in Fig. 4, the proposed system is centred around defining a increased environmental awareness have also shaped the current land-
smart public street lighting application, highlighting its main compo- scape of smart lighting systems, highlighting their historical context and
nents and ensuring: economic importance. Indeed, the standard configuration of a smart
public street lighting system delineates its essential components spe-
• Remote supervision of the public street lighting infrastructure. cifically, the Smart poles, the Communication Network and the Moni-
• Intelligent management of streetlamps to adjust illumination in- toring Unit [71,72].
tensity at each lamp or group, based on daily time, nighttime,
weather conditions and the presence of vehicles and/or pedestrians
3.1. Smart poles
within the monitored region.
• Ensuring that the level of brightness meets the requirements set by
A smart pole, essentially a street light fixture, typically consists of a
regional/national/standard rules under all operating conditions.
streetlight equipped with highly efficient LEDs lamps technology, a local
• Establishment of an infrastructure of local communication net-
light controller, smart sensors and communication devices.
worked technologies implemented through advanced communica-
Indeed, the smart poles are interconnected, capable of exchanging
tion protocols such as Zigbee.
supervisory commands and information requests with each other and
• Monitoring of traffic and urgent situations, including street conges-
can interface with a monitoring unit via a gateway. The monitoring unit
tions and collisions, for fail-safe defaults.
acts as the central infrastructure management hub, tasked with

Fig. 4. Smart public street lighting infrastructure.

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commanding and configuring each streetlight while also monitoring urgent maintenances that may require adjustments to vehicular traffic
their operational status. Communication between the monitoring unit flow.
and individual streetlights is facilitated through a communication Local light controller can also be distinguished based on the quality
network, ensuring comprehensive coverage across the entire deploy- and quantity of data they can obtain about the electrical network. Real-
ment area of street light fixtures. Local light controllers serve as the time procurement of electrical parameters transforms light controller
intelligent components of streetlights, integrated with IoT sensors into distributed lighting infrastructure analyzer, providing valuable in-
within the framework of a smart city. They are responsible for executing sights into of the operational status of the city’s electrical grid to which
commands received from the monitoring unit and providing essential they are interconnected, as well as offering pertinent data for the grid
feedback as needed. manager.

3.1.1. LEDs lights 3.1.3. Smart sensors

A smart public street lighting system is incomplete without LEDs A Smart street lighting system is equipped with smart sensors that
Lights. The choice of lighting type is an important factor in all streets to gather data, which is then transmitted to a light controller system to
accomplish an energy-effective smart public lighting system. Therefore, determine the appropriate action. These sensors are interconnected via
retrofitting by directly substituting conventional lampposts with LEDs ZigBee technology and, along with a monitoring system, oversee and
technology yields substantial savings in the modernization and regulate the streetlights. With internet access becoming increasingly
advancement of smart public street lighting. Indeed, a 130 W non-LEDs ubiquitous in cities, IoT-based streetlight control systems are widely
lamp provides a comparable level of luminosity to a 70 W LEDs lamp. adopted recently.
Accordingly, a 46 % reduction in electricity costs is attained by merely Smart sensors are IoT-enabled devices capable of connecting to the
substituting the lamppost, resulting in a 32 % annual saving per fixture internet. They detect real-time changes in various parameters such as,
compared to the original installation [25,73]. Currently, LEDs technol- weather conditions, natural light availability environmental factors,
ogy is widely adopted by most cities as one of the optimal alternatives lamp orientation, traffic conditions and air quality. These sensors
for streetlight thanks to the fast response, lower power consumption, transmit the collected data to a light controller system to determine the
and smaller footprint. Contrary conventional lampposts, LEDs street- appropriate action, operates alongside the monitoring unit application
lights possess the following characteristics [41,74–76]: service to analyze and visualize the data. IoT sensors come in various
types, including Humidity/Moisture sensors, Temperature sensors,
• Extended lifespans ranging from 50,000 to 100,000 operating hours Ambient Light sensors, Acoustic/Sound/Vibration sensors, Motion/Ve-
in standard conditions, with the potential for further extension locity/Displacement Detectors, Motion sensors, LDR (Light Dependent
through the use of intelligent control systems. Resistor) detector, PIR (Passive Infrared) sensors and Infrared (IR)
• Higher durability due to their construction without glass, being sensors.
mounted on a circuit board, emitting cool light, lacking toxic mate-
rials, and allowing for fast switching. 3.1.4. Gateway
• Higher efficiency, typically ranging from 100 to 120 lumens per watt The Gateway is a crucial component within the smart public street
from the light source, making them suitable for road applications. lighting system, primarily responsible for interconnecting several end-
• Lower maintenance frequency compared to traditional street light points across different monitoring unit networks and ensuring contin-
devices. uous communication among nodes. Typically, the gateway operates at
• Generate a luminous pattern that enhances user visibility while Gigabit network communication speed and adheres to industrial-grade
ensuring maximum comfort for the eyes, provide better visibility for standards. It is sometimes referred to as an IoT Gateway, as it facili-
pedestrians and vehicles along a route, and reduce the light pollution tates data exchange among numerous IoT-enabled sensors within the
factor. smart street lighting system. Some key aspects of the Gateway include:
• Reduce energy usage by up to 50 % even as preserving equivalent
illumination degrees in comparison to conventional streetlamps and • Enhanced security provision.
emitting less heat. • Communication bridging and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) commu-
• Simple to manage and upkeep, with a shorter payback period. nication facilitation.
• Device configuration and change management capabilities.
3.1.2. Local light controller • Acting as a data cache, buffer, and streaming device.
The local light controller must remain operational 24/7, either due • Supporting offline services and real-time device control.
to its support for additional IoT facilities or because it continually • Aggregating, pre-processing, cleaning, and filtering data before
monitors for potential commands from the monitoring unit. Hence, transmission.
introducing a light controller capable of real-time monitoring of lamp
functionality (including lamp status and electrical parameters), adjust- 3.2. Communication network
ing lamp brightness based on daily time and traffic intensity, and
establishing a communication link by transmitting collected data To facilitate the management of streetlights, it’s essential to connect
alongside the corresponding pole to the monitoring unit can lead to the lampposts via a network infrastructure to a monitoring system.
additional savings. To this end, it is responsible for minimizing power Considering the static configuration of smart street lighting setups, both
consumption while ensuring proper lighting levels are consistently wired and wireless networks are viable options. Wireless technologies
maintained, regardless of weather conditions. Furthermore, it also plays like WiFi, ZigBee, and 2G/3G/4G, as well as wired options like Power
a crucial role in timely inferring or predicting failure conditions, pre- Line Communication (PLC) or Ethernet cables, can be employed to link
venting malfunctions, and improving failure retrieval procedures. In this the streetlights [8,47,77]. The system architecture utilizes both remote
regard, hardware malfunctions and defects can be promptly identified and local communication networks. The local network facilitates in-
and, in certain instances, even predicted. For example, damaged bulbs formation sharing between the intelligent poles, while the remote
can be discovered along with their locations, facilitating the deployment network allows communication between the intelligent poles and a
of maintenance teams to be deployed based on a carefully organized remote monitoring unit. This setup enables for monitoring unit to collect
timetable, which takes into consideration the most efficient route to data, including power consumption, traffic conditions across the street,
address all malfunctions within the same region. Real-time management and weather conditions.
enables predictive repairs, to reduced expenses by preventing costly Indeed, communication among the smart street poles relies on the

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802.15.4 IEEE ZigBee wireless process, recognized as a universal and fiber or cellular. This specialized node functions as a gateway, facili-
worldwide standard for wireless device connectivity. Certainly, Zigbee tating the transfer of data and commands among the monitoring unit
technologies offer seamless integration into IoT software using Zigbee and the smart poles within the cluster, thereby enhancing connectivity
gateways. and coordination.
Different routing policies are employed within the network to facil-
itate message exchange (commands or information requests) among 3.3. Monitoring unit via application web and mobile app
smart street poles. Consequently, the gateway has the capability to
transmit commands or information requests to individual smart street Another vital crucial aspect of smart public street lighting applica-
poles, a selected group of them, or all intelligent poles linked to the tion the user-friendliness in communications between system operators
communication network. Furthermore, data exchange between the and the infrastructure. The monitoring unit serves as the system’s host
gateway (the network coordinator) and the monitoring system, as well and can be installed either on the on-premises or Cloud, depending on
as with users’ smartphones, is facilitated via a WiFi/3G/4G/ commu- requirements [25,72]. Therefore, the smart public street lighting system
nication network. includes a web application and a mobile app to facilitate remote control
and supervision. These platforms offer additional features and func-
3.2.1. Wired networks tionalities, particularly when leveraging advanced IoT sensors, high
A direct method to incorporate all smart poles into a wired networks technology infrastructure, and robust application software:
is by leveraging current power lines to transmit data commands. This is
achieved through Power Line Communication (PLC) protocol, trans- • Selecting control operating modes and configuring operations for
forming the power grid into a telecommunications network. Commu- street poles.
nication is facilitated by employing modulated signals transmitted over • Implementing comprehensive lighting monitoring and control: This
the electrical power distribution systems [78]. includes scheduling for lights on/off, dimming capabilities, and
outage notifications.
3.2.2. Wireless networks • Detecting abnormal conditions and generating alarms.
Wireless communication components are typically installed either • Utilizing predictive diagnostics to analyze unusual conditions, detect
separately on the streetlighting poles or in close proximity to the LEDs functional defects, identify malfunctioning lamps, and schedule
lights themselves. These modules, as their name suggests, enable wire- preventative maintenance.
less connectivity with both the monitoring system and other network • Developing web and mobile app interfaces featuring user dashboards
devices. They facilitate bidirectional communication, allowing the displaying power consumption, energy savings, diagnostics, moni-
monitoring unit and network devices to exchange data with the LEDs toring data, fault data, environmental statistics, and more.
lights, including sensor data and information regarding light intensity. • Analyzing data and generating usage reports for energy consumption
In certain instances, these wireless communication modules are evaluation: This includes insights into current or average energy
outfitted with external antennas to optimize data transmission and consumption, peak power usage, energy savings, traffic volume and
reception. Additionally, some modules may integrate GPS devices to classification, weather information, and any additional alarms.
provide precise location management capabilities [79]. • Interfacing with multiple endpoints of the monitoring unit
A-Cellular Networks: are extensive, encompassing approximately throughout the smart city, encompassing streetlights, parking lights,
95 % of the global population and nearly all inhabited areas. With such garden lights, ground lights, and traffic lights.
extensive coverage, they present an optimal paradigm for easily con- • Conducting comprehensive data analytics on the stored data from
necting smart poles to monitoring unit. Essentially, within the scope of monitoring unit endpoints.
cellular network services, linking a lamppost to a smart public street • Securely encrypting and storing data from various endpoints.
lighting system is as straightforward as outfitting it with a cellular • Encouraging renewable energy adoption: Promoting the adoption of
modem and activating it. Additionally, cellular networks offer data rates green energy sources, optimizing costs, and resulting in overall cost
ranging from a little kbps to hundreds of Mbps, accommodating a savings.
multitude of services, from basic telemetry to more data-intensive ap- • Managing user accounts: empowering system operators, such as
plications. For the fundamental smart lighting service, leveraging managers, users, and super-administrators, to configure authoriza-
developing cellular-based IoT protocols like long-term evolution (LTE)- tions and accessibility settings for both the web application and
Cat-M1 and narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) is feasible. These standards are mobile app.
designed to implement Low-PowerWide-AreaNetworks (LPWANs), • Verifying users based on monitoring unit policies.
facilitating long-range communications (several kilometers) at low bit • Enhancing the sense of security for residents and visitors in smart
rates among connected devices. cities.
Considering the advancements in cellular networks and LPWAN
technologies, they undoubtedly offer a convenient method for equipping The mobile app not only encompasses all features available on the
smart public street lighting infrastructure with the necessary web application but also allows authorized managers to precisely adjust
connectivity. the brightness levels of specific streetlights. This feature enables swift
B-Non-Cellular LPWANs: are becoming more popular for smart response during street emergencies. Any authorized user, such as a po-
lighting paradigms thanks to their ability to lower the operational costs lice officer can communicate with the infrastructure to promptly take
associated with lampposts networking compared to cellular networks. action, thus enhancing overall visibility as needed. Table 2 summarizes
Among the LPWAN infrastructures commonly utilized in smart street comprehensive details on sensors, actuators, coordinator devices,
lighting initiatives, LoRa wide area network (LoRaWAN) and Sigfox communication devices, and other relevant components utilized in
stand out as the most prominent options. previous studies of IoT-based smart public street lighting systems.
C-Mesh Networks: It’s evident that streetlights are organized into To this end, applying a smart public street lighting infrastructure
clusters, facilitating hop-by-hop communication among neighbouring involves integrating advanced technologies such as IoT devices, sensors,
lights. These communications typically utilize short-range, cost-effective actuators, and centralized control software. This infrastructure aims to
communication technologies, with IEEE 802.15.4 and Bluetooth being increase energy efficiency, improve safety, promote sustainability in
the primary options for mesh networking. In each cluster, one or more urban environments and enhance quality of life. Fig. 5 summarizes the
lampposts have the capability to communicate with a dedicated network steps outlining a structured approach to implement this architecture
node outfitted with long-range communication protocols, such as optical effectively.

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Table 2
Details employed in IoT-based smart public street lighting systems.
Studies Sensors Actuators Coordinator Devices Communication Relevant Components
Devices

Ref. [80] Day/Night Sensors/Light Intensity LED Gateway Devices LoRa Wireless Power Supply Units, Control Software, Monitoring and
Sensors Lamps Modules Control Systems
Ref. [81] LDR, DHT11 Temperature-Humidity LED Lights Arduino Board Wi-Fi Modules Power Supply, Software Interface, Cloud Platform.
Sensor
Ref. [82] IR sensors, LDR sensors LED lights STM32 ESP32 Wi-Fi modules L298N Drivers, ThingSpeak Cloud.
microcontroller

Fig. 5. Flowchart outlining a structured architecture steps implementing.

3.4. Sustainable action plan: overcoming limitations and challenges innovative services warrant further exploration. Moving forward, these
services are positioned to emerge as a notable trend in the future and
To effectively address the limitations and challenges of our study, a may include:
sustainable time plan is essential. The plan is structured over six phases.
Phase 1 begins with a comprehensive review to identify technical, – Smart parking: Utilizing real-time supervising to track parking lot
economic, social, and environmental barriers. Phase 2 focuses on occupancy status. (available/engaged).
stakeholder consultations, gathering insights and feedback from urban – Waste management: Implementing sensors to detect trash levels in
planners, policymakers, IoT developers, and community representa- receptacles, optimizing rubbish gathering roads and schedules.
tives. Phase 3 encompasses research and development efforts aimed at – Structural health: Utilizing sensors to monitor material information
enhancing system efficiency, reducing costs, and strengthening security in residences and historic landmarks.
and sustainability measures. Phase 4 involves pilot testing to validate – Air quality: Employing supervising systems to track air pollution
solutions in real-world settings and refine them based on feedback. levels.
Phase 5 is dedicated to documenting outcomes and preparing reports for – Vehicular traffic: Implementing systems to detect traffic congestion
widespread knowledge sharing, while phase 6 ensures ongoing moni- and suggest other routes throughout the message signals.
toring and evaluation to drive continuous improvement and sustainable – Incorporating cybersecurity measures into the architecture of the
advancements in smart city infrastructure. Key steps throughout the upcoming smart street lighting infrastructures.
plan include stakeholder engagement, training, resource allocation, risk – Utilizing artificial intelligence methods to forecast traffic flow and
management, leveraging technology and innovation, fostering collabo- alleviate the burden on smart public street lighting infrastructures.
ration, and maintaining transparent communication. – Utilizing smart poles to offer charging stations for plug-in electric
vehicles.
4. Future trends – Examining sensor reliability and physical device security to optimize
energy consumption and reduce costs.
The advantages of upgrading traditional public street lighting system – Enhancing safety features: Programming smart streetlamps to con-
to a smart infrastructure extend beyond economic considerations. When trol lighting levels automatically using real-time data, thereby
the lighting paradigm is approached with a forward-thinking, a signifi- improving street safety and reducing accident risks.
cant subsequent benefit emerges: the establishment of a pervasive – Integrating with traffic management system: Smart streetlights can
wireless technology that extends globally through smart lampposts. This contribute to managing traffic movement and alleviating over-
facilitates data gathering from close sensors and the introduction of crowding in real-time.

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S. Khemakhem and L. Krichen Franklin Open 8 (2024) 100142

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