Microprocessors and

Microcontrollers (EC3L007)

8085 Architecture – Part 1 & Programming Model

Summary of Last Class

• Definition of μp
• Bit, Nibble, Byte, Word
• μp ≡ ALU + Control Unit + Registers
• How to talk to a μp?
• Instruction, Mnemonic, Program
• Machine Language, Assembly Language, Low-level
Language, High-level Language,
• Compiler, Interpreter, Assembler
• Microcomputer, Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

2
Outline
• Pin diagram and function of these pins
• Architecture (brief)
• Common microprocessor operations
• Programming model
• Registers, Accumulator, Flags
• Program Counter
• Stack Pointer

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Facts About 8085

• 8 bit general purpose μp with NMOS technology

• Up to 64k memory
• 40 pins
• + 5 V power supply
• Max clock frequency: 3 MHz
• Upward compatible

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8085 Pin Diagram

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8085 Pin Diagram
Address Bus
• 16 bit address bus.
• Two segments: A15 ‐ A8
and AD7 ‐ AD0
• A15 ‐ A8 are unidirectional
and are used to carry
high‐order address of
16‐bit address.
• AD7 ‐ AD0 are used for
dual purpose.

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8085 Pin Diagram
Multiplexed Address/Data Bus

• Signal lines AD7‐AD0 are

bidirectional and serve dual
purpose.

• They are used as low‐order

address bus as well as data bus.

• The low order address bus can

be separated from these signals
by using a latch.

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8085 Pin Diagram
Control & Status Signals
• To identify nature of operation
• Two Control Signals
RD(Read)
WR(Write)
• Three Status Signals
S1
S0
IO/M
• To indicate beginning of operation
ALE (Address Latch Enable)

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8085 Pin Diagram
Control & Status Signals
ALE : Pin 30
• This is positive going pulse
generated every time the 8085
begins an operation (machine
cycle)
• It indicates that the bits on
AD7‐AD0 are address bits
• This signal is used primarily to latch
the low‐address from multiplexed
bus & generate a separate set of
address lines A7‐A0.

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8085 Pin Diagram
Control & Status Signals
RD : Pin 32
• This is a read control signal
• This signal indicates that the
selected I/O or Memory device is to
be read & data is available on data
bus.
WR : Pin 31
• This is a write control signal
• This signal indicates that the
selected I/O or Memory device is to
be written & data is available on
data bus.
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8085 Pin Diagram
Control & Status Signals
IO/M : Pin 34
• This is a status signal used to
differentiate I/O and memory
operation
• When it is high, it indicates an I/O
operation, when it is low, it
indicates a memory operation
• This signal is combined with RD’
and WR’ to generate I/O & memory
control signals

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8085 Pin Diagram
Control & Status Signals
S1 & S0: Pin 29, Pin 33
• These status signals can identify
various operations.

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8085 Pin Diagram

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8085 Pin Diagram
Power Supply & Frequency Signal
• VCC : Pin 40
5V Supply
• VSS : Pin 20
Ground Reference
• X1, X2 Pin 1 & 2
Crystal Oscillator is connected
at these two pins.
• The frequency is internally divided
by two; therefore, to operate a
system at 3MHz, the crystal should
have a frequency of 6MHz.
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8085 Pin Diagram
Power Supply & Frequency Signal

CLK(OUT) : Pin 37
Clock output

• This signal can be used as the

system clock for other devices.

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8085 Pin Diagram
Externally Initiated Signals
including Interrupts

INTR(Input) Interrupt Request

It is used as general purpose interrupt

INTA (Output) Interrupt Acknowledge.

It is used to acknowledge an interrupt.

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8085 Pin Diagram
Externally Initiated Signals
including Interrupts

RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5 (Input)

Restart Interrupts.
• These are vector interrupts that
transfer the program control to
specific memory locations.
• They have higher priorities than
INTR interrupt.
• Among these 3 interrupts, the
priority order is RST7.5,
RST6.5,RST5.5

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8085 Pin Diagram
Externally Initiated Signals
including Interrupts

TRAP (Input)
• This is a non maskable interrupt &
has the highest priority.

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8085 Pin Diagram
Externally Initiated Signals
including Interrupts

HOLD(Input) This signal indicates that

a peripheral such as DMA Controller is
requesting the use of address & data
buses

HLDA(Output) Hold acknowledge. This

signal acknowledges the HOLD request

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8085 Pin Diagram
Externally Initiated Signals
including Interrupts

READY(Input)
• This signal is used to delay the
microprocessor read or write cycles
until a low‐responding peripheral is
ready to send or accept data.

• When the signal goes low, the

microprocessor waits until it goes high.

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8085 Pin Diagram
Externally Initiated Signals
including Interrupts
RESET IN (Input): Pin 3
• When the signal on this pin goes
low, the Program Counter is set to
zero, the buses are tri‐stated &
microprocessor is reset.

RESET OUT (Output): Pin 36

• This signal indicates that
microprocessor is being reset. The
signal can be used to reset other
devices.
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8085 Pin Diagram
Serial I/O Ports

• Two pins for serial transmission

SID (Serial Input Data)
SOD (Serial Output Data)

• In serial transmission, data bits are

sent over a single line, one bit at a
time.

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8085 Pin Diagram

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Architecture, Operation, and Programming

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Bus Organization of 8085

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Address Bus

• 16 bit address
• Unidirectional i.e. bits flow from μp to peripheral devices
• Can address 65536 memory locations, i.e. 64K memory
locations

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Data Bus

• 8 lines; hence called 8-bit μp

• Bidirectional
• 8 lines can carry numbers from 00H to FFH (28=256 numbers)

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Control Bus

• Synchronization, timing & control signals

• Unidirectional or Bidirectional ?

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Operations in a μp Based System
The operations in a μp based system can be:

1. Microprocessor initiated operations

2. Internal operations
3. Peripheral (or externally initiated) operations

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Operations in a μp Based System
The operations in a μp based system can be:

1. Microprocessor initiated operations

2. Internal operations
3. Peripheral (or externally initiated) operations

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1) Microprocessor-Initiated Operations
The µp performs primarily four operations

1. Memory Read: Reads data (or instructions) from memory

2. Memory Write: Writes data into memory
3. I/O Read: Accepts data from input devices
4. I/O Write: Sends data to output devices

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1) Microprocessor-Initiated Operations
Three steps for µp to communicate with a peripheral (or a memory
location)

1. Identify the peripheral or the memory location (with its

address) .
2. Transfer binary information (data and instructions).
3. Provide timing or synchronization signals.

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Operations in a μp Based System
The operations in a μp based system can be:

1. Microprocessor initiated operations

2. Internal operations
3. Peripheral (or externally initiated) operations

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2) Internal Data Operations
The µp architecture determines how and what operations can be
performed with the data.

These operations are:

• Store 8-bit data.

• Perform arithmetic and logical operations.

• Test for conditions.

• Sequence the execution of instructions.

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Operations in a μp Based System
The operations in a μp based system can be:

1. Microprocessor initiated operations

2. Internal operations
3. Peripheral (or externally initiated) operations

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3) Peripheral or Externally Initiated Operations
• External devices (or signals) can initiate the following
operations, for which individual pins on the
microprocessor chip are assigned:

• Reset

• Interrupt

• Ready

• Hold.

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8085 Hardware Model
• Has two segments

• One segment includes ALU, Accumulator, instruction

decoder, and flags

• The second segment has 8-bit and 16-bit registers.

• Both segments are connected with various internal

connections called an internal bus.
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8085 Programming Model
• Programming model is the information needed to write
programs; consists of some segments of the ALU and
the registers.

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8085 Programming Model
• Registers

• Accumulator

• Flags

• Program Counter

• Stack Pointer

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8085 Programming Model

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Registers
• 6 general purpose registers to store 8‐bit data B, C, D,
E, H & L.

• Can be combined as register pairs – BC, DE, HL to

perform 16‐bit operations.

• Used to store or copy data using data copy instructions.

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8085 Programming Model

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Accumulator
• 8 ‐ bit register, identified as A

• Part of ALU

• Used to store 8‐bit data to perform arithmetic & logical

operations.

• Result of operation is stored in it.

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8085 Programming Model

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Flag Register

S ‐Sign Flag
Set to 1 if bit D7
of result is 1;
otherwise reset

• 8 bit register –shows the status of the microprocessor

before/after an operation

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Flag Register

S ‐Sign Flag
Set to 1 if bit D7
of result is 1;
otherwise reset

Z ‐Zero Flag
Set to 1 when
result is zero;
otherwise reset

• 8 bit register –shows the status of the microprocessor

before/after an operation

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Flag Register

S ‐Sign Flag
Set to 1 if bit D7
of result is 1;
otherwise reset

Z ‐Zero Flag AC ‐Auxiliary Carry Flag

Set to 1 when Set to 1 when carry bit is
result is zero; generated by bit D3 &
otherwise reset passed to bit D4

• 8 bit register –shows the status of the microprocessor

before/after an operation

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Flag Register

S ‐Sign Flag P ‐Parity Flag

Set to 1 if bit D7 Set to 1 if result has even no. of 1’s
of result is 1; & Reset if result has odd no. of 1’s
otherwise reset

Z ‐Zero Flag AC ‐Auxiliary Carry Flag

Set to 1 when Set to 1 when carry bit is
result is zero; generated by bit D3 &
otherwise reset passed to bit D4

• 8 bit register –shows the status of the microprocessor

before/after an operation

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Flag Register

S ‐Sign Flag P ‐Parity Flag

Set to 1 if bit D7 Set to 1 if result has even no. of 1’s
of result is 1; & Reset if result has odd no. of 1’s
otherwise reset
CY ‐Carry Flag
Z ‐Zero Flag AC ‐Auxiliary Carry Flag Set to 1 if arithmetic
Set to 1 when Set to 1 when carry bit is operation results in
result is zero; generated by bit D3 & carry; otherwise
otherwise reset passed to bit D4 reset

• 8 bit register –shows the status of the microprocessor

before/after an operation

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Flag Register
• ALU has 5 Flag Register that set‐reset after an operation
according to data conditions of the result in accumulator
& other registers.

• Helpful in decision making process of μP

• Conditions are tested through software instructions

• For e.g.
• JC (Jump On Carry) is implemented to change the
sequence of program when CY is set.

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Example: Zero Flag

• Z=1,The Zero flag is set because the ALU operation

result in 0
Picture Source: http://www.editsworld.com
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Example: Parity Flag

• P=1, After an arithmetic and logic operation the result

has an even number of 1s, the Parity flag is set

Picture Source: http://www.editsworld.com

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Example: Carry Flag
• Is set if there is a carry or borrow from arithmetic
operation.

• CY=1, After ALU operation D7 bit of the result generate carry

(bit no nine is 1), the Carry flag is set
Picture Source: http://www.editsworld.com
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Example: Auxiliary Flag

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Example: Auxiliary Flag

• AC=1, In an arithmetic operation D3 bit borrow a carry

from D4 bit. So the auxiliary flag is set.
Picture Source: http://www.editsworld.com
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8085 Programming Model

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Program Counter (PC)

• μp uses PC register to sequence the execution of

instructions.
• Points to the memory address from which next byte is to
be fetched.

0000 H PC (16 bit)

FFFF H

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Program Counter (PC)

• μp uses PC register to sequence the execution of

instructions.
• Points to the memory address from which next byte is to
be fetched.
• After a byte is fetched, PC is incremented by 1 to point
to next memory location.

0000 H
PC (16 bit)

FFFF H

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Stack Pointer
• Used as memory pointer
• Points to the memory location in R/W memory, called
Stack.
• Beginning of stack is defined by loading a 16‐bit address
in the stack pointer.

0000 H

FFFF H SP (16 bit)

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References
• Ramesh Gaonkar, “Microprocessor, Architecture,
Programming, & Applications with the 8085 6/e”

• Various online resources.

• Reading:
Chapter 2 & 3, Ramesh Gaonkar

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