Computer Networks

Basics

Lecturer Dr. Ayman E. Taha

TAs: Eng. Verina Saber
Eng. Mohamed Nour
 Assessment

Assessment method Weight (%)

Quizzes / Assignment, Lab Assessment Before MT 20 %
Mid-Term Examination 15 %
Project 20 %
Quizzes / Assignment, Lab Assessment Before MT 20 %
Final Exam 25 %
Course Resources
● Text Books:
○ Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, “ Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach”, 8th
edition, Addison-Wesley, 2020

● IDE:
○ Python
○ Wireshark

● Online Resources
 Course Contents

● Introduction to Computer
Networks
● Application Layer
● The Transport Layer
● The Network Layer
Network Basics

Chapter 1: Introduction

© Spring 2024 - Dr. Ayman Taha

Chapter 1: introduction
Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:
● What is the Internet?
● Get “feel,” “big picture,”
● What is a protocol?
introduction to terminology
● Network edge: hosts, access network,
○ more depth, detail later in course
physical media
● Approach: ● Network core: packet/circuit switching,
○ use Internet as example internet structure
● Performance: loss, delay, throughput
● Security
● Protocol layers, service models
● History

Introduction: 1-6
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices:
national or global ISP
▪ hosts = end systems
▪ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional
ISP
▪ routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
▪ fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

▪ transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks
enterprise
▪ collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an
organization
Introduction: 1-7
 “Fun” Internet-connected devices

Pacemaker & Monitor

Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use
Amazon Echo
IP picture frame Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote
control cable TV
Security Camera AR devices
sensorized,
bed
Internet phones mattress Others?
Fitbit
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
4G
● Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

○ Interconnected ISPs

▪ protocols are everywhere IP

Streaming
Skype video
• control sending, receiving of
messages local or
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming regional
video, Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, ISP
Ethernet home network content
provider
▪ Internet standards HTTP network datacenter
network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task TCP
enterprise
Force network

WiFi
Introduction: 1-9
The Internet: a “service” view
● Infrastructure that provides mobile network
national or global ISP
services to applications:
○ Web, streaming video, multimedia
teleconferencing, email, games, e- Streaming
commerce, social media, inter- Skype video

connected appliances, … local or

regional
▪ provides programming interface ISP

to distributed applications: home network content

provider
• “hooks” allowing sending/receiving HTTP network datacenter
network
apps to “connect” to, use Internet
transport service
• provides service options, enterprise
network
analogous to postal service
Introduction: 1-10
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
▪ “what’s the time?” ▪ computers (devices) rather than humans
▪ “I have a question” ▪ all communication activity in Internet
▪ introductions governed by protocols

… specific messages
sent Protocols define the format, order
… specific actions taken of messages sent and received
when message among network entities, and
received, or other
events actions taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction: 1-11
What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Introduction: 1-12
Chapter 1: roadmap

● What is the Internet?

● What is a protocol?
● Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
● Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
● Performance: loss, delay, throughput
● Security
● Protocol layers, service models
● History
Introduction: 1-13
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
national or global ISP
Network edge:
● hosts: clients and servers
● servers often in data centers
local or
regional
ISP
home network content
provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-14
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
national or global ISP
Network edge:
● hosts: clients and servers
● servers often in data centers
local or
regional
Access networks, physical ISP
home network content
media: provider
network datacenter
●wired, wireless communication links network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-15
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
national or global ISP
Network edge:
● hosts: clients and servers
● servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional
ISP
●wired, wireless communication links home network content
provider
network datacenter

Network core: network

▪ interconnected routers
▪ network of networks enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-16
Access networks and physical media
mobile network
Q: How to connect end systems to national or global ISP
edge router?
● residential access nets
● institutional access networks (school,
company)
● mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) local or
regional
ISP

What to look for: home network content

provider
▪ transmission rate (bits per second) of access network datacenter
network? network

▪ shared or dedicated access among users?

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-17
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitted in

different frequency bands
Introduction: 1-18
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

▪ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 40 Mbps – 1.2 Gbs downstream transmission rate, 30-100 Mbps
upstream transmission rate
▪ network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
Introduction: 1-19
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

voice, data transmitted ISP

at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

▪ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
▪ 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
▪ 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Introduction: 1-20
Access networks: home networks
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL
modem
WiFi wireless router, firewall, NAT
access
point (54, 450 wired Ethernet (1
Mbps) Gbps)
Introduction: 1-21
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
▪ via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area Wide-area cellular access networks

networks (WLANs) ▪ provided by mobile, cellular network
▪ typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft) ▪ 10’s Mbps
▪ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, ▪ 4G cellular networks (5G coming)
450 Mbps transmission rate

to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-22
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers

▪ companies, universities, etc.

▪ mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of
switches and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
▪ Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
▪ WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Introduction: 1-23
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
▪ takes application message
two packets,
▪ breaks into smaller chunks,
L bits each
known as packets, of length L
bits
2 1
▪ transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R host
• link transmission rate, aka R: link transmission rate
link capacity, aka link
bandwidth packet time needed to L (bits)
transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction: 1-24
Links: physical media

▪ bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)

transmitter/receiver pairs
▪ two insulated copper wires
▪ physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps
between transmitter & Ethernet
receiver • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
▪ guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
▪ unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Introduction: 1-25
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
▪ two concentric copper ▪ glass fiber carrying light pulses,
conductors each pulse a bit
▪ high-speed operation:
▪ bidirectional
• high-speed point-to-point
▪ broadband: transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• multiple frequency channels on ▪ low error rate:
cable • repeaters spaced far apart
• 100’s Mbps per channel • immune to electromagnetic
noise

Introduction: 1-26
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
▪ signal carried in ▪ terrestrial microwave
electromagnetic spectrum • up to 45 Mbps channels
▪ no physical “wire” ▪ Wireless LAN (WiFi)
• Up to 100’s Mbps
▪ broadcast and “half-
duplex” (sender to receiver) ▪ wide-area (e.g., cellular)
▪ propagation environment • 4G cellular: ~ 10’s Mbps
effects: ▪ satellite
• reflection • up to 45 Mbps per channel
• obstruction by objects • 270 msec end-end delay
• interference • geosynchronous versus low-
earth-orbit
Introduction: 1-27
 Mobile Data Speed Comparison

Typical Real World Network Speeds

Theoretical Maximum Network Speeds
Download Upload Speed
Download Network Type
Network Type Upload Speed Speed (Mbps) (Mbps)
Speed
3G 3 0.4
3G 7.2Mbps 2Mbps
3G HSPA+ 6 3
3G HSPA+ 42Mbps 22Mbps
4G LTE 20 5
4G LTE 150Mbps 50Mbps
4G LTE-
4G LTE- 42 10
300Mbps 150Mbps Advanced
Advanced
5G 200 12-20
5G 10Gbps+ 1Gbps

Introduction: 1-28
Chapter 1: roadmap

● What is the Internet?

● What is a protocol?
● Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
● Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
● Performance: loss, delay, throughput
● Security
● Protocol layers, service models
● History
Introduction: 1-29
The network core
mobile network
● mesh of interconnected national or global ISP

routers
● packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets local or
regional
○ forward packets from one ISP

router to the next, across home network content

provider
links on path from source to network datacenter

destination
network

○ each packet transmitted at

full link capacity enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-30
 Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
● Transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to
transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R
bps One-hop numerical
● Store and forward: entire packet must arrive
example:
▪ L = 10 Kbits
at router before it can be transmitted on next
▪ R = 100 Mbps
link ▪ one-hop transmission
● End-end delay: 2L/R (above), assuming zero delay = 0.1 msec
propagation delay (more on delay shortly) Introduction: 1-31
Packet-switching: queueing delay, loss
R = 100 Mb/s C
A

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for output
link

Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link

exceeds transmission rate (bps) of link for a period of time:
● packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
● packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up

Introduction: 1-32
 Two key network-core functions

routing Routing:
algorithm
▪ global action:
Forwarding: local forwarding
local forwarding table
table

● local action:
header value output link determine source-
0100 3
move arriving 0101 2 destination paths
0111 2
packets from 1001 1 taken by packets
router’s input link
to appropriate ▪ routing algorithms
1
router output link
3 2

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Introduction: 1-33
Alternative to packet switching: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “call” between source
and destination
● in diagram, each link has four
circuits.
○ call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st circuit
in right link.
● dedicated resources: no sharing
○ circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
● circuit segment idle if not used by
call (no sharing)
● commonly used in traditional
telephone networks
Introduction: 1-34
 Circuit switching: FDM and TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM) 4 users
● optical, electromagnetic frequencies

frequency
divided into (narrow) frequency bands
● each call allocated its own band, can
transmit at max rate of that narrow
band time
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

frequency
▪ time divided into slots
▪ each call allocated periodic
slot(s), can transmit at maximum
rate of (wider) frequency band,
but only during its time slot(s) time
Introduction: 1-35
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!
Example:
▪ 1 Gb/s link
▪ each user: N
• 100 Mb/s when “active” users 1 Gbps link
• active 10% of time

▪ circuit-switching: 10 users
Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
▪ packet switching: with 35
users, probability > 10 active at Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
same time is less than .0004 *

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Introduction: 1-36
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner”?
▪ great for “bursty” data – sometimes has data to send, but at other times
not
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
▪ excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss due to buffer
overflow
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
▪ Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
• bandwidth guarantees traditionally used for audio/video applications
Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching)
versus on-demand allocation (packet switching)?
Introduction: 1-37
Internet structure: a “network of networks”

● Hosts connect to Internet via access Internet Service

Providers (ISPs)
■ residential, enterprise (company, university, commercial)
ISPs
● Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected
■ so that any two hosts can send packets to each other
● Resulting network of networks is very complex
■ evolution was driven by economics and national policies
● Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current
Internet structure

Introduction: 1-38
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?

access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-39
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?

access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP

to each other directly doesn’t
access
access
net scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-40
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit
ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

global
access
net
ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-41
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….

access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net ISP A

access
net ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-42
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. who will
want to be connected
Internet exchange point
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-43
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs

access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional ISP access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-44
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft,
Akamai) may run their own network, to bring services, content
close to end users access access
net
net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A

Content provider network

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional ISP access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-45
 Internet structure: a “network of networks”

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IXP IXP IXP

Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

At “center”: small # of well-connected large networks

▪ “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national & international
coverage
▪ content provider networks (e.g., Google, Facebook): private network that connects
its data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs Introduction: 1-46
Tier-1 ISP Network map: Sprint (2019)
POP: point-of-presence
to/from other Sprint PoPS
links to
peering
networks

…
… … …
links to/from Sprint customer networks

Introduction: 1-47
Chapter 1: roadmap

● What is the Internet?

● What is a protocol?
● Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
● Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
● Performance: loss, delay, throughput
● Security
● Protocol layers, service models
● History
Introduction: 1-48
How do packet loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
▪ packets queue, wait for turn
▪ arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link capacity: packet loss

packet being transmitted (transmission dela

B
packets in buffers (queueing delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction: 1-49
Packet delay: four sources
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans +

dprop
dproc: nodal dqueue: queueing delay
processing ▪ time waiting at output link for
▪ check bit errors transmission
▪ determine output link ▪ depends on congestion level of router
▪ typically < msec
Introduction: 1-50
Packet delay: four sources
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans +

dprop
dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:
▪ L: packet length (bits) ▪ d: length of physical link
▪ R: link transmission rate ▪ s: propagation speed (~2x108
(bps) m/sec)
▪ dtrans = L/R dtrans and dprop ▪ dprop = d/s * Check out the online interactive exercises:
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
very different
Introduction: 1-51
 Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km

ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth

(aka 10-bit (aka router)
packet)
▪ cars “propagate” at 100 km/hr ▪ time to “push” entire caravan
▪ toll booth takes 12 sec to service through toll booth onto
car (bit transmission time) highway = 12*10 = 120 sec
▪ car ~ bit; caravan ~ packet ▪ time for last car to propagate
from 1st to 2nd toll both:
▪ Q: How long until caravan is lined 100km/(100km/hr) = 1 hr
up before 2nd toll booth?
▪ A: 62 minutes
Introduction: 1-52
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km

ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth

(aka 10-bit (aka router)
packet)

▪ suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr

▪ and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a car
▪ Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at first booth?
A: Yes! after 7 min, first car arrives at second booth; three cars
still at first booth

Introduction: 1-53
Packet queueing delay (revisited)

average queueing
▪ R: link bandwidth (bps)

delay
▪ L: packet length (bits)
▪ a: average packet arrival rate
▪ La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay
traffic intensity = La/R 1
small
▪ La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay La/R ~ 0
large
▪ La/R > 1: more “work” arriving is
more than can be serviced -
average delay infinite!
La/R -> 1
Introduction: 1-54
“Real” Internet delays and routes
▪ what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
▪ traceroute program: provides delay measurement from
source to router along end-end Internet path towards
destination. For all i:
• sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards
destination (with time-to-live field value of i)
• router i will return packets to sender
• sender measures time interval between transmission and reply

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

Introduction: 1-55
Real Internet delays and routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 delay measurements
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms to border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic link
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms looks like delays
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms decrease! Why?
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org

Introduction: 1-56
Packet loss
▪ queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity
▪ packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
▪ lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source
end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost

* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss
Introduction: 1-57
 Throughput
▪ throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are being sent from
sender to receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time

linkpipe
capacity
that can linkthat
pipe capacity
can carry
Rs bits/sec
carry R c bits/sec
fluid at rate
server sends
server, with fluid at rate (Rc bits/sec)
filebits
of F bits (Rs bits/sec)
(fluid) into pipe
to send to client
Introduction: 1-58
Throughput
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction: 1-59
Throughput: network scenario
▪ per-connection end-
Rs end throughput:
Rs Rs min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
▪ in practice: Rc or Rs
R is often bottleneck
Rc Rc
Rc
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more
examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R
bits/sec Introduction: 1-60
Chapter 1: roadmap

● What is the Internet?

● What is a protocol?
● Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
● Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
● Performance: loss, delay, throughput
● Security
● Protocol layers, service models
● History
Introduction: 1-61
Network security
▪ field of network security:
• how bad guys can attack computer networks
• how we can defend networks against attacks
• how to design architectures that are immune to attacks
▪ Internet not originally designed with (much) security in
mind
• original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users attached
to a transparent network” ☺
• Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
• security considerations in all layers!
Introduction: 1-62
Bad guys: malware
▪ malware can get in host from:
• virus: self-replicating infection by receiving/executing object
(e.g., e-mail attachment)
• worm: self-replicating infection by passively receiving object
that gets itself executed
▪ spyware malware can record keystrokes, web sites visited,
upload info to collection site
▪ infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used for spam or
distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks

Introduction: 1-63
Bad guys: denial of service
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources
(server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic
by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic
1. select target

2. break into hosts around

the network (see botnet)
3. send packets to target target
from compromised hosts

Introduction: 1-64
Bad guys: packet interception
packet “sniffing”:
▪ broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)
▪ promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets
(e.g., including passwords!) passing by
A C

src:B dest:A
payload B

Wireshark software used for our end-of-chapter labs is a (free) packet-

sniffer
Introduction: 1-65
Bad guys: fake identity

IP spoofing: send packet with false source address

A C

src:B dest:A
payload
B

… lots more on security (throughout, Chapter 8)

Introduction: 1-66
Chapter 1: roadmap

● What is the Internet?

● What is a protocol?
● Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
● Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
● Performance: loss, delay, throughput
● Security
● Protocol layers, service models
● History
Introduction: 1-67
Protocol “layers”

Networks are complex,

with many “pieces”:
▪ hosts
▪ routers Question:
is there any hope of organizing
▪ links of various structure of network?
media
…. or at least our discussion of
▪ applications
networks?
▪ protocols
▪ hardware, software

1-68
Introduction
Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

● a series of steps
1-69
Introduction
Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

layers: each layer implements a service

▪ via its own internal-layer actions
▪ relying on services provided by layer below
1-70
Introduction
Why layering?

dealing with complex systems:

● explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex
system’s pieces
○ layered reference model for discussion
● modularization eases maintenance, updating of system
○ change of implementation of layer’s service transparent to rest of system
○ e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of system
● layering considered harmful?

1-71
Introduction
 Internet protocol stack

● application: supporting network applications

○ FTP, SMTP, HTTP
application
● transport: process-process data transfer
○ TCP, UDP
transport
● network: routing of datagrams from source to destination network
○ IP, routing protocols

● link: data transfer between neighboring network elements

link
○ Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP

● physical: bits “on the wire” physical

1-72
Introduction
 ISO/OSI reference model

● presentation: allow applications to interpret

meaning of data, e.g., encryption, compression, application
machine-specific conventions presentation
session
● session: synchronization, checkpointing, recovery
transport
of data exchange
network
● Internet stack “missing” these layers! link
○ these services, if needed, must be implemented in application physical
○ needed?

1-73
Introduction
Reference Models

The OSI
reference model.
Reference Models (2)

● The TCP/IP reference model.

Hybrid Model
● The hybrid reference model to be used in this course.
 source Encapsulation
message M application
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
1-77
Introduction
Chapter 1: roadmap

● What is the Internet?

● What is a protocol?
● Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
● Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
● Performance: loss, delay, throughput
● Security
● Protocol layers, service models
● History
Introduction: 1-78
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
▪ 1961: Kleinrock - queueing ▪ 1972:
theory shows effectiveness • ARPAnet public demo
of packet-switching
• NCP (Network Control
▪ 1964: Baran - packet- Protocol) first host-host
switching in military nets
protocol
▪ 1967: ARPAnet conceived • first e-mail program
by Advanced Research
Projects Agency • ARPAnet has 15 nodes
▪ 1969: first ARPAnet node
operational
Introduction: 1-79
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
▪ 1970: ALOHAnet satellite
network in Hawaii Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking
▪ 1974: Cerf and Kahn - principles:
architecture for interconnecting ▪ minimalism, autonomy - no
networks internal changes required to
▪ 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC interconnect networks
▪ late70’s: proprietary ▪ best-effort service model
architectures: DECnet, SNA, ▪ stateless routing
XNA
▪ decentralized control
▪ late 70’s: switching fixed length
packets (ATM precursor) define today’s Internet
▪ 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes architecture
Introduction: 1-80
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
▪ 1983: deployment of TCP/IP ▪ new national networks: CSnet,
BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel
▪ 1982: smtp e-mail protocol
defined ▪ 100,000 hosts connected to
▪ 1983: DNS defined for confederation of networks
name-to-IP-address
translation
▪ 1985: ftp protocol defined
▪ 1988: TCP congestion
control
Introduction: 1-81
Internet history
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new applications
▪ early 1990s: ARPAnet late 1990s – 2000s:
decommissioned
▪ more killer apps: instant
▪ 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet ▪ network security to forefront
(decommissioned, 1995)
▪ est. 50 million host, 100
▪ early 1990s: Web million+ users
• hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]
• HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee ▪ backbone links running at
• 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape Gbps
• late 1990s: commercialization of the
Web Introduction: 1-82
Internet history
2005-present: more new applications, Internet is “everywhere”
▪ ~18B devices attached to Internet (2017)
• rise of smartphones (iPhone: 2007)
▪ aggressive deployment of broadband access
▪ increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access: 4G/5G, WiFi
▪ emergence of online social networks:
• Facebook: ~ 2.5 billion users
▪ service providers (Google, FB, Microsoft) create their own networks
• bypass commercial Internet to connect “close” to end user, providing
“instantaneous” access to search, video content, …
▪ enterprises run their services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon Web Services,
Microsoft Azure)
Introduction: 1-83
 Internet Future

1-84
Introduction
Chapter 1: summary
We’ve covered a “ton” of material!
▪ Internet overview
▪ what’s a protocol? You now have:
▪ network edge, access network, core ▪ context, overview,
• packet-switching versus circuit- vocabulary, “feel”
switching
• Internet structure of networking
▪ performance: loss, delay, throughput ▪ more depth,
▪ layering, service models detail, and fun to
follow!
▪ security
▪ history
Introduction: 1-85