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Object Detection with Deep
Learning Models
Principles and Applications

Edited by
S. Poonkuntran
Rajesh Kumar Dhanraj
Balamurugan Balusamy
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

and by CRC Press

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© 2023 selection and editorial matter, [S Poonkuntran, Rajesh Kumar Dhanraj, Balamurugan Balusamy]; indi-
vidual chapters, the contributors

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
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been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Poonkuntran, S., editor. | Dhanraj, Rajesh Kumar, editor. |
Balusamy, Balamurugan, editor.
Title: Object detection with deep learning models : principles and
applications / edited by S Poonkuntran, Rajesh Kumar Dhanraj,
Balamurugan Balusamy.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2023.
| Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022015567 (print) | LCCN 2022015568 (ebook) | ISBN
9781032074009 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032349244 (paperback) | ISBN
9781003206736 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Computer vision. | Pattern recognition systems. | Deep
learning (Machine learning)
Classification: LCC TA1634 .O255 2023 (print) | LCC TA1634 (ebook) | DDC
006.3/7--dc23/eng/20220725
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022015567
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022015568

ISBN: 978-1-032-07400-9 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-34924-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-20673-6 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003206736

Typeset in Palatino
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents

Editors............................................................................................................................................. vii
List of Contributors.........................................................................................................................ix

1. Introduction: Deep Learning and Computer Vision...................................................... 1

A.S. Renugadevi

2. Object Detection Frameworks and Services in Computer Vision............................. 23

Sachi Choudhary, Rashmi Sharma, and Gargeya Sharma

3. Real-Time Tracing and Alerting System for Vehicles and Children to Ensure
Safety and Security, Using LabVIEW.............................................................................. 49
R. Deepalakshmi and R. Vijayalakshmi

4. Mobile Application-based Assistive System for Visually Impaired People:

A Hassle-Free Shopping Support System...................................................................... 65
E. Ramanujam and M. Manikandakumar

5. Traffic Density and On-road Moving Object Detection Management, Using

Video Processing................................................................................................................. 81
Ankit Shrivastava and S. Poonkuntran

6. Automated Vehicle Number Plate Recognition System, Using Convolution

Long Short-Term Memory Technique........................................................................... 101
S. Srinivasan, D. Prabha, N. Mohammed Raffic, K. Ganesh Babu,
S. Thirumurugaveerakumar, and K. Sangeetha

7. Deep Learning-based Indian Vehicle Number Plate Detection and

Recognition......................................................................................................................... 117
M. Arun Anoop, S. Poonkuntran, and P. Karthikeyan

8. Smart Diabetes System Using CNN in Health Data Analytics................................ 137

P. Ravikumaran, K. Vimala Devi, and K. Valarmathi

9. Independent Automobile Intelligent Motion Controller and Redirection,

Using a Deep Learning System......................................................................................165
S. Aanjanadevi, V. Palanisamy, S. Aanjankumar, S. Poonkuntran, and P. Karthikeyan

10. Deep Learning Solutions for Pest Detection...............................................................179

C. Nandhini and M. Brindha

11. Deep Learning Solutions for Pest Identification in Agriculture.............................. 199

Monika Vyas, Amit Kumar, and Vivek Sharma

v
vi Contents

12. A Complete Framework for LULC Classification of Madurai Remote

Sensing Images with Deep Learning-based Fusion Technique............................... 215
T. Gladima Nisia and S. Rajesh

13. Human Behavioral Identifiers: A Detailed Discussion............................................. 237

T. Suba Nachiar, T. Shanmuga Priya, P.R. Hemalatha, and J.V. Anchitaalagammai

Index.............................................................................................................................................. 253
Editors

Poonkuntran Shanmugam earned a BE degree in Information

Technology from Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India; and
MTech and PhD degrees in Computer and Information Technology
from Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India. He
is presently with VIT Bhopal University, Madhya Pradesh, India
as Professor & Dean for the School of Computing Science and
Engineering. He has more than a decade of experience in teaching
and research and successfully executed three funded research grant
projects from the Indian Space Research Organization, Defense
Research Development Organization, and Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, Government of India, to the tune of 1.10 Crores.
He received two seminar grants from Anna University, Chennai, and the All India Council
for Technical Education-Indian Society for Technical Education for the tune of 4 Lacs.
He has published more than 80 technical publications, authored 6 books and 2 chap-
ters. He is the recipient of Cognizant Best Faculty Award 2017–18 and served as a State
Level Student Coordinator for Region VII, CSI, India in 2016–17. He is a lifetime member
of IACSIT, Singapore, CSI, India, and ISTE, India. His research areas of interests include
information security, computer vision, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.

Dr Rajesh Kumar Dhanraj is a Professor in the School of Computing

Science and Engineering at Galgotias University, Greater Noida,
India. He earned a BE degree in Computer Science and Engineering
from the Anna University Chennai, India in 2007, then an MTech
from the Anna University Coimbatore, India in 2010 and a PhD in
Computer Science from Anna University, Chennai, India, in 2017.
He has contributed to 30+ authored and edited books on various
technologies, 21 Patents and 53 articles and papers in various ref-
ereed journals and international conferences and contributed chap-
ters to books. His research interests include Machine Learning, Cyber-Physical Systems
and Wireless Sensor Networks. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE), member of the Computer Science Teacher Association
(CSTA), and the International Association of Engineers (IAENG). He is an associate editor
and guest editor for reputed journals. He is an Expert Advisory Panel Member of Texas
Instruments Inc., USA.

vii
viii Editors

Balamurugan Balusamy is currently an Associate Dean Student in

Shiv Nadar University, Delhi-NCR. Prior to this assignment he was
Professor, School of Computing Sciences & Engineering and Director
of International Relations at Galgotias University, Greater Noida,
India. His contributions focus on Engineering Education, Block
Chain and Data Sciences. His Academic degrees and twelve years of
experience working as a faculty member in a global University like
VIT University, Vellore, has made him more receptive and promi-
nent in his domain. He has 200 plus high impact factor papers in
Springer, Elsevier and IEEE. He has done more than 80 edited and
authored books and collaborated with eminent professors across the
world from top QS ranked universities.
Prof. Balamurugan Balusamy has served up to the position of associate professor in his
12 years stint with VIT University, Vellore. He completed his Bachelors, Masters and PhD
degrees at top premier institutions in India. His passion is teaching, and he adapts differ-
ent design thinking principles while delivering his lectures. He has published 80+ books
about various technologies and visited over 15 countries for his technical courses. He has
several top-notch conferences in his resume and has published over 200 quality journal
articles, conferences and book chapters combined. He serves in the advisory committee for
several start-ups and forums and does consultancy work for industry on Industrial IOT.
He has given over 195 talks at various events and symposiums.
List of Contributors

S. Aanjanadevi P.R. Hemalatha

Alagappa University Velammal College of Engineering &
Tamil Nadu, India Technology
Madurai, India
S. Aanjankumar
School of Computing Science and P. Karthikeyan
Engineering, VIT Bhopal University, Velammal College of Engineering and
India Technology
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
J.V. Anchitaalagammai
Velammal College of Engineering & Amit Kumar
Technology IIIT Kota
Madurai, India Rajasthan, India
M. Arun Anoop
Royal College of Engineering and M. Manikandakumar
Technology Thiagarajar College of Engineering
Akkikkavu, Thrissur, Kerala Tamil Nadu, India

M. Brindha N. Mohammed Raffic

NIT Tiruchirappalli Nehru Institute of Technology
Tamil Nadu, India Coimbatore, India

Sachi Choudhary C. Nandhini

University of Petroleum & Energy Studies NIT Tiruchirappalli
Dehradun, India Tamil Nadu, India

R. Deepalakshmi V. Palanisamy
Velammal College of Engineering and Alagappa University
Technology, Viraganoor Tamil Nadu, India
Tamil Nadu, India

K. Ganesh Babu S. Poonkuntran

Chendhuran College of Engineering & School of Computing Science and
Technology Engineering, VIT Bhopal University,
Pudukottai, India Madhya Pradesh, India

T. Gladima Nisia D. Prabha

AAA College of Engineering and Sri Krishna College of Engineering and
Technology Technology
Sivakasi, India Coimbatore, India

ix
x List of Contributors

S. Rajesh Ankit Shrivastava

Mepco Schlenk Engineering College School of Computing Science and
Sivakasi, India Engineering
VIT Bhopal University, India
E. Ramanujam
National Institute of Technology Silchar, S. Srinivasan
Assam, India Nehru Institute of Technology
Coimbatore, India
P. Ravikumaran
Fatima Michael College of Engineering &
Technology T. Suba Nachiar
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Velammal College of Engineering &
Technology Madurai, India
A.S. Renugadevi
Kongu Engineering College S. Thirumurugaveerakumar
Tamil Nadu, India Panimalar Engineering College Chennai,
India
K. Sangeetha
Panimalar Engineering College
Chennai, India K. Valarmathi
P.S.R Engineering College
T. Shanmuga Priya Sivakasi, India
Vuram Technologies
India R. Vijayalakshmi
Velammal College of Engineering and
Gargeya Sharma Technology
University of Petroleum & Energy Studies Tamil Nadu, India
Dehradun, India

Rashmi Sharma K. Vimala Devi

University of Petroleum & Energy Studies Vellore Institute of Technology
Dehradun, India Vellore, India

Vivek Sharma Monika Vyas

MNIT Jaipur IIIT Kota
Rajasthan, India Rajasthan, India
1
Introduction: Deep Learning and Computer Vision

A.S. Renugadevi
Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India

CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction to Deep Learning�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
1.1.1 Deep Learning������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 2
1.1.2 Machine Learning and Deep Learning������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
1.1.3 Types of Networks in Deep Learning��������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
1.1.3.1 Connection Type of Networks������������������������������������������������������������������ 4
1.1.3.2 Topology-based Neural Networks����������������������������������������������������������� 6
1.1.3.3 Learning Methods��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
1.2 Convolutional Neural Networks����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
1.2.1 Description of Five Layers of General CNN Architecture����������������������������������� 9
1.2.1.1 Input Layer������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
1.2.1.2 Convolutional Layer��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
1.2.1.3 Pooling Layer��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
1.2.1.4 Fully Connected Layers��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
1.2.1.5 Output Layer��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
1.2.2 Types of Architecture in CNN�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
1.2.2.1 LeNet-5������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
1.2.2.2 AlexNet������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
1.2.2.3 ZFNet���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
1.2.2.4 GoogLeNet/Inception������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 14
1.2.2.5 VGGNet������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 15
1.2.2.6 ResNet��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
1.2.3 Applications of Deep Learning������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 16
1.3 Image Classification, Object Detection and Face Recognition��������������������������������������17
1.3.1 Dataset Creation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
1.3.2 Data Preprocessing�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
1.3.3 Image Classification������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
1.3.4 Object Detection������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19
1.3.5 Face Recognition������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 20
References��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21

DOI: 10.1201/9781003206736-1 1
2 Object Detection with Deep Learning Models

1.1 Introduction to Deep Learning

1.1.1 Deep Learning
Artificial intelligence enables computers to mimic human behavior. The machine l­ earning
and deep learning concepts are covered under artificial intelligence. In machine learn-
ing, the algorithm for feature extraction should be given by humans, whereas in deep
learning, the feature extraction is done automatically by the perception of neurons. The
emergence of deep learning is illustrated in Figure 1.1.
The classification, clustering and predicting of the result by the neural networks are
done in deep learning. The central part of deep learning is neural networks. The patterns
are identified by using neural networks. The neural networks can be designed as a set of
algorithms for predicting results. Nothing has emerged in deep learning newly; instead,
due to the exponential increase in processing capacity, both machine learning and deep
learning came into existence.
The neurons in the brain of humans are data carriers, and billions of neurons are con-
nected with one another. Based on the logic of neurons in the human brain, the neurons are
designed in the system. The artificial neural network is created with the help of neurons.
Some neurons are going to act as input collectors, some neurons are going to act as output
displayers, and some neurons are used in the processing of input.

FIGURE 1.1
Emergence of deep learning.
Deep Learning and Computer Vision 3

FIGURE 1.2
Illustration of an artificial neuron.

In the artificial neural network, the neuron plays a major role. The structure of an artifi-
cial neuron consists of inputs from x0 through xn and weights w1 through wn. Each input
value is passed to the summation function. After that, the summed value obtained is
passed to the activation function, and output y is generated. The structure of the neuron is
given in Figure 1.2.

1.1.2 Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Machine learning can be called an approach for achieving artificial intelligence. It is the
method of using algorithms to trace the data, learn from it, and make predictions over
some things in the real world. Deep learning can be taken as a technique for implement-
ing machine learning. The difference between machine learning and deep learning is
explained in Table 1.1.

1.1.3 Types of Networks in Deep Learning

The neural networks that come under the category of machine learning help to predict the
patterns by learning from the data and utilizing the neurons effectively. The types of neural
networks are classified according to various features:

TABLE 1.1
Differences between Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Machine Learning Deep Learning

Small amount of data is needed to provide accuracy. Large amount of data is needed for training.
It requires low system specifications. It requires high system specifications.
The given problem is divided into multiple tasks, and The given problem is solved fully as a node-to-
each task is solved independently. Finally, the results node problem.
are combined.
The time needed for training the model is low. The time needed for training the model is high.
But for testing the data with the model, the time Here, less time is needed to test the data with
required is high. the model.
4 Object Detection with Deep Learning Models

Types of connection
Static feedforward networks
Dynamic feedback networks
Topology of networks
Single-layer neural networks
Multilayer neural networks
Recurrent neural networks
Learning methods
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning

1.1.3.1 Connection Type of Networks

1.1.3.1.1 Static Feedforward Networks
Feedforward neural networks can be named deep feedforward networks or multilayer
networks. This neural network is the most perfect deep learning model used. Feedforward
networks work on the principle that the function s is approximated as s. For classifying
the data or images with that of the networks, t = s * (u) connects the input u to the output
t. Also, a mapping t = f(u; θ) tells that the approximation happens with the value of θ. In
feedforward networks, the feedback connection is not considered; only the inputs are con-
sidered for the output evaluation. The data flow from the input u is passed to the various
calculations under the function f, and the output t is obtained. Figure 1.3 shows the static
feedforward networks.

FIGURE 1.3
Feedforward networks.
Deep Learning and Computer Vision 5

Applications:

• Classification
• Speech recognition
• Face recognition
• Computer vision

1.1.3.1.2 Dynamic Feedback Neural Networks

In dynamic neural networks, the data can flow in two directions, namely the forward and
backward directions. The most enhanced neural networks are the dynamic networks, and
if any error occurs in the flow of data, it is tedious to get corrected. The various changes
will take place in the states of the network until the equilibrium point is reached in the
network. The changes in the input lead to the variation in the equilibrium point, but the
network has to be at the same point till the variations occur in the equilibrium point. This
type of network can be called a recurrent or interactive network. The feedback mechanism
which is used in the networks is helpful in the process of addressing the content memories.
The dynamic neural networks are shown in Figure 1.4.

FIGURE 1.4
Feedback neural networks.
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