Cloud Computing

Use of a network of remote servers which are hosted on the internet in order to store,
manage and process, control data rather than using a local server or personal computer.
The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing
as:
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction, should be concerned with
the cloud provider. It enables organizations and individuals to access and use computing
resources without needing to own or manage the underlying infrastructure.
 It helps streamline processes.
 Using remote server for processes which is accessed through internet.
 Cloud services should be easy to access, available, scalable, shared, etc.
 Three main cloud services or resources are network, storage and compute.

History
 The concept was born in the 1960s from the ideas of pioneers like J.C.R Lickliter.
 Then John McCarthy formed a term: Computation as a public utility, extend the
input and output of computational heavy machine, so that could be shared among
people from their own desk.
 Flash forward to 1997, when the term Cloud Computing was first used by
information systems professor Ramnath Chalupa.
 Within a just a few years, companies began switching from hardware to cloud
services.

Cloud Computing Applications

 Banking & Financial Apps  Energy Systems
 E-Commerce Apps  Intelligent Transportation Systems
(Mobile Applications)  E-Governance
 Social Networking  Education
 Healthcare Systems  Mobile Communications

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Why Cloud- As basic Business Scenarios
• Shifting to cloud, increases the potential users, which will boost the business.
• Fast Application Deployment, can develop code locally without any cloud service
and they can be easily moved to the cloud and deployment can be automated.
(DevOps)
• Hassle Free Maintenance, maintenance is cloud provider headache, you don’t have
to acquire external team for maintenance.
• Better Resources Utilization, cloud services are rented based on the requirement
and pay-as-you-go model, so IT companies prefer not to purchase resources locally,
instead rent cloud services, which cost them low.
• Platform Independent, a lot of resources are required for security and cloud
simplifies and manages security to a large extent. You can get rid of configurations,
if you use cloud services. Framework and installations are not your concern,
provide SaaS service.
• Security, most expensive things to do, purchase appliances, license, and IT person,
so better to build it on cloud, so that cloud maintains basic security.
• Scalability, cloud resources are easily scalable and takes no time.

Factors Restricting Businesses to Not Move to Cloud

1- Geographical scope – what is your scope or locations where you deliver or provide
services.
2- Maximum Security – sensitive operations (use of military) should be avoided to be
performed on cloud service, you need full authorized control.
3- Geographical Laws – some laws prohibit deploying or provisioning resources in
some locations, cloud services are affected by government laws, policies and
politics.
4- Avoid Uncertainty – where you are uncertain whether or not the services you
provide will be profitable will be profitable on the cloud or not.

Cloud Service Models

Software as a Service (SaaS) - Applications, management and user interfaces provided
over a network (consume the service).
Platform as a Service (PaaS) - Application development frameworks, operating systems
and deployment frameworks (build on the service).

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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - Virtual computing, storage and network resource that
can be provisioned on demand (migrate to the servies).

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

• Software/Interface – SaaS provides the users a complete software application or the

user interface to the application itself.
• Outsourced Management – The cloud service provider manages the underlying cloud
infrastructure including servers, network, operating systems, storage and application
software, and the user is unaware of the underlying architecture of the cloud.
• Thin client interfaces – Applications are provided to the user through a thin client
interface (e.g., a browser). SaaS applications are platform independent and can be

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 accessed from various client devices such as workstations, laptop, tablets and
smartphones, running different operating systems.
• Ubiquitous Access – Since the cloud service provider manages both the application
and data, the users are able to access the applications from anywhere.

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
• Development & Deployment – PaaS provides the users the capability to develop and
deploy application in the cloud using the development tools, application programming
interfaces (APIs), software libraries and services provided by the cloud service
provider.
• Provider Manages Infrastructure – The cloud service provider manages the underlying
cloud infrastructure including servers, network, operating systems and storage.
• User Manages Application – The users, themselves, are responsible for developing,
deploying, configuring and managing applications on the cloud infrastructure.

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
• Resource Provisioning – Provides the users the capability to provision computing and
storage resources.
• Virtual Machines – These resources are provided to the users as virtual machine
instances and virtual storage. Users can start, stop, configure and manage the virtual
machine instances and virtual storage.

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• Provider Managers Infrastructure – The cloud service provider manages the
underlying infrastructure.
• Pay-per-use/Pay-as-you-go – Virtual resources provisioned by the users are billed
based on a pay-per-use/pay-as-you-go paradigm.

Why Choose Cloud Computing?

• Workload Attributes:

Cloud adoption is influenced by factors such as performance, security, integration

complexity, and data size. Cloud solutions offer scalability and performance
enhancements suitable for diverse workload requirements, while addressing security
concerns through robust measures.

• Business Needs:

Cloud computing supports rapid deployment, essential for meeting time-to-market

demands. It facilitates compliance with regulatory standards and extends geographical
reach through global data center networks. Service-level agreements (SLAs) ensure
performance and availability commitments are met.

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 • Ecosystem Available:

The maturity of Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings, alternative service viability, and
the presence of resellers and system integrators enhance cloud adoption. These factors
contribute to the ecosystem's capability to support varied business applications and
integration needs.

Deployment Models
The cloud deployment models define the purpose of the cloud and nature of how the
cloud is located there are four basic models.
• Private model (custom/specific – established over local servers).
• Public model (general).
• Hybrid model (common – keep critical or sensitive things to your hand and remaining IT
services on cloud, then you make a hybrid channel between your cloud end and local end).
Private Cloud:
Private clouds operate within an organization's own infrastructure or dedicated data
centers. They offer greater control over security, compliance, and customization
compared to public clouds. Private clouds are ideal for businesses needing stringent data
privacy or regulatory compliance.
Public Cloud:
Public clouds are hosted and managed by third-party providers, accessible over the
internet. They offer scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency through shared resources
and pay-as-you-go pricing models. Leading providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS)
offer a wide range of services globally. A public cloud sells services to anyone on the
Internet.
Hybrid clouds:
Integrate both private and public cloud infrastructures, allowing data and applications to
move seamlessly between environments. Organizations use hybrid clouds for workload
flexibility, disaster recovery, and to meet specific regulatory requirements while
leveraging public cloud scalability. A public service provider can remotely manage part of
the infrastructure in a private organization and use Cloud for backups. E.g. Azure Stack.

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Characteristics of Cloud Computing
• On-Demand Self-Service
Cloud computing resources can be provisioned on-demand by the users, without
requiring interactions with the cloud service provider. The process of provisioning
resources is automated.

• Broad Network Access

Cloud computing resources are accessed over the network via standard access
mechanisms that provide platform-independent access through the use of
heterogeneous client platforms such as workstations, laptops, tablets and
smartphones.

• Resource Pooling
Cloud providers pool computing and storage resources to serve multiple users
efficiently through multi-tenancy, optimizing resource utilization and scalability.

• Rapid Elasticity
Cloud computing resources can be provisioned rapidly and elastically. Cloud resources
can be rapidly scaled up or down based on demand.

• Measured Service
Cloud computing resources are provided to users on a pay-per-use model. The usage
of the cloud resources is measured, and the user is charged based on some specific
metric. There is auto configured service in every public cloud, that can be measure all
of all activity in a day and prepare report and compute bill.

• Performance
Cloud computing enhance application performance by dynamically allocating
resources according to workload demands, ensuring optimal operational efficiency.

• Reduced Costs

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 Cloud computing provides cost benefits for applications as only as much computing
and storage resources as required can be provisioned dynamically, and upfront
investment in purchase of computing assets to cover worst case requirements is
avoided.

• Outsourced Management
Cloud providers manage and maintain IT infrastructure, allowing organizations to
focus on core business activities without the burden of hardware and software
maintenance.

• Reliability
Applications deployed in cloud computing environments generally have a higher
reliability since the underlying IT infrastructure is professionally managed by the cloud
service.

• Multi-tenancy
Multi-tenancy allows efficient resource sharing among multiple users, optimizing
resource utilization and scalability.
 In virtual multi-tenancy, computing and storage resources are shared among
multiple users.
 In organic multi-tenancy every component in the system architecture is shared
among multiple tenants.

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