MENOUFIA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION

‫جامعة المنوفية‬

First Year (First Semester)

CS Dept.,
p , (CS131)
( )

PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING

LECTURE ONE

Dr. Hamdy M. Mousa

Computers and Programming
 Computers
p & Programming
g g
• In this lecture, you will learn about:
– Computer systems
– Simple
p p program
g logic
g
– The steps involved in the program
development cycle
y
– Pseudocode statements and flowchart symbols
– Using
g a sentinel value to end a p
program
g
– Programming and user environments
– The evolution of programming models
 Computers
p & Programming
g g
• Every computer system is composed of multiple
pieces of hardware and software.
software
• Hardware is the equipment, or the physical
devices.
devices
– For example, keyboards, mice, speakers,
• Software is computer instructions that tell the
hardware what to do.
– Software is p
programs,
g , which are instruction sets written
by programmers.
• For example, businesses use word-processing and accounting
programs and games
games.
• you can write your own programs.
Computers
p

“The Box”
CRT Display CD-ROM Drive

Floppy
Disk
i k
Drive
Keyboard

Mouse
 SOFTWARE TYPES
• System Software
– Operating
p g systems
y
– Communications
– Device drivers and utilities
– Performance management
g
• Business Software
– General business
– Applications by business/interest area
– Desktop publishing
– Project management
– Image processing
• Development Software
– Programming languages
– Computer-assisted software engineering
– Web site development software
 PROGRAMMING MODELS
• programmers to develop programs and
their procedures:
– Procedural pprogramming
g g focuses on the
procedures that programmers create.
• procedural programmers focus on the actions that
are carried.
i d
– Object-oriented programming focuses on
objects or “things
objects, things,” and describes their
features (also called attributes) and
behaviors.
 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
• You write computer instructions in a computer
programming
p g g language
g g such as Visual Basic,, C++,, C#,,
or Java.
• Programmers write programs in different languages.
– S
Some programmers work l i l iin one language,
k exclusively l
• others know several and use the one that is best suited to the
task at hand.
• The instructions you write using a programming language
are called program code.
• Every programming language has rules governing its
word usage and punctuation.
– These rules are called the language’s syntax.
– Mistakes in a language’s usage are syntax errors.
 COMPUTER LANGUAGES
• Computer languages may be divided into
three general types:
– Machine languages
– Assembly languages
– High-level languages

• The process of compiling a high-level language program

into machine language can take a considerable amount
of computer time.
• Interpreter programs were developed to execute high-
level language programs directly
directly, although much more
slowly.
UNDERSTANDING PROGRAMMING PROCESS

Programming steps:
1. Understand the problem.
2. Plan the logic.
3. Code the program.
4. Translate the p
program
g into machine
language.
5. Test the program.
p g
6. Put the program into production.
7. Maintain the program.
 1. Understanding the Problem

• Programmer
– Write programs to satisfy
f others needs
– Provide services to users
• First understand
nderstand what
hat users
sers want
ant
• Well designed program
– Steps might involve a short meeting
• Poorly designed program
– Steps
St might
i ht take
t k many meeting
ti hours
h
• Thoroughly understanding problem
– A mostt difficult
diffi lt aspectt off programming
i
 Envisioning the Objects

• Programmer
– Envisions objects needed
– Writes programming language instructions to
create objects
• Distinct steps
– Data modeling
• Identify all manipulated objects and relations
– Create class
• General object category
– Establish communication means
• Between objects, user
 2. Planning the Logic

• Heart of programming process

• Programmer
P
– Plans program steps
– Decides steps to include and order
• Leads from available input to desired output
– Plans the solution: logic tools
• Flowcharts and pseudocode
• Both
B th use E
English-like
li h lik code
d
– Language syntax not a concern
 3. Coding the Program

• Write class definitions

– Descriptions data in each class
– Operations performed with data in each class
• Object-oriented languages
–CC++,, C#, Java, Visual Basic, COBOL
– Similarity
• All ccreate
ea e objec
objectss and
a d establishing
es ab s g communication
co u ca o
 3. Coding the Program (cont’d.)

• Program object and logic needed to work

with
ith th
the objects
bj t
– Executed using any number of languages
• Syntax (correct spelling and punctuation )
– Concern once language chosen

• Experienced programmers
– Combine planning and program coding in
one
o e sstep
ep
 4. Translating the Program Code

• Many programming languages

• Computer knows one language
– Its machine language consisting of many 1s and 0s
• Translator programs (compilers or interpreters)
– Change English-like high-level programming into low-
level machine language
• Executable program
• Syntax error
– Issues when translator cannot translate the code
– Must be corrected to allow compilation to complete
• Debugging is the process of finding and
correcting
ti program errors.
 5. Testing the Program

• Syntax error free program

– Not necessarily free of logical errors
– Must test for logical errors
• Requires entering of sample data
– Select test data carefullyy
– Error discovery may require changes
• To program logic
• To actual object design
• Process resembles syntax error correction cycle
 6. Putting the Program into Production

• Program adequately tested

– Ready for organizational use
• Putting program into production
– Time to implement
• Can be short or long
• Depends on program nature, size and user needs
– Factors
• Training, data format changes, new platform causing
users to make choices in unanticipated
combinations
 7. Maintaining the Program

• Maintenance
– Process of making required changes
• Reasons
– New legislated
– Input file format alterations
– End user requires additional information
• Not
o included
c uded in o
original
g a ououtput
pu spec
specifications
ca o s
The program development cycle
 Algorithm
• An algorithm is a set of rules or instructions for
doing
g a task or solving
gap
problem.

• A computer program is simply an algorithm for

a computer that is written in a programming
language.

• The programmers often use one of two tools:

• pseudocode (pronounced sue-doe-code) or
• flowcharts
– to p
plan the logic
g for p
programming
g gpproblem
solution.
 Some symbols used in flowcharts

1- Terminal symbol
indicates the beginning and the end of processing.
 Some symbols used in flowcharts

2- I/O symbol
indicates that the computer is to obtain new
data or to record the results of computations
computations.

parallelogram
 Some symbols used in flowcharts

3- Decision symbol
y
represents a branch in the flow of a program

diamond
 Some symbols used in flowcharts
4- Process symbol
y
contains instructions that are not represented
by other symbols. i.e. it contains calculations,
storage of data
data.

rectangle
 Some symbols used in flowcharts

5 Flow direction lines

5-
indicate the flow of the program.
Arrowheads are drawn where flow direction lines join and
where flow direction lines meet other symbols.
 Some symbols used in flowcharts

6- comment or annotation
symbol is used to annotate other entries.
dashed line indicates the position of the
comment.
 Some symbols used in flowcharts

7- connector
is used to join areas of a flowchart.
 Some symbols used in flowcharts

8- Striped symbol
8
is used to represent a predefined process (or series of
operations) when the flowcharts that define the process
are included with the current set of flowcharts.
 Some symbols used in flowcharts

9- Predefined process symbol

9
is used to represent a predefined process when
the flowcharts that define the process are not
included with the current set of flowcharts.
 Some symbols used in flowcharts

10 Off-page
10- Off connector
t
is used to join areas of a flowchart when the points
joined occur on different pages
pages.
 PSEUDOCODE
Pseudocode: (pronounced sue-doe-code) is
– an English
English-like
like representation
– used by programmers to plan the logical steps
for solving
gap
programming
g gpproblem.

• Pseudo is a prefix that means FALSE, and to

code
d a program means to t putt it in
i a programming
i
language, pseudocode simply means false code
• Pseudocode
Pse docode for a partic
particular
lar program is often
similar in appearance to the final coded program.
• The chief difference is that pseudocode does not
follow syntax rules of a programming language.
Example
Example

Start
Read InputNumber
Result = InputNumber * 2
Print Result
Stop
Figure shows symbols and the flow direction lines
 Repeating Instructions
start
input
p myNumber
y
set myAnswer = myNumber * 2
output myAnswer
input myNumber
set myAnswer = myNumber * 2
output myAnswer
input myNumber
set myAnswer = myNumber * 2
output
p myAnswer
y
….
…..
…..
Stop
Repeating Instructions

infinite loop
Using a Sentinel Value to End a Program
complex flowchart
Figure shows the Flowchart for what will happen to the values of X and Y
as the program runs

X Y
1 1
2 2
1 3
2 4
1
2
Figure shows the Flowchart for what will happen to the values of
X and Y as the program runs

X Y Y
1 1
2 2 2
2 3 3
1 3
2 3
2 4 4
 Exercises
Exercises:
E i 1 Examine
E i the
th ffollowing
ll i flowchart,
fl h t fill in
i the
th table
t bl off values,
l and
d
answer the questions.
a. What numbers will be printed?
b. What
b at values
a ues will X a
andd Y have
a e when
e tthe
epprogram
og a e ends?
ds
 Exercises
Exercises: 2- Examine the following flowchart, and fill in the table values.
What will the values of X, Y, and Z be when this program ends?
 Computers, Memory, and
Input/Output
Computers can be viewed as consisting of three
types of components: input devices; output
devices; and the central processing unit, or
CPU.
 Declaring and Using Variables
• All programming languages support two broad
data types;
– numeric describes data that consists of numbers
– string
g describes data that is nonnumeric.
• numeric constant is specific numeric value,
– such as 43, 12345800 within a program.
• string constant (literal string constant) is A specific text
value, or string of characters,
– such as “Amanda”
Amanda , “ 1000$
1000$”
• Variables are named memory locations whose contents can vary
or differ over time.
 Variables
Declaration
• In most programming languages, before
you can use any variable, you must
include a declaration for it.
– A declaration is a statement that provides a
data type and an identifier for a variable.
• An identifier is a program component’s
name.
 Variables
Declaration
• Optionally, initializing the variable
– Declaring a starting value. For example,
• num mySalary
• num yourSalary = 14.55
• string myName
• string
t i yourName
N = “Ahmed“
“Ah d“

you declare a variable and do not initialize it,,

• if y
the variable contains an unknown value until it
is assigned a value.
– A variable’s unknown value commonly is called garbage.
 Variable names
• Different languages put different limits on the length of
variable names,,
– although in general, the length of identifiers in newer languages is
virtually unlimited.
• Some rules of variable names:
– Variable names must be one word. The name can contain letters,
digits, hyphens, underscores, or any other characters you choose,
with the exception of spaces
spaces. i.e
i e r,
r rate and interestRate is a legal
variable name, as are. interest rate is not allowed because of the
space.
– Variable names must start with a letter.
letter Some programming
languages allow variable names to start with a non-alphabetic
character such as an underscore.
– It is preferred
preferred, Variable names should have some appropriate
meaning. This is not a formal rule of any programming language.