HANOI UNIVERSITY

TRƯỜNG OF SCIENCE
ĐẠI HỌC ANDHÀ
BÁCH KHOA TECHNOLOGY
NỘI
SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNITCATION TECHNOLOGY

UNIT 4
LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DISCRETE-TIME
SYSTEMS
PhD. Nguyễn Hồng Quang
Assoc Prof. Trịnh Văn Loan
PhD. Đoàn Phong Tùng
Department of Computer Engineering
❑ Contents

1. Definition of discrete-time system

2. Linear time-invariant discrete-time system

3. Convolution and properties of convolution

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 2

❑ Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you will have grasped the following topics:

▪ Concept of the discrete-time signal processing system.

▪ Linearity and time invariance of discrete-time system.

▪ The impulse response of linear time-invariant (LTI) discrete-time

system.

▪ Convolution operation and its properties.

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1. Discrete-time signal processing system

𝑥(n) y n = T x(n)
T[ ]

● x(n): input/impact signal

● y n : output/response signal

● Example: image noisy filter

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 2. Linear system
● Definition
x1 n → y1 n , x2 (n) → y2 (n)
T ax1 n + bx2 (n) = aT x1 n + bT x2 n
= ay1 n + by2 n
● Advantages: It enables the determination of the response of complex input signals
based on the known simple component responses.

● Check for the linearity of the system

▪ Scaling: T ax1 n = aT x1 n = ay1 n

▪ Combination: T x1 n + x2 (n) = T x1 n + T x2 n = y1 n + y2 n

● Ví dụ. Check for the linearity of the following systems?

a. y n = 2x n b. y n = x 2 (n)
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Example of a linear system
(n) (n)

(n) (n-1)
(n-1) (n-2)

(n) (n-1) (n-2)

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Linear system analysis techniques.

M−1 M−1
T
x n = ෍ ak xk n y n = ෍ ak yk (n)
k=1 k=1

yk (n) = T xk n 𝑘 = 1, 2, … , 𝑀 − 1

Select xk n as the impulse signal δ(n-k)

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Signal analysis as a combination of elementary impulses
• Principles:

x n = ෍ x(k)𝛿(n − k)
k=−∞

• Example:

x n = 2, 4, 0, 3
↑

x n = 2𝛿 n + 1 + 4𝛿 n + 3𝛿(n − 2)

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Response of the linear system

y n = T x(n)
∞

x n = ෍ x(k)𝛿(n − k)
k=−∞

∞ ∞

y n = ෍ x k T 𝛿 𝑛−𝑘 = ෍ x(k)h(n, k)
k=−∞ k=−∞

h n, k = hk n = T 𝛿(n − k)

• It is necessary to specify the sequence h n, k = hk n for all −∞ ≤ k ≤ ∞

• It is necessary to reduce the number of functions hk n

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Time invariant system
T
x n y(n)

T
x n−k y n−k ∀ x n và ∀ k

• Example:

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Linear time-invariant system
• If the system is linear with respect to time
▪ Impact signal 𝛿(n) induces the response h n
▪ Impact signal 𝛿(n − k) induces the response h n − k
• For a linear time-invariant system (LTI)
∞

y n = T x(n) = T ෍ x(k)𝛿(n − k)
k=−∞
∞ ∞

y n = ෍ x(k) T 𝛿(n − k) y n = ෍ x(k)h(n − k)

k=−∞ k=−∞

• h(n) is the impulse response of the system

• y n = x n ∗ h(n), where ∗ is the convolution operation
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Example of convolution
• The input signal and impulse response of a LTI system is given in the
following plots. Determine the corresponding output signal.
ℎ(𝑛) 1
0,5h(n)

0,5

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 n -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n
𝑥(𝑛) 2 2h(n-1)
2 2 2

0.5

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n
n
y(n) 2,5 2,5
2
∞ 1

y n = ෍ x k h n − k = ෍ x k h(n − k) 0,5

k=−∞ k=0 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n

y n = x 0 h n − 0 + x 1 h n − 1 = 0.5 h n − 0 + 2 h n − 1
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3. Properties of convolution
• Convolution
y n = x n ∗ h(n)
∞

y n = ෍ x(k)h(n − k)
k=−∞

• Commutative law

y n = x n ∗ h n = h n ∗ x(n)

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Distributive law

x n ∗ h1 (n) ∗ h2 (n) = x n ∗ h1 n ∗ h2 (n)

x n ∗ h2 (n) ∗ h1 (n) = x n ∗ h2 n ∗ h1 (n)
• Equivalent systems

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Distributive law

x n ∗ h1 n + h2 𝑛 = x n ∗ h1 n + x n ∗ h2 n

• Equivalent systems

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4. Summary
● A discrete-time system receives a discrete-time signal as input, processes it, and
generates a desired discrete-time signal at the output.

● A linear time-invariant system is a system that satisfies both linearity and time-
invariance properties.

● Convolution allows the determination of the response of a LTI system to a given

input signal before knowing the impulse response of the system.

● The convolution operation is commutative, associative, and distributive..

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5. Assignment

● Assignment 1: Compute the output of the following system with the input x(n)
n, −3 ≤ n ≤ 3
x n =ቊ
0, otherwise
a) y n = x(n)

b) y n = x n − 1

c) y n = x(n + 1)
1
d) y n = x n + 1 + x n + x(n − 1)
3

e) y n = max x n + 1 , x n , x(n − 1)

f) y n = σnk=−∞ x(k) = x n + x n − 1 + x n − 2 + ⋯

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Assignment 2
❑ Given systems represented by the following input-output equations:

(a) y n = nx(n) (b) y n = x(n2 ) (c) y n = x 2 (n)

(d) y n = Ax n + B (e) y n = ex(n)

❑ Check their linearity.

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Assignment 3

• Given impulse response of a linear time-invariant system as follows

n
1− 0≤n≤4
h n =ቐ 4
0 otherwise

• Let the input x n = rect 3 n , determine the output y(n)?

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Assignment 4
• Determine the impulse response h n of the following system

n
1− 0≤n≤2
h1 n = ቐ 2
0 otherwise

1
h2 n = 𝛿 n − 1 + u n − 2 − u(n − 4)
2

h3 n = rect 3 (n)

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 The next unit
5
CAUSALITY AND STABILITY OF A DISCRETE
SYSTEM
References:
• Nguyễn Quốc Trung (2008), Xử lý tín hiệu và lọc số, Tập 1, Nhà xuất bản Khoa học và Kỹ
thuật, Chương 1 Tín hiệu và hệ thống rời rạc.
• J.G. Proakis, D.G. Manolakis (2007), Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and
Applications, 4th Ed, Prentice Hall, Chapter 1 Introduction.

IT 4172 Signal processing 22

 SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Wishing you all the best in your studies!

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