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P_Block_Elements_Notes

The document provides a summary of P-block elements in the periodic table, focusing on Groups 15-18, which include metals, metalloids, and non-metals. It outlines the electronic configurations, oxidation states, important compounds, and unique properties of each group, along with mnemonics to aid in memorization. Key compounds such as ammonia, sulfuric acid, and noble gas applications are also highlighted.

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KUMAVATH SAI ABHISHEK NAIK
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5 views

P_Block_Elements_Notes

The document provides a summary of P-block elements in the periodic table, focusing on Groups 15-18, which include metals, metalloids, and non-metals. It outlines the electronic configurations, oxidation states, important compounds, and unique properties of each group, along with mnemonics to aid in memorization. Key compounds such as ammonia, sulfuric acid, and noble gas applications are also highlighted.

Uploaded by

KUMAVATH SAI ABHISHEK NAIK
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12th NCERT P-Block Elements - Summary Notes

1. Introduction to P-Block Elements

P-block elements are those in which the last electron enters the p-orbital.

These elements belong to Groups 13-18 in the periodic table and include metals, metalloids, and

non-metals.

Class 12 focuses on Groups 15-18.

2. Group 15: Nitrogen Family

Elements: N, P, As, Sb, Bi

- Electronic Configuration: ns2 np3

- Oxidation States: -3 to +5

- Unique Property: Nitrogen shows multiple oxidation states & forms pi-bonds.

**Important Compounds:**

- **Ammonia (NH3):** Prepared by Haber's process: N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3

- **Nitric Acid (HNO3):** Prepared by Ostwald's process: NH3 -> NO -> NO2 -> HNO3

3. Group 16: Oxygen Family

Elements: O, S, Se, Te, Po

- Electronic Configuration: ns2 np4

- Oxidation States: -2 to +6

- Oxygen is the most electronegative element.

**Important Compounds:**
- **Ozone (O3):** Prepared by passing silent electric discharge through O2 -> 3O2 -> 2O3

- **Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4):** Prepared by Contact Process: SO2 + O2 -> SO3 -> H2SO4

4. Group 17: Halogens

Elements: F, Cl, Br, I, At

- Electronic Configuration: ns2 np5

- Oxidation States: -1 to +7

- Highly reactive non-metals.

**Important Compounds:**

- **Hydrochloric Acid (HCl):** Prepared by direct combination: H2 + Cl2 -> 2HCl

- **Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2):** Used in water purification.

5. Group 18: Noble Gases

Elements: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

- Electronic Configuration: ns2 np6 (except He: 1s2)

- Inert gases with complete octet.

**Important Uses:**

- **Helium:** Used in balloons, cryogenics.

- **Argon:** Used in welding.

- **Xenon Compounds:** XeF2, XeF4 (first noble gas compounds).

6. Tricks & Mnemonics

- **Group 15 Mnemonic:** "New Pop Artists Sing Beautifully" (N, P, As, Sb, Bi)
- **Group 16 Mnemonic:** "Oh, She Sees The Pope" (O, S, Se, Te, Po)

- **Group 17 Mnemonic:** "Foolish Clever Brother Is At Risk" (F, Cl, Br, I, At)

- **Group 18 Mnemonic:** "He Never Argues, Keeps Xtra Runners" (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

These mnemonics make it easier to remember group elements quickly.

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