lab 3
lab 3
The objective of this lab is to understand the basic formulas and functions in Microsoft Excel. By
the end of this lab, you will learn how to:
Create more advanced functions using relative and absolute cell references.
Theory
Unit 3.1
Microsoft Excel: Overview
Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft. It is widely used for
data management, analysis, and visualization. Excel allows users to organize data in rows and
columns, perform calculations using formulas, and generate graphical representations of data like
charts and graphs. Excel is an essential tool for both business and personal use in various fields
like finance, accounting, engineering, and data science.
1. Spreadsheet Grid: Excel's interface is based on a grid of rows and columns, with each
cell identified by its row number and column letter (e.g., A1, B3, etc.).
2. Formulas and Functions: Excel enables users to perform calculations using built-in
formulas or functions. Formulas can be simple arithmetic operations like addition or
more complex operations like statistical analysis or data manipulation.
3. Charts and Graphs: Excel provides users with various charting tools (bar, pie, line, etc.)
to visualize data effectively. This is useful for data analysis and presentation.
4. Data Analysis Tools: Excel offers features like PivotTables, Conditional Formatting,
Data Validation, and What-If Analysis to help users analyze and interpret data
efficiently.
5. Data Management: Excel allows users to filter, sort, and organize large amounts of data.
Users can also import/export data from various formats, such as CSV, XML, and
databases.
Unit 3.2
Introduction to Excel Formulas
Formulas in Excel always start with an equals sign (=). When you enter a formula in a cell, Excel
will compute the result and display it. Here's how you create a basic formula:
Addition: =A1 + B1
Subtraction: =A1 - B1
Multiplication: =A1 * B1
Division: =A1 / B1
Excel comes with several built-in functions to simplify calculations. Some of the basic functions
are as follows:
SUM Function
AVERAGE Function
Example: To find the average of values in cells A1 through A10, you use
=AVERAGE(A1:A10).
MIN Function
MAX Function
When you copy a formula to other cells, Excel adjusts the references based on the new location.
This is called relative referencing. If you don’t want the reference to change, you use absolute
referencing by adding dollar signs ($).
Combining Functions
You can combine multiple functions in one formula. For example, to calculate the total and
average of a range:
Total: =SUM(A1:A10)
Average: =AVERAGE(A1:A10)
You can also combine different functions like this:
=SUM(A1:A10) / COUNT(A1:A10) to calculate the average manually
Exercise
Question 1:
Question 1: Automating Data Formatting Using Excel Formulas
You are working as a data analyst in a company, and your manager has assigned you the task of
formatting sales data efficiently. Instead of manually calculating and formatting each entry, you
decide to use formulas in Excel to automate the process.
Task:
1. Apply the SUM(), AVERAGE(), and COUNT() functions to analyze a given dataset.
2. Format the total sales values to be bold, brown, and displayed in Currency format.
3. Ensure that every time new data is added, the formulas automatically update the
calculations.
Instructions:
Explain the steps involved in entering, applying, and modifying the formulas.
Demonstrate how the formulas update automatically when new data is added.
Expected Outcome:
Every time new sales data is added, the total, average, and count calculations are updated
without manual intervention.
As part of the HR department, you frequently search for employee details based on their ID.
Instead of searching manually, you decide to automate this process using lookup functions.
Task:
1. Record an Excel function that uses VLOOKUP() to retrieve an employee’s name and
department based on their ID.
2. Use HLOOKUP() to extract data from a horizontal table of employee benefits.
3. Ensure that headers are bold for clarity.
Instructions:
Expected Outcome:
As a financial analyst, you need to highlight key financial data based on performance. Instead of
manually reviewing the data, you decide to use Conditional Formatting in Excel.
Task:
1. Use IF() and Conditional Formatting to highlight sales figures above $10,000 in green
and below $5,000 in red.
2. Display a message “High Sales” for values above $10,000 and “Low Sales” for values
below $5,000 using an IF() function.
3. Ensure that formatting is applied dynamically to new data entries.
Instructions:
Expected Outcome:
Each time a new sales figure is added, it is automatically formatted and categorized.
You frequently generate monthly financial reports that require sum totals, averages, and
percentage calculations. Instead of manually calculating them every time, you decide to use
Excel formulas.
Task:
Instructions:
Explain how to apply the formulas and modify them when needed.
Describe how to use absolute and relative cell references to ensure formulas work
correctly across multiple rows and columns.
Expected Outcome:
Every time new revenue data is added, totals and percentages update automatically
without manual recalculations.
Conclusion:
Lab-04
Theory
Unit 4.1
Microsoft Excel: Overview
A PivotTable is an interactive Excel feature that allows users to summarize, analyze, explore, and present large
amounts of data efficiently. A PivotChart is a graphical representation of a PivotTable that helps visualize data
trends and patterns
\