HANOI UNIVERSITY

TRƯỜNG OF SCIENCE
ĐẠI HỌC ANDHÀ
BÁCH KHOA TECHNOLOGY
NỘI
SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNITCATION TECHNOLOGY

UNIT 6
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEM

Department of Computer Engineering

❑ Contents

1. Implementation of a non-recursive system

2. Implementation of a recursive system

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❑ Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, you will have a grasp of the following concepts:

▪ The definition and methods for implementing a non-recursive system.

▪ The definition and methods for implementing a recursive system.

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1. Non recursive system FIR (Finite Impulse Response)
● Constant-Coefficient Linear Differential Equation:

N M
෍ ak y(n − k) = ෍ bk x(n − k)
k=0 k=0

N = 0: FIR, N > 0: IIR

● Non-recursive system: N = 0

bk M M
y n =෍ x n − k = ෍ h(k)x(n − k)
a
k=0 0 k=0

● Example: M = 1 ⟹ y n = h 0 x n + h(1)x(n − 1)

● Diagram:

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Pseudo code for system implementation (FIR)

Const
h0 = 0.5; (* Filter coefficients *)
h1 = 0.5; (* calculated based design *)
Var
xn, xnt1, yn: real;
Begin
xnt1 := 0;
Repeat
(* Enter input signal from keyboard*)
Write(Input signal xn = ’);
Readln(xn);
(* Compute output signal *)
yn:= h0 * xn + h1 * xnt1;
(* Delay the signal*)
xnt1 := xn;
Until End;
End.

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C code for system implementation (FIR)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define h0 0.5 /* Filter coefficients */
#define h1 0.5 /* calculated based on design */
float xn, xnt1, yn;
void main(void)
{
xnt1 = 0;
while (1)
{
/* Enter input signal from keyboard */
printf("Input signal xn = ");
scanf("%f", &xn);
/* Compute output signal */
yn = h0 * xn + h1 * xnt1;
/* Delay signal */
xnt1 = xn;
}
}

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Diagram for system implementation FIR
● The general case ℎ(0)
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛)
M
𝐷
y n = ෍ h(k)x(n − k)
ℎ(1)
k=0 𝑥(𝑛 − 1)

𝐷
y(n) = h(0).x(n) + h(1).x(n-1) + … + h(M).x(n-M) ℎ(2)
𝑥(𝑛 − 2)

𝐷
ℎ(𝑀)
𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑀)

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2. Implementation of IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) system
● N = 1, M = 0:
a0 y n + a1 y n − 1 = b0 x(n)

● Assuming that a0 = 1:
y n = −a1 y n − 1 + b0 x(n)

● Diagram
𝑏0
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛)

D
𝑦(𝑛 − 1)
−𝑎1

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Implementation of IIR system
● N = M = 1:
a0 y n + a1 y n − 1 = b0 x n + b1 x n − 1

● Assuming that a0 = 1:
y n = −a1 y n − 1 + b0 x n + b1 x n − 1
= −a1 y n − 1 + w(n)

với w n = b0 x n + b1 x n − 1 .
𝑏0 𝑤(𝑛)
● Diagram 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛)

𝐷 𝐷
𝑏1
𝑦(𝑛 − 1)
−𝑎1
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Implementation of IIR system

𝑤(𝑛)
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛)
N M
෍ ak y(n − k) = ෍ bk x(n − k) 𝐷 𝐷
k=0 k=0
𝑏1 −𝑎1

N
y n =w n −෍ ak y n − k 𝐷 𝐷
k=1 𝑏2 −𝑎2

M
w n =෍ bk x(n − k)
k=0
𝐷 𝐷
Dạng trực tiếp 1 𝑏𝑀 −𝑎𝑁

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Implementation of IIR system

𝐻ệ 1 𝐻ệ 2
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑤(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛)

𝐻ệ 2 𝐻ệ 1
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑧(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛)

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Implementation of IIR system
𝑏0
𝑧(𝑛)
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛)

𝐷 𝐷
−𝑎1 𝑏1

𝐷 𝐷
−𝑎2 𝑏2

𝐷 𝐷
−𝑎𝑁 𝑏𝑀

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Implementation of IIR system
𝑧(𝑛) 𝑏0
𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛)

𝐷
−𝑎1 𝑏1

𝐷 𝑀>𝑁
Direct form 2 −𝑎2 𝑏2

𝐷
−𝑎𝑁 𝑏𝑁

𝐷
𝑏𝑀

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4. Summary
● Discrete-time systems are classified into finite impulse response (FIR) systems
and infinite impulse response (IIR) systems.

● FIR systems can be implemented using pseudo code, software, or block

diagrams.

● Block diagrams for implementing IIR systems include two forms: direct form I
and direct form II.

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 5. Assignment
● Assignment 1
❑ Draw the block diagrams for direct form I and II, and write the pseudo code to
implement the following systems.
a. y n − 2y n − 1 + 3y n − 2 = x n + x n − 1 + 2x n − 4
b. 5y n + 3y n − 1 + 6y n − 4 = x n + 3x n − 2 + 5x n − 3
c. 2y n + 6y n − 3 + 3y n − 4 = x n
d. 3y n = x n − 1 + 3x n − 3 + 4x n − 5

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Homework
● Assignment 2
❑ Compute the impulse response and examine the stability of the following
system

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Homework
● Assignment 3
❑ Compute the impulse response and examine the stability of the following
system

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 The next unit.
7
Z TRANSFORM

References:
• Nguyễn Quốc Trung (2008), Xử lý tín hiệu và lọc số, Tập 1, Nhà xuất bản Khoa học và Kỹ
thuật, Chương 1 Tín hiệu và hệ thống rời rạc.
• J.G. Proakis, D.G. Manolakis (2007), Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and
Applications, 4th Ed, Prentice Hall, Chapter 1 Introduction.

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 SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Wishing you all the best in your studies!

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