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? OOPS MASTER GUIDE

The document is a comprehensive guide to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), covering its definition, core concepts (Class & Object, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction), and real-life examples for each concept. It includes a section on common interview questions for various skill levels and provides a cheatsheet summarizing key terms and examples. Additionally, it offers Python code snippets illustrating the OOP principles in practice.

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28 views6 pages

? OOPS MASTER GUIDE

The document is a comprehensive guide to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), covering its definition, core concepts (Class & Object, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction), and real-life examples for each concept. It includes a section on common interview questions for various skill levels and provides a cheatsheet summarizing key terms and examples. Additionally, it offers Python code snippets illustrating the OOP principles in practice.

Uploaded by

mailtoviveksingh1302
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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📘 OOPS MASTER GUIDE

By @nxtwave_codes

🔹 1. What is OOPS?
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a way of designing and writing code that mimics
real-world behavior. It organizes code into classes and objects, promoting reusability,
security, and scalability.

🔹 2. The Big 5 – Core OOPS Concepts


🕦 Class & Object
●​ Class = Blueprint (e.g. Car design)
●​ Object = Real instance (e.g. Your red Alto)

class Car:
def start(self):
print("Engine started")

my_car = Car()
my_car.start()

🕦 Encapsulation
Binding data + code into a single unit and restricting direct access

Real-life: ATM – You can withdraw cash but can’t see the internal software

class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, balance):
self.__balance = balance

def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance
🕦 Inheritance
One class inherits properties of another

Real-life: Son inherits traits from Father

class Animal:
def sound(self):
print("Makes sound")

class Dog(Animal):
def bark(self):
print("Woof!")

dog = Dog()
dog.sound()
dog.bark()

🕦 Polymorphism
Same function name, different behavior depending on the object

Real-life: Same remote button controls TV/AC depending on mode

class Shape:
def area(self):
pass

class Circle(Shape):
def area(self):
return 3.14 * 5 * 5

class Square(Shape):
def area(self):
return 4 * 4

🕦 Abstraction
Hide internal complexity & show only necessary parts

Real-life: You drive a car without knowing the engine logic


from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Vehicle(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def start_engine(self):
pass

🔹 3. 50+ Real-Life Examples (10 per concept)


✅ Class & Object
1.​ Blueprint vs House
2.​ Car model vs Your Alto
3.​ Student class vs your profile
4.​ Animal class → Dog object
5.​ Online store product template
6.​ Laptop class vs your Dell
7.​ Game character class
8.​ BankAccount vs your account
9.​ Book class vs "Harry Potter"
10.​Remote class → your AC remote

✅ Encapsulation
1.​ Medicine capsule
2.​ ATM
3.​ Mobile lock screen
4.​ Netflix login system
5.​ WhatsApp status privacy
6.​ App permissions
7.​ Bank pin number
8.​ Hospital record system
9.​ YouTube restricted mode
10.​Encrypted messaging apps

✅ Inheritance
1.​ Child inherits parent traits
2.​ Tesla inherits Car
3.​ Instagram Reels inherits Video
4.​ Java inherits C++ structure
5.​ Cat inherits Animal
6.​ Personal email = Gmail features
7.​ BTech CSE inherits Engineering core
8.​ Electric scooter inherits Bike
9.​ App inherits Template
10.​Python class inherits object class

✅ Polymorphism
1.​ TV remote → TV/AC
2.​ Same button = different device
3.​ Print() works for str/int/list
4.​ “+” adds numbers, joins strings
5.​ Player.attack() for all types
6.​ Teacher → explain Maths vs Science
7.​ WhatsApp – send text/image
8.​ Driver → Bike or Car
9.​ Speak() → Cat vs Human
10.​Sort() on strings & numbers

✅ Abstraction
1.​ Car engine – hidden from driver
2.​ Mobile interface – hides OS
3.​ TV – hide circuit, show channel
4.​ GPay – hide API logic
5.​ Google search – show results only
6.​ ATM – only buttons shown
7.​ AC remote – shows only controls
8.​ Airplane cockpit – simplified display
9.​ Hotel order – you don’t see kitchen
10.​ChatGPT UI – hides ML complexity

🔹 4. 25+ Interview Questions


Beginner:
1.​ What is OOPS?
2.​ Define class and object
3.​ What is encapsulation?
4.​ What is inheritance with example?
5.​ What is the use of super keyword?
6.​ Difference between Abstraction & Encapsulation
7.​ What is polymorphism? Types?
8.​ Why is OOPS better than procedural?
9.​ Real-life example of abstraction?
10.​What are access modifiers?

Intermediate:​
11. What is method overloading vs overriding?​
12. Can we override static methods?​
13. What’s the difference between interface & abstract class?​
14. What is multiple inheritance?​
15. Explain constructor chaining​
16. What is dynamic dispatch?​
17. Can a class inherit multiple classes in Java?​
18. What’s a sealed class?​
19. What is composition over inheritance?​
20. Difference: IS-A vs HAS-A?

Advanced:​
21. SOLID principles in OOP​
22. Liskov Substitution Principle​
23. Dependency Inversion Principle​
24. Can private methods be overridden?​
25. How is memory managed in OOPS?

🔹 5. OOPS Cheatsheet
Concept Keyword Real-World Example

Class/Object class Blueprint/Building

Encapsulation __var ATM, Capsule

Inheritance class Parent to Child


B(A)
Polymorphism def Remote control
func()

Abstraction @abstrac Car dashboard


t

🔹 6. Bonus: Python Snippets


# Class & Object
class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

# Encapsulation
class Account:
def __init__(self):
self.__balance = 0

# Inheritance
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("sound")

class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Bark")

# Polymorphism
for obj in [Dog(), Animal()]:
obj.speak()

# Abstraction
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Machine(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def operate(self):
pass

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