Chapter 1

Real Numbers
and Variables

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 Section 1.1
Adding Real Numbers
Different Types of Numbers
Whole numbers are numbers such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ….
Integers are numbers such as …, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1,
2, 3, …
Rational Numbers are numbers such as
Irrational Numbers are numbers that cannot be
expressed as one integer divided by another integer. The
numbers π, are irrational numbers.
Real Numbers are all rational and irrational numbers.

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 The Number Line
A number line is a line on which each point
is associated with a number.

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
– 4.8 1.5

Negative Numbers Positive Numbers

The real numbers include the positive

numbers, the negative numbers, and zero.

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 Opposite Numbers
Opposite numbers (or additive inverses)
have the same magnitude but different signs.
The opposite of 4 is – 4.

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

4 + (–4) = 0
The sum of a
number and its
opposite is zero.

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 Example
Find the additive inverse (that is, the
opposite).

a. –9 The opposite is +9.

b.
The opposite is

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 Absolute Value
The absolute value of a number is the
distance between that number and zero on a
number line.
| – 4| = 4 |5| = 5
Symbol for
absolute
value Distance of 4 Distance of 5

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

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 Example
Find the absolute value.
a. |4.52| = 4.52

b.

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 Addition Rule for Two Numbers with the
Same Sign
To add two numbers with the same sign, add the
absolute values of the numbers and use the
common sign in the answer.

Add the absolute values of

Add (–3) + (–11). the numbers 3 and 11.

3 + 11 = 14

(–3) + (–11) = –14 A negative sign is used

because we added two
negative numbers.

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 Addition Rule for Two Numbers with the
Different Signs
1. Find the difference between the larger absolute
value and the smaller one.
2. Give the answer the sign of the number having
the larger absolute value.
Add 5 + (–9). Subtract the absolute values of the
numbers 5 and 9.

5 – 9 = –4
A negative sign is used because the sign of the
larger number is negative.

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 Properties of Real Numbers
1. Addition is commutative.
If two numbers are added, the result is the same no matter
which number is written first. The order of the numbers does
not affect the result.
3 + (−1) = (−1) + 3 = 2
2. Addition of zero to any number will result in that given
number.
4+0=0+4=4
3. Addition is associative.
If three numbers are added, it does not matter which two
numbers are grouped by parentheses and added first.
2 + (3 + 1) = (2 + 3) + 1
2+4=5+1
6=6

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10

 Example
Add (–56) + 6 + (–14).
Because addition is commutative, the numbers can be added
in any way.

(–56) + 6 + (–14) (–56) + (–14) + 6

–50 + (–14) or
–70 +6
– 64
– 64

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 Section 1.2
Subtracting Real Numbers
Subtraction of Real Numbers
To subtract real numbers, add the opposite of the second
number (the number you are subtracting) to the first.
Example The opposite of −14 is 14.
Subtract. 6 – (–14)
6 – (–14)
=6 + (+14) Change the subtraction to addition.
= 20
Perform the addition of the two
positive numbers.

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 Example
Subtract.
a. –8 – 2

b. 23 – 28

c. 5 – (–3)

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 Section 1.3
Multiplying and Dividing Real Numbers
Multiplication of Real Numbers
To multiply two real numbers with the same sign, multiply the
absolute values.
The sign of the result is positive.

To multiply two real numbers with different signs, multiply the

absolute values.
The sign of the result is negative.

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 Multiplication of Real Numbers
To multiply two real numbers with the same sign, multiply
the absolute values.
The sign of the result is positive.

To multiply two real numbers with different signs, multiply

the absolute values.
The sign of the result is negative.

Example
When multiplying two numbers with the
Multiply. same sign, the result is a positive
number.
a. –75 × (–3)= 225
b. –6(4)= -24 When multiplying two numbers with
c. 12(-9) = -108 different signs, the result is a negative
number.

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Multiplication Properties for Real Numbers
1. Multiplication is commutative.
If two numbers are multiplied, the order of the numbers
does not affect the result.
(3)(−1) = (−1)(3) = −3
2. Multiplication of any number by zero will result in zero.
(4)(0) = (0)(4) = 0
3. Multiplication of any number by 1 will result in that
number.
(6)(1) = (1)(6) = 6
4. Multiplication is associative.
If three numbers are multiplied, it does not matter which
two numbers are grouped together and multiplied first.
2 × (3 × 1) = (2 × 3) × 1
2×3=6×1
6=6
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 Division of Real Numbers
To divide two real numbers with the same sign, divide the
absolute values. The sign of the result is positive.

To divide two real numbers with different signs, divide the

absolute values. The sign of the result is negative.
Example
Divide.
When dividing two numbers with
the same sign, the result is a
a. –75 ÷ (–3)= 25 positive number.

b. 120 ÷ (-10) = -12

When dividing two numbers with
different signs, the result is a
negative number.
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 Section 1.4
Exponents
An exponent is a “shorthand” number that saves writing the
multiplication of the same numbers.

exponent
4
3
base
This is read “three to the fourth power.”

Write in exponent form. Evaluate.

a. (8)(8)(8) a. 34 = 3*3*3*3= 81

b. b. 35= 3*3*3*3*3 = 243

c. (y)(y)(y)(y) c. 53= 5*5*5 = 125

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 Sign Rule for Exponents

Suppose a number is written in exponent form and the base

is negative. The result is positive if the exponent is even.
The result is negative if the exponent is odd.
Evaluate
a. (-3)³ = -3*-3*-3= -27 Odd exponent: Negative result

b. Even exponent: Positive result

c. The negative sign is outside the

parentheses.

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 Section 1.5
The Order of Operations
Do first 1. Do all operations inside parentheses.
2. Raise numbers to a power.
3. Multiply and divide numbers from left to right.
4. Add and subtract numbers from left to right.
Do last
P E MD AS

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 Example
Evaluate.

Identify: The highest priority is division.

Calculate: 24 ÷ 2 = 12.

Identify: The highest priority is multiplication.

Calculate: 4(2) = 8.

Identify: The highest priority is subtraction.

Calculate: 12 – 8 = 4.

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 Example
Evaluate. 62 ÷ 6 × 2 + 1
Identify: The highest priority is exponents.
2
6 ÷ 6 × 2 + 1 = 36 ÷ 6 × 2 + 1 Calculate: 6 · 6 = 36. Replace: 62 with 36.

Identify: The highest priority is division.

Calculate: 36 ÷ 6 = 6. Replace: 36 ÷ 6 with 6.
=6×2+1
Identify: The highest priority is multiplication.
Calculate: 6 × 2 = 12. Replace: 6 × 2 = 12.
= 12 + 1
Identify: The highest priority is addition.
Calculate: 12 + 1. Replace: 12 + 1 = 13
= 13

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 Example
Evaluate the expression 4 + (42 – 13)4 – 3.

4 + (42 – 13)4 – 3
Evaluate the exponent inside
= 4 + (16 – 13)4 – 3 the parentheses.

= 4 + (3)4 – 3 Work inside the parentheses.

= 4 + 81 – 3 Evaluate the exponent.

= 85 – 3 Add.

Subtract.
= 82
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 Section 1.6
Using the Distributive Property to
Simplify Algebraic Expressions

An algebraic expression is a quantity that contains numbers and

variables.

x + y , 3a2 − a , 3x + 2y − z

Terms
A term is a number, a variable, or a product of numbers and
variables.

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 Distributive Property
For all real numbers a, b, and c,
a(b + c) = ab + ac.
Multiply. 7(a + b) = 7a + 7b

-2x(3x +y -4)
(-2x) (3x) + (-2x) +(y) – (-2x)(4)
-6x² -2xy + 8x

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 Section 1.7
Combining Like Terms
Like terms have identical variables and identical exponents.
20x + 5y + 2y + (−3)

Like terms
To combine like terms, you add or subtract the like terms.
20x + 5y + 2y + (−3) = 20x + 7y + (−3)

Like terms combined.

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 Example
Combine like terms.
a.

b.

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 Section 1.8
Using Substitution to Evaluate Algebraic
Expressions and Formulas
Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
The order of operations is used to evaluate variable expressions.

When we replace a variable by a particular value, we say we have

substituted the value for the variable.
Example
Evaluate 3x – 2 for x = −8.

3x – 2 = 3(−8) – 2
= –24 – 2
= –26
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 Example
Evaluate for x = −3.
a. b.

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 Section 1.9
Grouping Symbols
Simplify by Removing Grouping Symbols
Many expressions use grouping symbols such as
parentheses, bracket, and braces.

The innermost
3x + 5[2 – 7(y + 2)]
parentheses are
always removed
first.

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 Example
Simplify. 3x + 5[2 – 7(y + 2)]

3x + 5[2 – 7(y + 2)] = 3x + 5[2 – 7y – 14]

= 3x + 5[– 7y – 12]

= 3x – 35y – 60

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