International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(2), ISSN: 2394-9333

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A Review on Facts Devices in Power System for
Stability Analysis
1
T. Tamilarasi and 2Dr. M. K. Elango,
1
PG Student, 3Professor,
1,2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology,
Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract: Due to increase in population and industrial SVC by GA in order to improve the stability of the power
growth, insufficient energy resources to generate or system with lower cost [8]. To find the optimal location of
transmit the power in power system, increase in load Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) by an
causes power demand in the electrical power system. optimization technique GA for analyzes the load ability
These power demand leads to voltage instability, increase and total losses of the transmission line which enhance the
the losses, reduces the power transfer capability and stability of the power system [9].
stability of the power system. To overcome this stability
problem FACTS devices are optimally located in the II. CLASSIFICATION OF FACTS DEVICES
power system to examine the stability of the system. To
locate the FACTS devices different optimization
algorithms are used in order to improve the stability of the
electrical power system.

Keywords: Facts Devices, Optimization Algorithms, Power

System Stability

I. INTRODUCTION
The power system becomes unstable due to
increase in power transfer it becomes more difficult to
operate and becomes insecure because of increase of power
losses in the power system. Optimization is a technique
which is used to optimally allocate the FACTS devices like
Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Inter Line Power Flow
Controller (IPFC) in power system to minimize the power
losses, improve the Power transfer capability and voltage
profile of the system Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
algorithm [1]. IPFC were located in the transmission line
to minimize the transmission line losses by using the
Genetic Algorithm (GA) which also controls the power
transfer in the power system by series connection of IPFC
[2]. Anti Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm were used to locate
the IPFC in the transmission line for optimally locating
with poorer cost [3]. Unified Power Flow Controllers Figure 1: Classification of Facts Devices
(UPFC) was used to improve the voltage stability in the
transmission line. GA is an algorithm to optimally locate The Facts controllers can be classified as
the UPFC which is used to control the voltage stability and
angle of sending and receiving end bus [4]. Optimal 1. Shunt connected controllers
allocation of multiple facts device under different overload 2. Series connected controllers
conditions to improve the power transfer capability and 3. Combined series-series controllers
voltage profile of the system by PSO algorithm [5]. SVC 4. Combined shunt-series controllers
and IPFC were optimally allocated under normal, different
over load and contingency conditions using PSO technique Depending on the power electronic devices used in the
[6]. UPFC were optimally located in the power system to control, the FACTS controllers can be classified as
improve the voltage profile and as well as reduce the losses (A) Variable impedance type
by Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) [7]. Locating the (B) Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based.
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 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(2), ISSN: 2394-9333
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A. The variable impedance type controllers
i. Static Var Compensator (SVC), (shunt
connected)
ii. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor or
compensator (TCSC), (series connected)
iii. Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer
(TCPST) of Static PST (combined shunt and
series)
B. The VSC based FACTS controllers
i. Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
(shunt connected)
ii. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
(series connected)
iii. Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) (combined
series-series)
iv. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) (combined
shunt-series)

III. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR Figure 2: A Typical SVC (TSC-TCR) Configuration

The Static Var Compensator (SVC), a first This shows that the TCR and TSC are connected
generation FACTS controller. It is a variable impedance on the secondary side of a step-down transformer. Tuned
device where the current through a reactor is controlled and high pass filters are also connected in parallel which
using back to back connected thyristor valves. The provide capacitive reactive power at fundamental
objective is to provide dynamic power factor improvement frequency. The voltage signal is taken from the high
and also balance the currents on the source side whenever voltage SVC bus using a potential transformer. The TSC is
required. The objectives of SVC are switched in using two thyristor switches (connected back
to back) at the instant in a cycle when the voltage across
1. Increase power transfer in long lines
valve is minimum and positive. This results in minimum
2. Improve stability with fast acting voltage regulation
switching transients. In steady state, TSC does not generate
3. Damp low frequency oscillations due to swing
any harmonics. To switch off a TSC, the gate pulses are
(rotor) modes
blocked and the thyristors turns off when the current
4. Damp sub synchronous frequency oscillations due to
through them fall below the holding currents. It is to be
tensional modes
noted that several pairs of thyristors are connected in series
5. Control dynamic over voltages
as the voltage rating of a thyristor is not adequate for the
voltage level required. However the voltage ratings of
A SVC has no inertia compared to synchronous
valves for a SVC are much less than the voltage ratings of
condensers and can be extremely fast in response (2-3
a HVDC valve as a step down transformer is used in the
cycles). This enables the fast control of reactive power in
case of SVC. To limit di/dt in a TSC it is necessary to
the control range.
provide a small reactor in series with the capacitor.
IV. CONFIGURATION OF SVC
V. THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES
There are two types of SVC: CAPACITOR
1. Fixed Capacitor-Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-
TCR)
2. Thyristor Switched Capacitor
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TSC-TCR).The
second type is more flexible than the first one and requires
smaller rating of the reactor and consequently generates
fewer harmonic. The schematic diagram of a TSC-TCR
type SVC is shown in Fig.2
Figure 3: Single line diagram of TCSC

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 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(2), ISSN: 2394-9333
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A single line diagram of a TCSC is shown in Fig. the part of a cycle. The effective value of TCSC reactance
3 which shows two modules connected in series. There can (in the capacitive region) increases as the conduction angle
be one or more modules depending on the requirement. To increases from zero. α min is above the value of α
reduce the costs, TCSC may be used in conjunction with corresponding to the parallel resonance of TCR and the
fixed series capacitors. capacitor (at fundamental frequency). In the inductive
vernier mode, the TCSC (inductive) reactance increases as
A. Bypassed
the conduction angle reduced from 180 degree.
Fig 4: shows bypassed mode of TCSC. Here the
thyristor valves are gated for 180± conduction (in each
direction) and the current flow in the reactor is continuous
and sinusoidal. The net reactance of the module is slightly
inductive as the susceptance of the reactor is larger than
that of the capacitor.

Figure 6: Vernier control mode

Generally, vernier control is used only in the
capacitive region and not in the inductive region.

VI. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR

Figure 4: Bypassed mode
This shunt connected static compensator was
During this mode, most of the line current is developed as an advanced static VAR compensator where
flowing through the reactor and thyristor valves with some a voltage source convertor (VSC) is used in- stead of the
current flowing through the capacitor. This mode is used controllable reactors and switched capacitors. Although
mainly for protecting the capacitor against over voltages VSCs require self-commutated power semiconductor
(during transient over currents in the line). This mode is devices such as GTO, IGBT, IGCT, MCT, etc (with higher
also termed as TSR (Thyristor Switched Reactor) mode. costs and losses) unlike in the case of variable impedance
type SVC which use thyristor devices, there are many
B. Inserted with Thyristor Valve Blocked technical advantages of a STATCOM over a SVC.
1. Faster response
Fig 5: shows the thyristor blocked mode of TCSC. 2. Requires less space as bulky passive components
In this operating mode no current flows through the valves (such as reactors) are eliminated
with the blocking of gate pulses. Here, the TCSC reactance 3. It can be interfaced with real power sources such
is same as that of the fixed capacitor and there is no as battery, fuel cell or SMES (superconducting
difference in the performance of TCSC in this mode with magnetic energy storage)
that of a fixed capacitor. Hence this operating mode is 4. A Statcom has superior performance during low
generally avoided. This mode is also termed as waiting voltage condition
mode.
as the reactive current can be maintained constant (In a
SVC, the capacitive reactive current drops linearly with the
voltage at the limit (of capacitive susceptance). It is even
possible to increase the reactive current in a STATCOM
under transient conditions if the devices are rated for the
transient overload. In a SVC, the maximum reactive
current is determined by the rating of the passive
components – reactors and capacitors.

Figure 5: Thyristor blocked mode VII. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES

COMPENSATOR
C. Inserted with Vernier Control
Fig 6: shows the vernier control mode of TCSC. Fig 7: shows Static Synchronous Series
In this operating mode, the thyristor valves are gated in the Compensator. The Static Synchronous Series Compensator
(SSSC) is a series connected FACTS controller based on
region of α min < α < 90 degree. Such that they conduct for
VSC and can be viewed as an advanced type of controlled
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 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(2), ISSN: 2394-9333
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series compensation, just as a STATCOM is an advanced parallel. If the switches 1 and 2 are open, the two
SVC. A SSSC has several advantages over a TCSC such as converters work as STATCOM and SSSC controlling the
reactive current and reactive voltage injected in shunt and
1. Elimination of bulky passive components
series respectively in the line. The closing of the switches 1
capacitors and reactors
and 2 enable the two converters to exchange real (active)
2. Improved technical characteristics
power flow between the two converters. The active power
3. Symmetric capability in both inductive and
can be either absorbed or supplied by the series connected
capacitive operating modes
converter.
4. Possibility of connecting an energy source on the
DC side to exchange real power with the AC The provision of a controllable power source on
network. the DC side of the series connected converter, results in the
control of both real and reactive power flow in the line
The shunt connected converter not only provides the
necessary power required, but also the reactive current
injected at the converter bus. Thus, a UPFC has 3 degrees
of freedom unlike other FACTS controllers which have
only one degree of freedom.

IX. INTERLINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER

Interline Power Flow Controller. The objective of

introducing this controller is to address the problem of
compensating a number of transmission lines connected at
a substation. While pure series reactive (controllable)
compensation (in the form of a TCSC or SSSC) can be
used to control or regulate the active power flow in a line,
the control of reactive power is not feasible unless active
(real) voltage in phase with the line current is not injected.
The application of a TCSC (or SSSC with impedance
emulation) results in the reduction of net series reactance
Figure 7: Static Synchronous Series Compensator
of the line. However, X/R ratio is reduced significantly and
thereby increases the reactive power flow (injected at the
VIII. UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER
receiving end) and losses in the line.

Figure 8: Unified Power Flow Controller

Fig 8: shows Unified Power Flow Controller. The Fig 8: Inter Line Power Flow Controller
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) proposed by
Gyugyi is the most versatile FACTS controller for the Fig 8: shows Inter Line Power Flow Controller.
regulation of voltage and power flow in a transmission The IPFC provides, in addition to the facility for
line. It consists of two voltage source converters (VSC) independently controllable reactive (series) compensation
one shunt connected and the other series connected. The of each individual line, a capability to directly transfer or
DC capacitors of the two converters are connected in exchange real power. This is achieved by coupling the
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 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(2), ISSN: 2394-9333
www.ijtrd.com
series connected VSCs in individual lines on the DC side, [7] Manu K., Kusumadevi G. H., “Optimal Location of
by connecting all the DC capacitors of individual Multi Type FACTS Device for Single Contingency
converters in parallel. Since all the series converters are Using Genetic Algorithm” The International Journal Of
located inside the substation in close proximity, this is Science & Technoledge Vol 2 Issue 7 July, 2014
[8] Dr. E. NandaKumar, R.MANI “Optimal Location of
feasible.
UPFC in Power System Using Gravitational Search
An IPFC with two converters compensating two Algorithm” International Journal of Innovative
lines is similar to a UPFC in that the magnitude and phase Research in Technology & Science (IJIRTS)
angle of the injected voltage in the prime system (or line) [9] Mohd Wazir Mustafa, Wong Yan Chiew “Optimal
can be controlled by exchanging real power with the Placement of Static VAR Compensator Using Genetic
Algorithms”ELEKTRIKA VOL. 10, NO. 1, 2008,
support system .The basic difference with a UPFC is that
26‐31
the support system in the latter case is the shunt converter [10] Jaswinder , Sunny Vig Singh “Power Quality
instead of a series converter. The series converter improvement of Wind Power using Facts
associated with the prime system (of one IPFC) is termed Device”International Journal of Engineering Research
as the master converter while the series converter & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 4 Issue 05, May-2015
associated with the support system is termed as the slave
converter. The master converter controls both active and
reactive voltage (within limits) while the slave converter
controls the DC voltage (across the capacitor) and the
reactive voltage magnitude.

CONCLUSION

In this paper shows about the different FACTS

devices which are used to increase the voltage profile,
reduces the line losses, increase the power transfer
capability of the system. From this the STATCOM and
IPFC has the capability to improve the stability of the
system with minimum cost and size.

References

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