ERODE SENGUNTHAR

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

23ES216
ENGINEERING PRACTICE LABORATORY
(ELECTRONICS)

LAB MANUAL

Name

Roll No.

Department

Year / Sem / Sec

Prepared By
Ms.D.VIJI
AP/AI&DS
 INSTITUTE VISION

Vision of Erode Sengunthar Engineering College is to become a World Class Technical Institution
and Scientific Research Centre for the Benefit of the Society.

INSTITUTE MISSION

Erode Sengunthar Engineering College will strive continuously to

 Create Positive difference to Society through Innovative Teaching – Learning Process.
 Impart Value Based Technical Education to the Students from across various Socio Economic
backgrounds.
 Build State of art infrastructure for high quality Research and Development capabilities on par with
the finest in the Globe and widen student’s horizons beyond Class Room.
 Bring out Competent, Ethically Strong and Quality Professionals.

DEPARTMENT VISION

Excellence in the domain of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for sustainable development.

DEPARTMENT MISSION

 To impart quality education with regard to existing and evolving AI & DS techniques.
 To groom students technologically superior and ethically strong.
 To equip students with interdisciplinary skill sets require to cater the needs of the society.
 To Collaborating with various Industries to make students industry ready.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

PEO 1: Apply Artificial Intelligence and Data Science techniques with industrial standards and pioneering
research to solve social and environment-related problems for making sustainable ecosystems.
PEO 2: Excel with professional skills, fundamental knowledge, and advanced futuristic technologies to
become Data Scientists, Data Analyst Managers, Data Science leaders AI Research Scientists or
Entrepreneurs.
PEO 3: Pursue higher studies and continue to learn by participating in conferences, seminars, etc.
PEO 4: Develop code and solutions to industry in a rapidly changing technology environment and
communicate with clients as an entrepreneur.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOS)

PSO 1: To apply analytic technologies to arrive at actionable foresight, Insight, hindsight from
data for solving business and engineering problems.
PSO 2: To create, and apply the techniques of AI and Data Science to forecast future events in
the domain of Healthcare, Education, and Agriculture, Manufacturing, Automation, Robotics,Transport etc.
PSO3 : Enrich their abilities to qualify for Employment in the field of AI and DS:Recognize the need for and have the
preparation and ability to engaging independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 ERODE SENGUNTHAR
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to Anna University- Chennai,
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi &
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore with ‘A’ Grade
PERUNDURAI -638 057, TAMILNADU, INDIA.
ESEC / Lab Manual / AI&DS I Year / II Sem

LABORATORY PRACTICE
SAFETY RULES
1. SAFETY is of extreme importance in the Electronics Engineering Laboratories.

2. Electricity NEVER EXECUSES careless persons. So, practice with enough care and attention in
handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a good
servant but a bad master).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages. (Otherwise, any
such contact may subject you to electrical shock).
4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally contact a live
point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected from
electrical shock).
5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment happens to be a
rotating machine).
6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.

7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When you
move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch a live point
and thereby subject you to electrical shock).
8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts of the
body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock).
9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. (Otherwise you will be
touching the live parts in the circuit).
10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly as per the
approved circuit diagram.
11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety plugs and do
not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
12. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up and approved
by the staff member.
13. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you accidentally
touch two points at different potentials with your two hands).
14. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.

15. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the power
to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.
16. Keeping unnecessary material like books, Lab records, unused meters etc. causing meters to fall
down the table.

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GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTE BOOK

The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record should be
sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background can duplicate the experiment
and data by simply following your laboratory notebook. Record everything directly into the notebook
during the experiment. Organization in your notebook is important. Record data in Chronological order.
1. Heading:
The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page.
2. Object:
A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the experiment should be
at the beginning of each experiment.
3. Diagram:
A circuit diagram should be drawn and labelled so that the actual experiment circuitry could be
easily duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all circuit changes made
during the experiment.
4. Equipment List:
List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the data.
5. Procedure:
In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short commentaries
alongside the corresponding data may be used.
Keep in mind the fact that the experiment must be reproducible from the information given in
your notebook.
6. Data:
Record instrument readings directly. Do not use calculated results in place of direct data;
Data tables should be clearly identified and each data column labelled and headed by the proper
units of measure.
7. Calculations:
Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to illustrate the
treatment of the experimental data in obtaining the results.
8. Graphs:
Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to be presented in
graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any questionable data points can be
checked while the experiment is still set up.
9. Results:
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy.

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TROUBLE SHOOTING HINTS

1. Be sure that the power is turned ON.

2. Be sure the ground connections are common.
3. Be sure the circuit you build is identical to your circuit diagram (Do a node by node check).
4. Be sure that the supply voltages are correct.
5. Be sure that the equipment is set up correctly and you are measuring the correct parameters.
6. If steps 1 through 5 are correct then you probably have used a component with the wrong value or one
that doesn’t work. It is also possible that the equipment does not work (although this is not probable) or
the proto board you are using may have some unwanted paths between nodes. To find your problem you
must trace through the circuit node and compare the signal you expect to have

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ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY L T P c
0 0 2 1
Course Objective (s):
The purpose of learning this course is to
• Provide a practical exposure to basic engineering practices like making of simple electricaland
electronics circuits.
• Have an understanding on the use of various tools, instruments and methods.
• Appreciate the practical difficulties and safety issues
• Verify the function of logic gate.
• Learn the various household wiring

Course Outcomes :
At the end of this course, learners will be able to
COl :Attain the practical skills needed even in making of simple circuits
C02 : Attend minor defects especially in items used in day to day life
C03 : Aware of the Safety aspects involved in using tools and instruments
C04 : Verify and apply the logic gates for particular task
C05 : Make wiring diagram for various househo ld wiring

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

1. Residential house wiring using switches, fuse,indicator, lamp and energy meter.
2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.
3. Stair case w iring
4. Measurement of electrical quantities - voltage,current, power & power factor.
5. Measurement of energy using single-phase energy meter.
6. Measurement of resistance to earth of electrical equipment.
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE
1. Calculation of Resistance Value by colour coding
2. Measurement of AC Signals using CRO and Mult imeter
3. Verification of logic gates AND, OR, NOR and NOT.
4. Generation of Clock Signal.
5. Soldering practice - Components Devices and Circuits - Using Dot Board.
6. Measurement of ripple factor in HWR and FWR Circuits
L :Lecture T: Tutorial P: Practical C : Credits Total 30 Periods
TEXT BOOKS
l. I S.Gowri and T.Jeyapoovan, -Engineering Practices Lab Manual - Civil,Mechanical,Electrica l,Electronics
included!,Vikas Publishing, 5th Edition, 2019.

REFERENCES
1. SubhransuSekhar Dash & K.Vijayakumar, -Electrical Engineering Practice Lab Manuall,Vijay Nicole
Imprints private Ltd, first Edition 2013.
2. Raghbir Singh Khandpur,-Printed Circuit Boards: Design,Fabrication,
and Assemb lvl,Tata McGraw-Hill Education,2005
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LIST OF CYCLE

CYCLE-1

1 CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE VALUE BY COLOUR CODING

2 MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL USING CRO AND MULTIMETER

3 VERIFICATION OF LOGIC GATES

CYCLE-2

4 GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL

5 SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING PRACTICE

6 MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR HALF WAVE AND FULL

WAVERECTIFIER

CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

1 DESIGN HALF ADDER CIRCUIT USING BASIC LOGIC GATES

DESIGN AND TESTING OF INVERTING AMPLIFIERS

2

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ENGINEERING PRACTICE LABORATORY

(ELECTRONICS)

PAGE
S.NO DATE MARKS SIGNATURE
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS NO

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Exp No: 1 CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE VALUE BY COLOUR

CODING
Date:

AIM:
To study about the resistor and its types and to find the value of given resistor
using color coding chart and study of different types of capacitors and Inductors.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Resistor Range Quantity

1 1kΩ 1

2 220Ω 1

3 100Ω 1

TYPES OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

ACTIVE COMPONENT

Active components are those that require electrical power to operate. This could
include the power supply, fans, storage device, transistors, diodes and other integrated
circuits.

PASSIVE COMPONENTS

A passive component is a module that does not require energy to operate, except
for the available Alternating Current (AC) circuit that it is connected to. A passive module
is not capable of power gain and is not a source of energy. A typical passive component
would be a chassis, inductor, resistor, transformer, or capacitor.
Types of active and passive components

Sl.No Active Components Passive Components

1 Transistors Resistor
2 Op-Amps Capacitor
3 Diodes Inductor

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PASSIVE COMPONENTS

RESISTORS

Resistors are the most common components in electronic circuits. Its main function
is to reduce the high current to the desired value and also to provide desired voltage in the
circuit. The resistors are manufactured to have a specific value in ohm. The physical size
of resistor determines how much power can be dissipated in the form of heat. However
there is co-relation between resistor physical sizes and its resistance value. They are
manufactured in variety of standard values and power settings.

There are two types of resistors:

 Fixed resistor
 Variable resistor

Fixed resistor has a resistance value that does not change where as a variable
resistor having variable resistance range with 4 lines or color code. They indicate the
resistance value in ohms out on a larger resistor; the resistance value is printed on the body
of the resistor.
The important feature of resistor is that its effect is same for both AC and DC
circuits.

TYPES OF RESISTORS

 Wire wand resistors

 Carbon Composition resistors
 Film resistors
 Surface mount resistors
 Fusible resistors

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RESISTOR COLOUR CODING

COLOUR VALUE
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9

The color coding is standardized by Electronics Industries Association (EIA).

RESISTOR COLOUR STRIPS

The use of band on strips is a common system for color coding carbon resistors,
color strips are printed at one end of the insulating body which is usually band reading from
left to right. The first band gives the first digit of the numeric value of R. The second band
gives the second digit. The third band gives the decimal multiples of the color, which gives
the number of zeros after the second digit. Thr unit of resistance is ohm and it is denoted
as Ω.

For example, if the first band is red with value 2, the next band with green of value
5, and the third band with red of value 2, which means that the value of the resistor,

R=25*102= 2500Ω

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The second strip is either gold or silver indicating a fractional decimal multiplier.
When the strip is gold, multiply the value by 0.05.If the strip is silver, multiply the value
by 0.1.

Gold and silver columns are used most often in fourth strip to indicate how the
value of R is determined using the resistance tolerance.

RESISTANCE TOLERANCE

The amount by which the actual resistance can be different from colour coded
value. This tolerance is given in percentage.
For example, a 2000Ω resistor with ±10% tolerance can be a resistance 10% above
or below the coded value. The resistance ranges between 1800Ω to 2200Ω.
The tolerance for gold is 5% and the tolerance for silver is 10%.

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CALCULATION:

1.

2.

3.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

RESULT:

FIND THE COLOR OF THE RESISTOR:

PROVIDED RESISTER VALUE IN OHM COLOUR CODE

RESISTER COLOUR CODE THEORTICAL RESISTER MULRIMETER RESISTER

VALUE IN OHM VALUE IN OHM

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EXP No: 2 MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL USING CRO AND

MULTIMETER
Date:
AIM:
To measure the various AC signal parameters (Peak-peak, RMS, Time Period
and frequency) using CRO.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1. C.R.O
2. Function Generator

Theory :
Cathode ray oscilloscope is one of the most useful electronic equipment, which
gives a visual representation of electrical quantities, such as voltage and current
waveforms in an electrical circuit. It utilizes the properties of cathode rays of being
deflected by an electric and magnetic fields and of producing scintillations on a
fluorescent screen. Since the inertia of cathode rays is very small, they are able to
follow the alterations of very high frequency fields and thus electron beam serves as a
practically inertia less pointer. When a varying potential difference is established across
two plates between which the beam is passing, it is deflected and moves in accordance
with the variation of potential difference. When this electron beam impinges upon a
fluorescent screen, a bright luminous spot is produced there which shows and follows
faithfully the variation of potential difference.
When an AC voltage is applied to Y-plates, the spot of light moves on the
screen vertically up and down in straight line. This line does not reveal the nature of
applied voltage waveform. Thus to obtain the actual waveform, a time-base circuit is
necessary. A time-base circuit is a circuit which generates a saw-tooth waveform. It
causes the spot to move in the horizontal and vertical direction linearly with time. When
the vertical motion of the spot produced by the Y-plates due to alternating voltage, is
superimposed over the horizontal sweep produced by X-plates, the actual waveform is
traced on the screen.

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SINE WAVE (AC SIGNAL)

The voltage wave form shown in the diagram is called as sine wave or
sinusoidal wave or sinusoid because the amount of included voltage is proportional to
the sine of the angle of the rotation in a circular motion producing the voltage. The sine
is a trigonometric function of an angle and it is equal to the ratio of opposite side to the
hypotenuse in a right triangle. The numerical rotation increases from zero for 00 to a
maximum value of one for 900, as the sides opposite the angle becomes larger.

The alternating sine wave of voltage or current has many instantaneous changes
throughout the cycle, it is convenient to define specific magnitude for comparing one
wave with the other. The peak value, the average values are the above said values
which can be used either for current or voltage.

Sinewave signal

FORMULA USED:

1. Peak to peak voltage V(p-p) = No. of divisions X Volts/Divisions

2. Maximum Voltage Vm = V(p-p) / 2 (V)

3. Root Mean Square Voltage VRMS = Vm / √2 (V)

4. Time period (T) = No. of divisions X Time/Divisions (Sec)

5. Frequency (f) = 1/T (Hz)

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TABULATION:

Peak to peak Voltage measurement

No of Divisions Volts/ Divisions Peak to Peak voltage RMS voltage VRMS

V(p-p) (Volts) (Volts)

Time period measurement

No of Divisions Time/ Divisions Time period (s) Frequency (H Z)

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PEAK VALUE
Peak value is the maximum value in Voltage (V m) or Current (I m). For example,
Sine wave having a peak of 170 volts, states that the highest value the sine wave can reach.
All other values during the cycle follow the sine wave and the peak value applies to either
the positive peak value or the negative peak value.

Peak to peak value is the addition of both the peak values. For example,
170+170=340 volts is the peak to peak value for a symmetrical wave.

AVERAGE VALUE

This is an arithmetic average of all the values in a sine wave for one alternative or
half cycle. The half cycle is used for the average because, over a full cycle, the average
value is zero. The peak value of the sine function is 1 and the average equals 0.637.

Average value=0.637* Peak value

EFFECTIVE VALUE

This value is also called as the Root Mean Square (Rms) value. The method of
showing the amount of sine wave of voltage or current is by relating it to the voltage or
current that will produce the same heating effect called Root Mean Square value.

Vrms=0.707*Peak value
Irms=0.707*Peak value
FREQUENCY
The number of cycles per second is called the frequency (Unit= Hertz). For a given
frequency of 1 Hz, if the loop set through 60 complete revolution or cycles during 1 second,
the frequency generated voltage is 60 cycles per second. The diagram shows only one cycle
of sine wave form instead of 60 cycles because the time interval is 1/ 60 seconds For higher
frequencies, more number of cycles per second can be seen.

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One complete cycle is measured between the two successive points that have the same
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value and direction. The amplitude has no relation to frequency.

F=1/T (in hz)

For a frequency of 100Hz, the time period is 0.01 second.

MULTIMETER
A multimeter is used to make various electrical measurements, such as AC and
DC voltage, AC and DC current, and resistance. It is called a multimeter because it
combines the functions of a voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter. Multimeters may also
have other functions, such as diode and continuity tests.

Multimeter

SAFETY INFORMATION

1. Be sure the test leads and rotary switch are in the correct position for the
desired measurement.
2. Never use the meter if the meter or the test leads look damaged.
3. Never measure resistance in a circuit when power is applied.
4. Never touch the probes to a voltage source when a test lead is plugged into the
10 A or 300 mA input jack.
5. To avoid damage or injury, never use the meter on circuits that exceed 4800
watts.

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6. Never apply more than the rated voltage between any input jack and earth
ground (600 V for the Fluke73).
7. Be careful when working with voltages above 60 V DC or 30 V AC rms. Such
voltages pose a shock hazard.
8. Keep your fingers behind the finger guards on the test probes when making
measurements.
9. To avoid false readings, which could lead to possible electric shock or
personal injury, replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator appears

PROCEDURE:

1. AC signal is given as an input to CRO.

2. The CRO display is noted.
3. From the display the various parameters like peak-peak voltage, maximum voltage
and time period are noted.
4. By using the formulas, the RMS value and frequency are calculated.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.

2.

3.

4.

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RESULT:

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Exp No : 3 VERIFICATION OF LOGIC GATES

Date:

AIM:
The purpose of this experiment is to get familiar with the elementary Logic gates
and to know the use of them for implementing logic circuits.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S. No. COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QTY

1. AND GATE
2. OR GATE
3. NOT GATE
4. NOR GATE
5. IC TRAINER KIT
6. PATCH CORD

THEORY

Digital electronics is found in everything from computers to CD players and

watches. It is based on the binary number system. Instead of voltages which vary
continuously, as in analog electronics, digital circuits involve voltages which take one of
only two possible values. In our case these are 0 and 5 volts (TTL logic), but they are often
referred to as LOW and HIGH, or FALSE and TRUE, or as the binary digits 0 and 1.The
basic building blocks of digital electronics are logic gates which perform simple binary
logic functions (AND, OR, NOT, etc.). From these devices, one can construct more
complex circuits to do arithmetic, act as memory elements, and so on. In this lab, you will
look at a few basic devices to see what they can do. Logic gates and other digital
components come in the form of integrated circuits (ICs) which consist of small
semiconductor \chips packaged in a ceramic or plastic case with many pins. The ICs are
labeled by numbers like 74LSxx, where xx is a number identifying the type of device.

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PIN DIAGRAM of IC`s

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Picture Representation of an IC

LOGIC GATES

NOT GATE (IC 7404)

In digital logic, an inverter or NOT gate is a logic gate which implements logical
negation. The 7404 chip contains six inverters. An inverter simply converts binary 1 to 0
and vice versa.

AND GATE (IC 7408)

The AND gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction - it
behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results only if both
the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH (1). If neither or only one input to the AND gate is

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HIGH, a LOW output results. In another sense, the function of AND effectively finds the

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minimum between two binary digits, just as the OR function finds the maximum.

OR GATE (IC 7432)

The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction - it behaves
according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the inputs
to the gate are HIGH (1). If neither input is HIGH, a LOW output (0) results. In another
sense, the function of OR effectively finds the maximum between two binary digits, just as
the complementary AND function finds the minimum.

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OR gate
It has two or more inputs and only one output. When all the inputs are high or low the
output is low. If any one of the input is high the output also high. The X-OR gate output
expression is Y  AB  AB .

PROCEDURE

1. Insert IC into the breadboard and connect pin 7 to ground and pin 14 to 5V.
(Make sure that all of the pins are properly seated in the sockets rather than bent
underneath.)
2. Connect one input to a switch, so you can easily set it to 1 or 0.
3. Connect the corresponding output to a LED indicators provided.
4. Verify the truthtable of logic gate.
5. Repeat the above procedure for the others gates.

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VIVA QUESTIONS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

RESULT:

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Schematic representation and Pin configuration

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Exp No : 4 GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL

Date:

AIM

To generate the clock signal of square waveform using IC 555 timer and to
calculate the frequency of the given circuit.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

S.No Equipment Required Range Quantity

1 555 Timer IC LM555 1

2 Resistance 6.8KOhm,3.3KOhm Each 1
3 Capacitors 0.01 µF , 0.101 µF Each 1

4 CRO 230V / 20MHZ 1

5 RPS (0-30)V (0-30)V 1
6 Bread board - 1
7 Connecting wires - As required

THEORY

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as
an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in
one package.

The 555 operation is very simple. It uses a capacitor and one or two resistors to
generate the pulses in 4 steps. To describe those steps, first you should take a closer look
to the following drawing, demonstrating the 555 exposed and the minimum external parts
required so that the 555 will generate pulses. Those pulses are generated on the pin number
3 (right side of the drawing). The three basic parts needed are connected on the left side of
the 555 drawing. Those parts are the R1, the R2 and the capacitor C, and they define the so
called 'RC network.
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FORMULA USED:

1. Ton = 0.69 ((Ra + R b)C

2. Toff = 0.69 RbC
3. T = T on + Toff

MODEL GRAPH

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TABULATION

Time period (in sec)

Amplitude (in volts)
Ton Toff

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PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch ON the power supply
3. Note down amplitude and time period of output waveform.
4. Calculate the frequency of the given circuit using the formula.
5. Plot the graph.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

RESULT

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DRAWING

Given Circuit 1

Circuit 2

Circuit 3

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Exp No : 5 SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING PRACTICE

Date:

AIM
To practice soldering and desoldering for the electronic circuit by assembling and
disassembling the resistor R1 and R2 and capacitor C1 in the given Printed Circuit Board
(PCB).

COMPONENT REQUIRED

S.No Component Range Quantity

1 PCB board for given circuit 10w(or)35w 1
2 Soldering iron 60/40 grade 1
3 Solder 1
4 Flux 1
5 Electrician’s Knife 1
6 Nose plier 1
7 Resistors 10kΩ 4
8 Capacitor 0.01µF 2

PROCEDURE

Soldering

1. Study the given electronic circuit.

2. Clean the given PCB board.
3. Clean the tip of the soldering iron before heating and also the resistor, capacitor
which are to be soldered.
4. Heat the soldering iron and apply solder to the tip as soon as it is hot to melt on it.
5. Bend the resistor (R1) leads to fit into the holes on the board. Insert the resistor, R1
as per the circuit shown in the figure and bend the leads.
6. Apply the hot tips to the joints and apply the solder.
7. Remove the soldering tip and hold the resistor tightly until the solder has cooled
and set.
8. Trim excess component lead with side cutter.
9. Repeat the above steps to fix the resistor R2 and capacitor, C1 as shown.
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DE-SOLDERING

1. Hold the resistor R1 to be unsoldered by the nose plier.

2. Place the tip of the soldering iron on the joint until the solder is melt.
3. When the solder is melted, remove the resistor R1 a tweezen and trash away the
molten solder.
4. Repeat the above steps to remove resistor R2 and capacitor C1.
5. Clean the resistors and capacitors, so that they can be used to make other circuits.

Soldering way Solder gun

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

RESULT

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Half wave Rectifier

Full wave Rectifier

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Ex.No : 6 MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR HALF

WAVE AND FULL WAVERECTIFIER
Date:

AIM

To study the characteristics of a half wave and full wave rectifier and to obtain the
ripple factor for the same.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

S.No. Components Range Quantity

1. Transformer 230 V / 6-0-(-6) 1
2. Diode IN4007 2
3. Resistor 1 kΩ 1
4. CRO - 1
5. Bread Board - 1

THEORY
Rectifier is an electronic device that converts an alternating current to a direct
current by suppression or inversion of alternate half cycles. Rectifiers are most often made
of a combination of diodes, which allow current to pass in one direction only.

Half wave Rectifier

In half wave rectification, the rectifier conducts current only during the positive
half cycle of input AC supply. The negative half cycles of AC supply are suppressed no
voltage appears across the load. Therefore the current always flows in one direction through
the load through every half cycle.

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MODEL GRAPH

Half wave Rectifier

Full wave Rectifier

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Full wave Rectifier

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant
polarity (positive or negative) at its output by reversing the negative (or positive) portions
of the alternating current waveform. The positive (or negative) portions thus combine with
the reversed negative (or positive) portions to produce an entirely positive (or negative)
voltage/current waveform. For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center- tapped, then
two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) form a full-wave
rectifier.
Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct
current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer,
four diodes are required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. This is due
to each output polarity requiring two rectifiers each, for example, one for when AC terminal
'X' is positive and one for when AC terminal 'Y' is positive.

Ripple Factor

The output voltage (or load current) of a rectifier consist of two components namely
DC component and AC component. The AC component present in the output is called a
ripple. Smaller the ripple more effective will be the rectified.

Ripple Factor, =  (Vrms / Vdc)2 – 1

Where, Vrms = The rms value of the a.c component of the output
voltage Vdc = The average or d.c value of the output voltage.

Voltage Regulation

Domestic, commercial and industrial loads demand a nearly constant voltage

supply. It is therefore, essential that the output voltage of a transformer stays within narrow
limits as load and its power factor vary. The leaky reactance is the chief cause of voltage
drop in a transformer and must be kept as low as possible by design and manufacturing
techniques.

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TABULATION

HWR
Vm Vrms Vdc Ripple
(in volts) (in volts) (in volts) factor(γ)

FWR
Vm Vrms Vdc Ripple
(in volts) (in volts) (in volts) factor(γ)

FORMULA USED:

Half wave Rectifier

Vrms 2
Ripple factor,   ( ) 1 (no unit)
Vdc
where, Vrms=Vm/2 (in volts)
Vdc=Vm/∏ (in volts)
Vm is the peak voltage

Full wave Rectifier

Vrms 2
Ripple factor,   ( ) 1 (no unit)
where, Vdc
Vrms=Vm/√2 (in volts)
Vdc=2Vm/∏ (in volts)
Vm is the peak voltage

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PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram (Half Wave Rectifier) .
2. Note the amplitude and time period of rectified output.
3. Measure Vdc and Vrms.
4. Calculate the ripple factor.
5. Draw the graph for voltage versus time.
6. Repeat the same procedure for FWR.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

RESULT

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Ex.No:7 DESIGN HALF ADDER CIRCUIT USING BASIC LOGIC GATES

Date:

AIM:
To design and construct half adder and to verify the functions.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.no Components Range/type Quantity

1 7408
AND Gate
2 7486
OR Gate
3 7404
4 NOT Gate 7432
5 --
X-OR Gate
6 -
Bread Board

Connecting Wires

THEORY:
HALF ADDER:

Half adder is a circuit, which can add two numbers and produce two outputs, sum and carry.
From the truth table it is clear that sum represent the logic output of an EX-OR gate and carry,
that of an AND gate. Thus a half adder can be built using two gates.

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TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
A B SUM CARRY

K- Map:

Logic Diagram Of Half Adder

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PROCEDURE:

1. Draw the truth table of the respective adder.

2. Determine the simplified expression for the output variable using K-Map.
3. Decide the corresponding logic gates to be used to implement the above expression.
4. Draw the logic diagram according to output expression.
5. Construct the adder circuit using the above gates.
6. Verify the truth table.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

RESULT:

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INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

+15 V

-15 V

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

 VO = -I Rf Given, Gain Av =

 I =Vin / Ri Let Ri =

 VO = - (Vi / R i) Rf

 Gain AV = VO / Vi

= -( Rf / Ri)

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Exp.No: DESIGN AND TESTING OF INVERTING

AMPLIFIERS

DATE:

AIM:

To design and test inverting and non inverting amplifiers using IC µA 741

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Dual power supply (0 - +15)V 1
2 Signal generator (0-3)MHz 1
3 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
4 IC µA 741 1
5 Resistor

THEORY:

INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

The fundamental component of any analog computer is the operational amplifier or op-amp and
the frequency configuration in which it is used as an inverting amplifier. An input voltage Vin is
applied to the input voltage. It receives and inverts its polarity producing an output voltage. this same
output voltage is also applied to a feedback resistor Rf, which is connected to the amplifier input
analog with Ri. The amplifier itself has a very high voltage gain.

If Rf = Ri then Vo=Vi

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TABULATION OF INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

INPUT SIGNAL OUTPUT SIGNAL

VOLTAGE
S.NO. GAIN
Av=Vo/Vi
AMPLITUDE AMPLITUDE
TIME (ms) TIME (ms)
(Vi) (Vo)

MODEL GRAPH:

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
2. Give the input signal as specified.
3. Switch on the dual power supply
4. Note the outputs from the CRO.
5. Draw the necessary waveforms on the graph sheet.
6. Compare the practical gain with theoretically designed gain.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

RESULTS

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ERODE SENGUNTHAR
ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

VIVA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

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CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE VALUE BY COLOR CODING

1. Specify the purpose of color coding on resistors.

Color coding is used to indicate the resistance value, tolerance, and sometimes the
temperature coefficient of a resistor.
2. State the reason of first two color bands on a resistor.
The first two color bands represent the significant figures of the resistance value.
3. Identify the purpose of third color band represent on a resistor.
The third color band represents the multiplier (or power of 10) of the resistance value.
4. Discuss about significance of the color gold and silver on a resistor.
Gold represents a tolerance of ±5% on a resistor.
Silver represents a tolerance of ±10% on a resistor.
5. Determine the resistance value of a resistor with the following color bands: brown,
black,andred,gold.
Brown = 1, Black = 0, Red = 2 (multiplier), Gold = ±5% tolerance. Therefore, the
resistance value is 10 × 10^2 Ω ± 5% = 1000 Ω ± 5%.
6. Identify a resistor with a value of 2.2 kΩ and a tolerance of ±1% using color coding.:
The color bands would be: red, red, red, brown, brown.

7. Calculate the resistance value of a resistor with the following color bands: yellow,
violet,orange,gold.
Yellow = 4, Violet = 7, Orange = 3 (multiplier), Gold = ±5% tolerance. Therefore, the
resistance value is 47 × 10^3 Ω ± 5%.

8. State the significance of the color gray and blue on a resistor.

Gray represents the number 8 on a resistor. Blue represents the number 6 on a resistor.

9. What is Ohms law in simple terms?

Ohm's law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain
constant

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10. 10.What is Kirchhoff's first law?

Kirchhoff's first law applies to currents at a junction in a circuit. It states that at a

junction in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into the junction is equal to
the sum of currents flowing out of the junction.

MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL USING CRO AND MULTIMETER

1. Define the principle of a CRO.

A CRO works on the principle of electrostatic deflection of an electron beam.
2. Specify the function of the timebase control on a CRO.
The time base control adjusts the horizontal scale of the display.
3. Differentiate peak-to-peak voltage and RMS voltage in CRO.
Peak-to-peak voltage is the maximum voltage swing, while RMS voltage is the
equivalent DC voltage.
4. Calculate the RMS voltage from the peak-to-peak voltage.
RMS voltage = peak-to-peak voltage / 2.828 (or √2).

5. How do you measure the frequency of an AC signal using a CRO?

Measure the time period of the waveform and calculate the frequency.
6. What is the difference between a sinusoidal waveform and a square waveform?
A sinusoidal waveform is smooth and curved, while a square waveform has sharp
transitions.
7. How do you troubleshoot a CRO that is not displaying a waveform?
Check the power supply, signal connections, and control settings.
8. How do you set up a multimeter to measure the RMS voltage of an AC signal?
Select the AC voltage range and connect the probes.

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9. What is the difference between AC and DC voltage?

AC voltage changes polarity, while DC voltage remains constant.
10. How do you measure the amplitude and period of an AC signal using a CRO?
Measure the distance between the peak and trough of the waveform.
Measure the time between two consecutive peaks or troughs.

11. What is the advantage of using a multimeter to measure AC voltage compared to a

CRO?
A multimeter provides a direct reading of the RMS value of the AC voltage, whereas a
CRO requires calculation to obtain the RMS value.
12. A CRO display shows a sinusoidal AC signal with a peak amplitude of 15 V. What is
the amplitude of the signal as measured by a multimeter?
Amplitude (RMS value) = peak amplitude / √2 = 15 / √2 = 10.61 V.

13. How can you measure the phase shift between two AC signals using a CRO?
By displaying both signals on the CRO and measuring the time difference between
corresponding points on the two waveforms.
14. What is the purpose of the trigger control on a CRO when measuring an AC signal?
To stabilize the display of the waveform by synchronizing the sweep generator with the
input signal.
15. What is the advantage of using a CRO to measure an AC signal compared to a
multimeter?
A CRO provides a visual display of the waveform, allowing for measurement of
amplitude, frequency, and phase shift, whereas a multimeter only provides a numerical
reading of the RMS value.

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VERIFICATION OF LOGIC GATES

1. What are the basic logic elements?

Basic logic elements are NOT gate, AND gate, OR gate and the flip-flop.

2. What is a truth table?

Truth table is a table that gives outputs for all possible combinations of inputs to a logic
circuit.
3. 4. Define positive logic and negative logic.

If the higher of the two voltages represents a 1 and the lower voltage represents a 0, the
logic is called a positive logic. On the other hand, if the lower voltage represents a 1 and
the higher voltage a 0, we have a negative logic.

4. What is an inverter?

An inverter is a logic gate whose output is the inverse or complement of its input.

5. What are the universal logic gates?

Universal gate is a gate that can perform all the basic logical operations such as NAND
and NOR gates.

6. What are basic logic gates and what are universal logic gates?

Basic logic gates are AND gate, OR gate, and NOT (INVERTER) gate. Universal logic
gates are NAND and NOR gates.

7. Draw symbols of EX-OR and NAND gate.

The symbols of EX-OR and NAND gate are shown below in Fig. 1 and 2 respectively.

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8. What is the specialty of NAND and NOR gates?

The specialty of NAND and NOR gates is that they are universal gates and can perform
all the basic logical operations.

9. What is XOR gate ?

XOR gate is an inequality comparator or detector and produces output only when the
inputs are different. It means that XOR gate is a logic gate that produces high output
when the two inputs are different (one is high and the other is low) and low output when
the two inputs are the same (either low or high).

10. Draw symbols of NAND gate and NOR gate.

Symbols of NAND gates and NOR gates are given below.

11. What is the use of De Morgan’s theorem?

De Morgan’s theorems are extremely useful in simplification of Boolean expressions in

which a sum or product of variables is inverted.

12. What is the use of a Kamaugh map?

Kamaugh map is used for simplification and manipulation of Boolean expressions.

13. Explain what is a combinational circuit.

In a combinational circuit, the output depends upon present input(s) only i.e, not
dependant on the previous input(s). The combinational circuit has no memory element. It
consists of logic gates only.

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GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL

1.What is 555 timer?

The 555 timer is a highly stable IC that can produce accurate and highly stable time delays or
oscillation. The frequency of oscillation and duty cycle are accurately controlled by only two
external resistors and a capacitor.

2.What do you mean by a grounded load?

When the load is connected between the output terminal (pin 3) and grounded terminal (pin 1), it is
called grounded load, this is also sometimes called the normally off load.

3.What are the two basic modes in which the 555 timer operates?

The 555 timer basically operates in one of the two modes-either as monostable or as an astable
multivibrator.

4. What is the primary characteristic of an AC signal that distinguishes it from a DC signal?

Describe the difference between the two types of signals.

Alternating polarity. AC signals alternate between positive and negative voltages, whereas DC
signals have a constant voltage.

5.What is the unit of measurement for AC voltage, and how is it related to the peak-to-peak
amplitude of the signal?

Volts (V). The RMS value of the AC voltage is related to the peak-to-peak amplitude by the
formula: Vrms = Vpp / 2√2.

6.A sinusoidal AC signal has a frequency of 50 Hz. How many cycles does the signal complete in
1 second, and what is the time period of each cycle?

50 cycles, time period = 1 / 50 Hz = 20 ms.

7.An AC signal has a peak-to-peak amplitude of 20 V. What is the peak amplitude of the signal,
and how is it related to the RMS value?

Peak amplitude = 20 V / 2 = 10 V. The RMS value is related to the peak amplitude by the formula:
Vrms = Vpeak / √2.

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8.What is the difference between AC and DC signals?

AC (Alternating Current) signals alternate in polarity, whereas DC (Direct Current) signals have a
constant polarity.

9.What is the function of a multimeter in measuring AC signals?

A multimeter measures the voltage, current, and resistance of the signal.

10. How do you measure the amplitude of an AC signal using an oscilloscope?

Connect the signal to the oscilloscope, set the oscilloscope to the correct range, and read the
amplitude display.

11. What is the unit of measurement for AC frequency, AC current, AC voltage?

Hertz (Hz), Amperes (A), Volts (V)

SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING PRACTICE

1.What is soldering, and what are its applications?

Soldering is a process of joining two metal surfaces together using a filler material, known as
solder, which has a lower melting point than the base metals. The applications of soldering are
diverse and widespread, including:

Electronics assembly and repair

Plumbing and piping

Jewelry making and repair

2.What is desoldering, and what are the common methods used?

Desoldering is the process of removing solder from a joint, and is commonly used to repair or
replace electronic components. The common methods used for desoldering include:

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Using a desoldering iron: A desoldering iron is a specialized tool that is designed to remove solder
from a joint.

Using a desoldering pump: A desoldering pump is a handheld tool that uses a vacuum to remove
solder from a joint.

Using a desoldering wick: A desoldering wick is a braided wire that is used to absorb solder from a
joint.

Using a hot air gun: A hot air gun can be used to heat the solder and remove it from the joint.

3.What is the purpose of flux in soldering?

Flux is used to remove oxidation from the metal surfaces, promote wetting, and improve the flow of
solder.

4.What are the different types of flux?

There are several types of flux, including:

Rosin-based flux

Acid-core flux

No-clean flux

Water-soluble flux

5.How do you ensure a strong solder joint?

To ensure a strong solder joint, make sure to:

Clean the metal surfaces

Apply the correct amount of flux

Use the correct temperature

Use the correct soldering technique

6.what is desoldering?

Desoldering is the process of removing solder from a joint without damaging the surrounding
components.

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7.What are the different methods of desoldering?

There are several methods of desoldering, including:

Using a desoldering iron

Using a desoldering pump

Using a desoldering wick

Using a hot air gun

8.What are the precautions to be taken while desoldering?

When desoldering, make sure to:

Use the correct temperature

Avoid damaging surrounding components

Use the correct desoldering technique

Avoid breathing in fumes

9.What are application of soldering?

One of the most frequent applications of soldering is assembling electronic components to printed
circuit boards (PCBs).

1. Which is used to make soldering iron.

2. Soldering iron is madeof copper because of good conductor of heat.

10. What voltage is a soldering iron?

Universal soldering irons generally work with 230 V, so they can do without their own power
supply and be directly connected to the electrical socket

11. What is the function of soldering stand?

A soldering iron stand is a tool used to hold a soldering iron when it is not in use or during breaks
while working on a soldering project.

12. What is the role of soldering?

As a Solderer, you will connect or stick different electronic parts together using soldering
methods.

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MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR HALF WAVE AND

FULL WAVERECTIFIER

1.What are the types of full wave rectifiers?

Full wave rectifiers are classified as:

Centre-tapped Full Wave Rectifier

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

2.What is a Rectifier?

A rectifier is a device which converts AC (Alternating current) to DC (Direct current).

3.Name the basic types of rectifiers?

Half wave rectifier, Full wave center tap rectifier and Full wave bridge rectifier.

4.What is the difference between Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier?

A half wave rectifier converts only half of the AC cycle to Uni-direction. Whereas a full wave
rectifier converts both half cycles.

5.What is form factor, peak factor?

It is the ratio of the RMS value to the Average value, The ratio of maximum value to the RMS
value

6.Define Ripple factor in rectifiers?

Ripple factor is the ratio of root mean square (RMS) value of the AC component or ripple voltage
to the average value of rectified DC output.

7.Mention some difference between half wave and full wave rectifier?

The efficiency of half wave rectifier is not as good as that of full wave rectifier because only one
half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. The
ripples are maximum in the single phase half-wave rectifier and being reduced in the full-wave
rectifier and being reduced further with the increase in the number of phases.

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8.What is transformer and types?

Transformer works based on Induction Principle, when Two coils are placed nearly then voltage
transfer exist,

Types: Step down, step up Transformer

9.Define ripple factor, efficiency, form factor, peak factors?

Ripple factor= RMS value of ac component/Average value

Efficiency= dc output power / ac input power

Form factor=rms/ average

Peak factor= peak value/ rms value

10. Define diode and forward bias and reverse bias.

It allows current to flow easily in one direction but severely restricts current from flowing in the
opposite direction. A forward bias has a substantial forward current, while a reverse bias has a
minimal forward current.

DESIGN HALF ADDER CIRCUIT USING BASIC LOGIC GATES

1. Which logic gates are used in the design of a half adder?

A half adder is a circuit that takes two inputs, A and B, and produces two outputs, S (the sum of A
and B) and C out (the carry out). It uses an XOR gate and an AND gate to perform the addition.

2. What is the concept of half adder with logic circuit?

What is a Half Adder? It is a combinational logic circuit. You can design it by connecting one
AND gate and one EX-OR gate. A half-adder circuit consists of two input terminals- namely A
and B. Both of these add two input digits (one-bit numbers) and generate the output in the form of
a carry and a sum.

3. Which IC is used in half adder?

In this setup, the half adder circuit is constructed using two types of integrated circuits (ICs):
the 7486 XOR gate IC and the 7408 AND gate IC.

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4. How many gates are used in half adder?

As we know that NAND and NOR are called universal gates as any logic system can be
implemented using these two, the half adder circuit can also be implemented using them. We
know that a half adder circuit has one Ex – OR gate and one AND gate.

5. What are the basic logic gates?

There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XNOR.

6. What are the applications of adder?

In many computers and other kinds of processors, adders are used in the arithmetic logic units
(ALUs).

7. What is the equation for a half adder?

Logical Expression for half adder is : S=a⊕b ; C=a*b. Logical Expression for Full adder is :
S=a⊕b⊕Cin; Cout=(a*b)+(Cin*(a⊕b)).

8. What is half adder truth table?

The truth table of a half adder is constructed by listing all possible input combinations of two
single binary digits (0 and 1)

9. What is type of adder?

Various types of adders can be used to add numbers and generate sum and carry values such
as Ripple Carry Adder, Carry Skip Adder, Carry Increment Adder, Carry Look Ahead Adder,

10. Which are universal gates?

A universal gate is a type of logic gate that can implement any Boolean function without the
usage of any additional logic gates. The universal gates are the NOR and NAND gates. This
means that using only NOR or NAND gates,

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DESIGN AND TESTING OF INVERTING AMPLIFIERS

1. What is the principle of inverting amplifier?

An inverting amplifier using op-amp is a type of amplifier using op-amp where the output
waveform will be phase opposite to the input waveform.

2. Which IC is used for inverting amplifier?

This IC is Dual Inline Package and it is represented as 741 IC. Pin 2 and 3 are input
terminals. Inverting terminal:

3. What is the application of inverting amplifier?

An inverting amplifier can be used as a trans resistance amplifier which is also called a
trans-impedance amplifier.

4. Draw the circuit diagram for inverting amplifier.

5. Why is it called an inverting amplifier?

The inverting amplifier circuit has the function of amplifying the input signal and
inverting the output. "Inverted" means that the positive and negative signs are reversed. T

6. Why is inverting amplifier gain negative?

Since the inverting input is at virtual ground, the output of the inverting op amp is Vout=-
IR2=-VinR2/R1. This makes the gain of the inverting op amp circuit -R2/R1.

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7. What is difference between inverting and non inverting amplifier?

A non-inverting amplifier produces an output signal that is in phase with the input signal,
whereas an inverting amplifier's output is out of phase.

8. What is the Fullform of op-amp?

Inverting amplifiers are commonly used. An operational amplifier (op-amp) is an

integrated circuit (IC) that amplifies the difference in voltage between two inputs.

9. What are the common applications of inverting amplifiers?

Audio amplifiers , Instrumentation amplifiers

Filter circuits , Oscillator circuits

10. Why is 741 called 741?

741 Op Amp IC is a monolithic integrated circuit, comprising of a general purpose

Operational Amplifier. The number 741 indicates that this operational amplifier IC has 7
functional pins, 4 pins capable of taking input and 1 output pin.

11. Is IC 741 analog or digital?

The 741 operational amplifier (op-amp) is a popular integrated circuit used widely
in analog electronics.

12. What is the symbol of op-amp?

The symbol for an operational amplifier is a triangle that has two inputs and a single
output.

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