Class 10th Chapter 6

Exercise 6.1
The following data shows the number of members in various families. Construct frequency distribution.
Also find cumulative frequencies.
𝟗, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟒, 𝟖, 𝟒, 𝟑, 𝟐, 𝟕, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟗, 𝟕, 𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟓, 𝟕
Solution:
Frequency distribution of numbers of family members.
Numbers of members Talley marks Frequency Commutative
2 I 1 1
3 III 3 1+3=4
4 I 6 4+6=10
5 IIII 4 10+4=14
6 III 3 14+3=17

7 I 6 17+6=23
8 5 23+5=28
9 6 28+6=34
10 II 2 34+2=36

11 II k2 36+2=38
s.p
12 I 1 38+1=39

Total
te

39
Question No.2 the following data has been obtained after weighing 40 students of class V. Make a
no

frequency distribution taking class interval size as 5. Also find the class boundaries and midpoints.
34,26,33,32,24,21,37,40,41,28,31,33,34,37,23,27,31,31,36,29,35,36,37,38,22,27,28,29,31,35,35,40,21,32,
sy

33,27,29,30,23.
ea

Also make a less than cumulative frequency distribution.(Hint: Make classes 20--24,25—29).
Solution:
Frequency Distribution
Class limits Talley marks Frequency
20 − 24 6
25 − 29 10
30 − 34 I 12

35 − 39 IIII 9

40 − 44 III 3
Total 40
Cumulative frequency Distribution
Frequency Cumulative Cumulative
Class Boundaries Class Boundaries
f frequency frequency
14.5 − 19.5 0 0 Less than 19.5 0
19.5 − 24.5 6 0+6=6 Less than 24.5 6
24.5 − 29.5 10 6 + 10 = 16 Less than 29.5 16
29.5 − 34.5 13 16 + 13 = 29 Less than 34.5 29
34.5 − 39.5 8 29 + 8 = 37 Less than 39.5 37
40 − 44 3 37 + 3 = 40 Less than 44.5 40
2|Page
Class 10th Chapter 6

Question No.3 from the following data representing the salaries of 30 teachers of a school. Make a
frequency distribution taking class interval size of 𝑹𝒔. 𝟏𝟎𝟎,
450,500,550,580,1020,1130,1220,760,690,710,750,1120,760,1240.(Hint: Make classes 𝟒𝟓𝟎 − 𝟑𝟒𝟗, 𝟓𝟓𝟎 −
𝟔𝟒𝟗, … ).
Solution:
Frequency Distributive Table
Class Limits Talley marks Frequency
450 − 549 II 2
550 − 649 II 2

650 − 749 IIII 4

750 − 849 5
850 − 949 III 3
950 − 1049 IIII 4
1050 − 1149 5
1150 − 1249 5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 30
(𝒂)𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔.
𝟔−𝟕
(𝒃) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒔. k
s.p
𝟒−𝟓
Question No..5 Construct a Histogram and frequency Polygon for the following data showing weights of
te

a studying in kg.
no

Weights Frequency / No of students

𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒 5
𝟐𝟓 − 𝟐𝟗 8
sy

𝟑𝟎 − 𝟑𝟒 13
ea

𝟑𝟓 − 𝟑𝟗 22
𝟒𝟎 − 𝟒𝟒 15
𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟗 10
𝟓𝟎 − 𝟓𝟒 8
Solution:
Class Boundaries Frequency / No of students
𝟏𝟗. 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓 5
𝟐𝟒. 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓 8
𝟐𝟗. 𝟓 − 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓 13
𝟑𝟒. 𝟓 − 𝟑𝟗. 𝟓 22
𝟑𝟗. 𝟓 − 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓 15
𝟒𝟒. 𝟓 − 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓 10
𝟒𝟗. 𝟓 − 𝟓𝟒. 𝟓 8

3|Page
Class 10th Chapter 6

Class Boundaries (Weights)

Class Limits Mid points Frequency
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒 22 5
𝟐𝟓 − 𝟐𝟗 27 8
𝟑𝟎 − 𝟑𝟒 32 13
𝟑𝟓 − 𝟑𝟗 37 22
𝟒𝟎 − 𝟒𝟒 42 15
𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟗 47 10
𝟓𝟎 − 𝟓𝟒 52 8

k
s.p
te
no

Measures of Central Tendency:

sy

A specific valves of the variable around which the majority of the observation tend to concentrate, this
ea

reprehensive shows the tendency or behavior of the distribution of the variable under study. This value is
called average or of the central value. The measure or techniques that are used to determine this central
value are called Measures of Central Tendency.
The following measures of central tendency will be discussed in this section:
1. Arithmetic Mean 2. Median 3. Mode
4. Geometric mean 5. Harmonic mean 6. Quartiles
Arithmetic Mean:
Arithmetic mean (or simply called mean) is a measure that determines a value (observation) of the
variable under study by dividing the sum of all valves(observations) of the variable by their number of
observations. We denote Arithmetic mean by 𝑿 in symbols we define:
∑𝑿 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Arithmetic mean 𝑿 = =
𝒏 𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Computation of Arithmetic Mean:

There are two types of data, ungrouped and grouped. We, therefore have different methods to
determine Mean for the two types of data.
Ungrouped Data:
For ungrouped data we uses three approaches to find mean. These are as follows.

4|Page
Class 10th Chapter 6

Exercise 6.2
1. What do you understand by measures of central tendency?
Solution:

The specific value of the variable around which the majority of the on observations tend to concentrate is called the
central tendency.

2. Define Arithmetic mean, geometric mean, Harmonic mean, mode and Median?
Solution:

i. Arithmetic Means:
Mean is a measure that determine a value of the variable understudy by dividing the Sum of all valves of
the variable by their number of observations.
k
s.p
∑𝑋 ∑ 𝑓𝑋
𝑋̅ = (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋̅ = (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎)
𝑛 ∑𝑓
te

ii. Geometric Means

Geometric mean of a variable 𝑥 is the nth positive root of the product of the
no

1
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 observation. G.M =(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 )𝑛
sy

iii. Harmonic Means:

Harmonic mean refers to the value obtained by reciprocating the mean of the reciprocal of
ea

𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝑛 𝑛
𝐻. 𝑀 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻. 𝑀 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎)
1 𝑓
∑ ∑
𝑥 𝑥
iv. Mode:
The most repeated value in an observation is called mode.
v. Median
Median is the middle most observation in an arranged data set. It divides the data set into equal
parts.
3. Find arithmetic mean by direct method for the following set of data:
i. 12,14,17,20,24,29,35,45
ii. 200,225,350,375,270,320,290
Solution:
∑𝑋 12+14+17+20+24+29+35+45
i. 𝐴. 𝑀 = 𝑋̅ = =
𝑛 8
196
= = 24.5
8
∑𝑋 200+225+350+375+270+320+290
ii. 𝐴. 𝑀 = 𝑋̅ = 𝑛 = 7
2030
= 7
= 290
4. For each of the data in Q.No.3 Compute arithmetic mean using indirect method.
Solution:
i. Take any constant say 24 and take deviations from it (24)
𝐴 = 24
8|Page
Class 10th Chapter 6

𝑋 𝐷 =𝑋−𝐴
12 12 − 24 = −12
14 17 − 24 = −7
17 20 − 24 = −4
24 24 − 24 = 0
29 29 − 24 = 5
35 35 − 24 = 11
45 45 − 24 = 21
𝑛=8 ∑𝐷 = 4

∑𝐷
𝑋̅ = 𝐴 +
𝑛
4 1 1
= 24 + = 24 + = 24 × = 24.5
8 2 2
ii. Take any constant say 270 and take deviations from it (270)
𝐴 = 270
𝑋 𝐷 =𝑋−𝐴
200 200 − 270 = −70
225 225 − 270 = −45
350 350 − 270 = −80
375 375 − 270 = 150
270 270 − 270 = 0
320 − 270 = 50
320
290 k 290 − 270 = 20
s.p
𝑛=7 ∑ 𝐷 = 140
te

∑𝐷
𝑋̅ = 𝐴 + 𝑛
no

140
= 270 + 7
= 270 + 20 = 290
5. The marks obtained by students of class 𝑋𝐼 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 are given below.
sy

Compare arithmetic mean by direct and indirect methods.

ea

0 − 90 2
10 − 19 10
20 − 29 5
30 − 39 9
40 − 49 6
50 − 59 7
60 − 69 1
Solution:
Direct method:
Classes/ Groups Mid points f 𝑓𝑥

0 − 90 4.5 2 4.5 × 2 = 9.0

10 − 19 14.5 10 14.5 × 10 = 145.0
20 − 29 24.5 5 24.5 × 5 = 122.5
30 − 39 34.5 9 34.5 × 9 = 310.5
40 − 49 44.5 6 44.5 × 6 = 267.0
50 − 59 54.5 7 54.5 × 7 = 381.5
60 − 69 64.5 1 64.5 × 1 = 64.5
𝑛 = ∑ 𝑓 = 40 1300

∑ 𝑓𝑥 1300
𝑋̅ = = = 32.5
∑𝑓 40
Indirect, short cut method
9|Page
Class 10th Chapter 6

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = 34.5

Mid points 𝐷 =𝑋−𝑎 𝐷 𝑓𝐷 𝑓(𝑈)

𝑈= 𝑓(𝑑)
Classes/ Groups f 10
=−
3
0 − 90 4.5 2 4.5 − 34.5 = −30 -3 −60 −6
10 − 19 14.5 10 14.5 × 34.5 = −20 -2 −200 −20
20 − 29 24.5 5 24.5 × 34.5 = −10 -1 −50 −5
30 − 39 34.5 9 34.5 × 34.5 = 0 0 0 0
40 − 49 44.5 6 44.5 × 34.5 = 10 1 60 6
50 − 59 54.5 7 54.5 × 34.5 = 20 2 140 14
60 − 69 64.5 1 64.5 × 34.5 = 30 3 30 3
Total 𝑛 = ∑ 𝑓 = 40 1300 −80 −8

∑ 𝑓𝐷 ∑ 𝑓(𝑈)
𝑋̅ = ℎ + 𝑜𝑟 𝑋̅ = ℎ + ×ℎ
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
−80 −8
34.5 + = 34.5 + ×ℎ
40 40
= 34.5 − 2 −8
= 32.55 = 34.5 + × 10
40
34.5 − 2 = 32.55
6. The following data relates to to ages of children in a school. Compute the mean age by direct and short
– 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛. k
s.p
Class limits Frequency
4−6 10
7−9 20
te

10 − 12 13
no

13 − 15 7
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 50
sy

Also Compute Geometric mean and Harmonic mean.

Solution:
ea

Class limits Midpoints Frequency 𝑓𝑥

4−6 5 10 5 × 10 = 50
7−9 8 20 8 × 20 = 160
10 − 12 11 13 11 × 13 = 143
13 − 15 14 7 14 × 7 = 98
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛 = ∑ 𝑓 = 50 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 451
∑ 𝑓𝐷 451
𝐴. 𝑀 = = = 9.02
∑𝑓 50
Indirect, short cut method

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = 11

𝑓 𝐷 =𝑋−𝑎 𝐷 𝑓𝐷 𝑓(𝑑)
Classes/ Groups Midpoint 𝑈= 𝑓(𝑈) = −
10 3
4−6 5 5 5 − 11 = −6 -2 −60 −20
7−9 8 8 8 − 11 = −3 -1 −60 0
10 − 12 11 11 11 − 11 = −3 0 0 7
13 − 15 14 14 14 − 11 = −3 1 21 −33
Total ∑𝑓 −99 −8

10 | P a g e
Class 10th Chapter 6

∑ 𝑓𝐷 ∑ 𝑓(𝑈)
𝑋̅ = 𝐴 + 𝑜𝑟 𝑋̅ = 𝐴 + ×ℎ
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
99 −33
11 − = 11 + ×3
50 50
= 11 − 1.98 99
= 9.02 = 11 −
50
11 − 1.98 = 9.02

Geometric Mean

We proceed as follows:

Class limits 𝑓 Midpoints 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

4−6 10 5 0.6987 6.9897
7−9 20 8 0.90309 18.0618
10 − 12 13 11 1.04139 13.53807
13 − 15 7 14 1.14613 8.02291
∑ 𝑓 = 50 ∑ 𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 46.61248

∑ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
∑𝑓
46.61248
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
50
k
s.p
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔(0.9322496) = 8.553

Harmonic means:
te

𝑓 Midpoints 𝑓
Class limits
no

𝑥
10 5 10
4−6 = 2.0
5
sy

20 8 20
7−9 = 2.5
8
ea

13 11 13
10 − 12 = 1.18
11
7 14 7
13 − 15 = 0.50
14
∑ 𝑓 = 50 ∑ 𝑓 /𝑥 = 6.18

∑𝑓 50
𝐻. 𝑀 = ( = = 8.09)
𝑓 6.18
∑
𝑥
7. The following data shows the number of children in which in various familiar. Find mode and median.
9,11,4,5,6,8,4,3,7,8,5,5,8,3,4,9,12,8,9,10,6,1,7,11,4,4,8,4,3,2,7,9,10,9,7,6,9,5
Solution:

Writing the observation in Ascending order

2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,8,9,9,9,9,9,9,10,10,11,11,12
Mode: the most frequent observation = 9,4

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 38
7+7
Therefore, median is the mean of 19th and 20th observation = 2
=7

11 | P a g e
Class 10th Chapter 6

8. Find Model number of heads for the following distributive showing of heads when 5 coins are tossed. Also
determine median.

𝑋(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠) Frequency (number of times)

1 3
2 8
3 5
4 3
5 1
Solution:
Mode:
The most frequent observation = 2
For median, we make cumulative frequency column.
𝑥 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
1 3 3
2 8 3+8=11
3 5 11+5=16
4 3 16 + 3 = 19
5 1 19+1=20
𝑛 𝑡ℎ
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 ( ) 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2
20 𝑡ℎ
k
= 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 ( ) 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
2
s.p
= 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 (10𝑡ℎ )𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 2
te

9. The following frequency distribution the weight of boys in kilogram. Compute mean, median, mode.
Class intervals frequency
no

1−3 2
4−6 3
sy

7−9 5
10 − 12 4
ea

13 − 15 6
16 − 18 2
19 − 21 1
Solution:

Mid points(𝑥) 𝑓𝑥 Class Cumulative

Class intervals frequency
Boundaries Frequency
1−3 2 2 4 2
4−6 3 5 15 2+3
7−9 5 8 40 5+5=10
10 − 12 4 11 44 10+4=14
13 − 15 6 14 84 14+6=20
16 − 18 2 17 34 20+2=22
19 − 21 1 20 20 22+1=23
23 241

∑ 𝑓𝑥 241
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑋̅ = = = 10.478
∑𝑓 23
Median:
𝑛 𝑡ℎ
Median class = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔 ( ) 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
2

12 | P a g e
Class 10th Chapter 6

23 𝑡ℎ
=( ) = (11.5)𝑡ℎ observation
2

Median class is 9.5 − 12.5

Here 𝑙 = 9.5, 𝑐 = 10, 𝑓 = 4, ℎ = 3

ℎ 𝑛
Median= 𝑙 + ( − 𝑐)
𝑓 𝑐

3 23 3 3 9
= 9.5 + ( − 10) = 9.5 + ( ) = 9.5 + = 9.5 + 1.125 = 10.625
4 2 4 2 8
𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1
Mode: 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
2𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1 −𝑓2

Here𝑙 = 12.5, 𝑓𝑚 = 6, 𝑓1 = 4, 𝑓2 , ℎ = 3
6−4 2
∵ 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 12.5 + × 3 = 12.5 + × 3 = 12.5 + 1 = 13.5
2(6) − 4 − 2 6
10. A student obtained the following marks at a certain examination: English 73, Urdu 82, Mathematics 80,
History 67 and Science 62.
i. If the Wight accorded these marks are 4,3,3,4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2. 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑤hat is an appropriate average marks?
ii. What is the average mark if equal weights are used?
Solution:

Marks(x) Weight(w) k 𝑥𝑤
s.p
73 4 73 × 4 = 292
82 3 82 × 3 = 246
80 3 80 × 3 = 240
te

67 2 67 × 2 = 134
no

62 2 62 × 2 = 124
∑ 𝑥 = 364 ∑ 𝑤 = 14 ∑ 𝑥 𝑤 = 1036
sy

∑ 𝑋𝑤 1036
(𝑖) 𝑋̅𝑛 = = = 74
∑𝑤 14
ea

∑ 𝑥 364
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑋̅ = = = 72.8
𝑛 5
11. On a vacation trip a family bought 21.3liters of petrol at 39.90 rupees per liter, 18.7 liters at 42.90 rupees
per liter, and 23.5 liters at 40.90 rupees per liter find the mean price paid per liter.
Solution:

𝑋 W 𝑋𝑊
21.3 39.90 (21.3)(39.90) = 849.87
18.7 42.90 (21.3)(39.90) = 849.87
23.5 40.90 (21.3)(39.90) = 849.87
∑ 𝑥 = 63.5 ∑ 𝑥 𝑊 = 2613.25
∑ 𝑋𝑊 2613.25
Mean price= ∑𝑋
= = 41.15 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
63.5

12. Calculator simple moving average of 3 years from the following data;
Years 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Valves 102 108 130 140 1158 180 196 210 220 230
Solution:

Years Values 3-years moving total 3- years moving average

2001 102 - -
2002 108 340 340/3=113.33

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Class 10th Chapter 6

2003 130 378 378/3=126.00

2004 140 428 428/3=142.67
𝟒𝟕𝟖
2005 158 478 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟑𝟑
𝟑
2006 180 534 534/3=178.00
2007 196 586 586/3=195.33
2008 210 626 626/3=208.67
2009 220 660 660/3=220.00
2010 230 -
13. Determine graphically for the following data and check your answer by using formulae.
i. Median and Quartiles using cumulative frequency polygon.
ii. Mode using Histogram
Class Boundaries Frequency
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 2
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 5
𝟑𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎 9
𝟒𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎 6
𝟓𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎 4
𝟔𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎 1
Solution:

Class Boundaries Frequency 𝒄. 𝒇

𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎
2
5 k 2
7 Median Class 𝑸𝟑 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔
s.p
𝟑𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎 9 16
𝟒𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎 6 22
te

𝟓𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎 4 26
𝟔𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎 1 27
no

𝒏 𝒕𝒉 𝟐𝟕 𝒕𝒉
Median Class = (𝟐) 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ( 𝟐 ) = (𝟏𝟑. 𝟓)𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
sy

𝒉 𝒏
Median= 𝒍 + 𝒇 (𝟐 − 𝒄)
ea

Here𝒍 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒇 = 𝟗, 𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟕. 𝒄 = 𝟕

𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑
Thus median 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎 + ( −
𝟗 𝟐
𝟕) = 𝟑𝟎 + ( )
𝟗 𝟐
= 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟐

14 | P a g e
Class 10th Chapter 6

Variance is defined as the mean of the squared deviation of 𝒙𝒊 (𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … , 𝒏) observation from their
arithmetic mean. In symbols,
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑿 = 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝑺𝟐 =
𝒏
ii. Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is defined as the positive square root of mean of the squared deviations of
𝑿𝒊 (𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … , 𝒏) observations from their arithmetic mean. In symbols we write
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑿 = 𝑺. 𝑫(𝑿) = 𝑺 = √
𝒏
Computations of Variance and Standard Devotions

We uses the following to compute Variance and standard Deviations for Ungrouped and Grouped Data.

Ungrouped Data:

The formula of Variance is given by

𝟐
∑ 𝑋2 ∑𝑋
𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝑺𝟐 = −( )
𝒏 𝒏

And standard Deviation

𝟐
∑ 𝑋2 ∑𝑋
𝑺. 𝑫(𝑿) = 𝑺 = √[
𝒏
−(k 𝒏
) ]
s.p
Exercise 6.3
te

1. What do you understand by Dispersion?

no

Dispersion means the spread or scatter ness of observations in a data set. By dispersion means the extent to
which observations in a sample or n a population are spread out. The main measure of dispersion are range,
sy

variance and standard deviation’s.

2. How do you define measure of dispersion?
ea

The measure that are used to determine the degree or extent of variation in a data set are called measure
of dispersion.
3. Define Range, Standard deviation and Variance.
Solution:

ii. Range:
Range measure the extent of variation between two extreme observations of a data set.
It is given by the formula:

𝑿𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑿𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑿𝒎 − 𝑿𝒐
Where 𝑿𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑿𝒎 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎, 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.

𝑿𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑿𝒐 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.

The formula to find range for grouped continuous data us given below.

Range = (𝑼𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑) − (𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 class boundary of first group).

iii. Variance:
Variance is defined as the mean of the squared deviation of 𝒙𝒊 (𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … , 𝒏) observation from their
arithmetic mean. In symbols,
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑿 = 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝑺𝟐 =
𝒏
iv. Standard Deviation
15 | P a g e
Class 10th Chapter 6

Standard deviation is defined as the positive square root of mean of the squared deviations of
𝑿𝒊 (𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … , 𝒏) observations from their arithmetic mean. In symbols we write
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑿 = 𝑺. 𝑫(𝑿) = 𝑺 = √
𝒏
Computations of Variance and Standard Devotions
We uses the following to compute Variance and standard Deviations for Ungrouped and Grouped Data.
Ungrouped Data:
The formula of Variance is given by
𝟐
∑ 𝑋2
𝟐
∑𝑋
𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝑺 = −( )
𝒏 𝒏
And standard Deviation
𝟐
∑ 𝑋2 ∑𝑋
𝑺. 𝑫(𝑿) = 𝑺 = √[ −( ) ]
𝒏 𝒏
4. The salaries of five teachers in Rupees are as follows.
11500,12400,15000,14500,14800.
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Solution:
𝑋 = 11500,12400,15000,14500,14800.
Here 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 11500, 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 15000
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 15000 − 11500 k
s.p
= 3500
∑𝑥
𝑋̅ =
te

𝑛
11500 + 12400 + 15000 + 14500 + 14800
=
no

5
68200
= = 13640
5
sy

𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋̅ (𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
ea

11500 -2140 4579600

12400 -1240 1537600
15000 1360 1849600
14500 860 739600
14800 1160 1345600
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅) = 10052000,
2
𝑛=5
𝟐
∑ 𝑋2 ∑𝑋
𝑺. 𝑫(𝑿) = 𝑺 = √[ −( ) ]
𝒏 𝒏

10052000
=√
5
= √2010400
= 1417.88
5. (a) Find the standard deviation "𝑆" of each set of numbers:
i. 12,6,7,3,15,10,18,5
ii. 9,3,8,8,9,8,9,18.
(b) Calculate variance for the data 10,8,9,7,5,12,8,6,8,2

16 | P a g e
Class 10th Chapter 6

Solution:
i.
𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋̅ (𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
12 2.5 6.25
6 -3.5 12.25
7 -2.5 6.25
3 -6.5 42.25
15 5.5 30.25
10 0.5 0.25
18 8.5 72.25
5 -4.5 20.25
∑ 𝑋 = 76 ∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2 = 190, 𝑛 = 8
76
𝑋̅ = = 9.5
8
𝟐
∑ 𝑋2 ∑𝑋
𝑺. 𝑫(𝑿) = 𝑺 = √[ −( ) ]
𝒏 𝒏

190
=√
8
= √23.75
= 4.87
ii. k
s.p
𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋̅ (𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
9 0 0
te

3 -6 36
8 -1 1
no

8 -1 1
9 0 0
sy

8 -1 1
9 0 0
ea

18 9 81
∑ 𝑋 = 72 ∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2 = 120, 𝑛 = 8
∑ 𝑋 7𝑜
𝑋̅ = = =9
𝑛 8
𝟐
∑ 𝑋2 ∑𝑋
𝑺. 𝑫(𝑿) = 𝑺 = √[ −( ) ]
𝒏 𝒏

120
=√
8
= √15 = 3.87

(b) Calculate variance for the data 10,8,9,7,5,12,8,6,8,2

Solution:
𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋̅ (𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
10 2.5 6.25
8 0.5 25
9 1.5 2.25
7 -0.5 .25
5 -2.5 6.25
12 4.5 20.25
8 0.5 .25

17 | P a g e
Class 10th Chapter 6

6 -1.5 2.25
8 0.5 .25
2 -5.5 30.25
∑ 𝑋 = 75 ∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2 = 68.5, 𝑛 = 10
∑𝑋 75
𝑋̅ = = = 7.5
𝑛 10
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑿 = 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝑺𝟐 =
𝒏
68.5
= = 6.85
10
6. The length of 32 items are given below. Find the mean length and standard deviation of the distribution.
Length 20 − 22 23 − 25 26 − 28 29 − 31 32 − 34
frequency 3 6 12 9 2
Solution:
𝐶. 𝐼 𝑓 Mid points(𝑥) 𝑓𝑥 𝑋 − 𝑋̅ (𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2 𝑓(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
20 − 22 3 21 63 -6 36 108
23 − 25 6 24 144 -3 9 54
26 − 28 12 27 324 0 0 0
29 − 31 9 30 270 3 9 81
32 − 34 2 33 66 6 36 72
total 32 ∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 867 90 315
∑ 𝑓𝑥 867
𝑋̅ = 𝑛 = 32 = 27.093 = 27𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥
∑𝑋 75
𝑋̅ = 𝑛 = 10 = 7.5
k
s.p
𝟐
∑ 𝑋2 ∑𝑋 315
𝑺. 𝑫(𝑿) = 𝑺 = √[ −( ) ]=√ = √9.84375 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟕
𝒏 𝒏 𝟑𝟐
te

7. For the following distribution of marks calculator Range

no

Frequency/No.
33 − 40 28
41 − 50
sy

31
51 − 60 12
ea

61 − 70 9
71 − 75 5
Solution:
𝐶. 𝐼 Class Boundaries 𝑓
33 − 40 32.5 − 40.5 28
41 − 50 40.5 − 50.5 32
51 − 60 50.5 − 60.5 12
61 − 70 60.5 − 70.5 9
71 − 75 70.5 − 75.5 5
Here
𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75.5
𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 32.5
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 75.5 − 32.5 = 43

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