Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS)

STATCOM - II

Dr. Avik Bhattacharya

Assistant Professor
Room No. 227, Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Phone: 01332285375
Email: [email protected]

1
 STATCOM Operation (Cont…)
• By using a multi-pulse or multi level structure (and/or using appropriate
PWM), the output voltage distortion and capacitor ripple current can be
reduced to any desired value.
• Thus, STATCOM var generator, employing a perfect voltage-sourced
converter, would produce sinusoidal output voltages, would draw
sinusoidal reactive currents from the ac system and zero input current
from the dc capacitor.
• In practice, due to system unbalance and other imperfections, as well as
economic restrictions, these ideal conditions are not achieved.

2
 STATCOM Operation (Cont…)
• In a practical converter, the semiconductor switches are not lossless, and
therefore the energy stored in the dc capacitor would be used up by the
internal losses.
• These losses can be supplied from the ac system by making the output
voltages of the converter lag the ac system voltages by a small angle.
• In this way the converter absorbs a small amount of real power from the
ac system to replenish its internal losses and keep the' capacitor voltage at
the desired level.

3
 STATCOM Operation (Cont…)
• The STATCOM also possible to equip the converter with a dc source (e.g
battery, super capacitor, superconducting magnet).

In this case the converter can control both reactive and real power exchange
with the ac system, and thus it can function as a static synchronous generator.

• The capability of controlling real as well as reactive power exchange can

be used effectively in applications requiring power oscillation damping,
leveling peak power demand, and providing uninterrupted power for
critical loads.
4
 STATCOM Operation (Cont…)
Vac AC line

Coupling
Transformer

Vout

Voltage Source STATCOM/ESS STATCOM with energy

Converter internal control
storage device

Idc
Vdc

DC link

Cdc
DC/DC Buck Boost
Converter D

Energy storage
(ESS)

5
 STATCOM Operation (Cont…)
To exchange real power with the system there is
phase shift is created between Vo(converter
Absorbs P Supplies P
output voltage) and V(point of common coupling Supplies Q Supplies Q

point) Iac

1. If real power to be supplied to the bus Vo

should be lead V Vac

2. If real power to be absorbed from system Vo

should be lag V Absorbs P
Absorbs Q Supplies P

STATCOM can be operated as independent Absorbs Q

control of real reactive power i.e it can be

operated as four quadrant operation

6
 Control of STATCOM
• For analysis the converter are made by GTO
• The gating commands for these devices are generated by the internal
converter control in response to the demand for reactive and/or real
power reference signals.
• The reference signals are provided by the external or system control which
determine the functional operation of the STATCOM
• The main function of the internal control, is to operate the converter
power switches so as to produce a synchronous output voltage waveform
that forces the reactive (and real) power exchange.

7
 Control of STATCOM(Cont…)
• The internal control perform by computing the magnitude and phase angle of the
required output voltage from IQRref and lPRref provided by the external control
• It generating a set of coordinated timing wave forms (“gating pattern”), which
determines the on and off periods of each switch.

8
 Control of STATCOM(Cont…)
Internal control can be achieved by
 Indirectly via controlling the DC capacitor voltage (which in turn is
controlled by the angle of the output voltage) or
 Directly by the internal voltage control mechanism (e.g., PWM) of the
converter in which case the dc voltage is kept constant (by the control of
the angle).
indirect internal control
• The inputs to the internal control are: the ac system bus voltage V the
output current of the converter, io, and the reactive current reference,
IQref*.
9
Control of STATCOM(Cont…)

Indirect control

10
Control of STATCOM(Cont…)

11
 Control of STATCOM(Cont…)
• After suitable error amplification,
the real and reactive current error
signals are converted into the
magnitude and angle
• from which the appropriate gate
drive signals, in proper
relationship with the phase locked
loop provided phase reference,

direct control

12
 Characteristics of a STATCOM

The STATCOM can be considered a synchronous voltage source which will

draw reactive current from the ac system according to an external reference
which may vary in a defined range between the same capacitive and inductive
maxima, independent of the ac system voltage.

13
Characteristics of a STATCOM(Cont…)

14
 Characteristics of a STATCOM(Cont…)
• The positive slope BC is provided for
the V-I characteristic to (i) prevent the
STATCOM hitting the limits often and
(ii) to allow parallel operation of two or
more units.
• The reference voltage (Vref )
corresponds to zero current output

VI characteristics of STATCOM

15
 Characteristics of a STATCOM(Cont…)
• The dynamic response of STATCOM is better, due to its almost negligible
transport lag, is generally much faster than that attainable with its variable
impedance (FC-TCR and TSC-TCR) counterparts.
• It is also helpful that for high power transmission applications the voltage-
sourced converters for a variety of technical and economic reasons are of
multi-pulse (24 or higher) and multi-level construction.
• The small transport lag allows a wide frequency closed-loop bandwidth,
which provides stable operation for the STATCOM over a much wider
variation of the ac system than is possible with the SVC

16
 Characteristics of a STATCOM(Cont…)
• The total loss is the sum of the losses
consumed by the eight constituent six
pulse, two-level converters of the
multi-pulse arrangement,
• The converter losses are due to
semiconductor conduction and
switching losses, as well as to snubber
losses (consumed by du/dt and di/dt
limiting circuits) The loss versus reactive output current
characteristic of an actual 100 MVA,48-pulse
voltage-sourced converter, operated as a
STATCOM

17
 Characteristics of a STATCOM(Cont…)
• Converter loss At low switching frequency (60Hz).
about one-third of the converter losses is due to (semiconductor and
snubber) switching losses, the other two-thirds is due to conduction losses.
• The total magnetic losses are due to the main coupling transformer and
the interface magnetics
• The main transformer losses are, of course, unavoidable in high voltage
applications

18
 Hybrid STATCOM
• The STATCOM can generate or absorb the same amount of maximum
reactive power or it has the same control range for capacitive and
inductive Var output.
• many applications may call for a different Var generation and absorption
range.
• This can simply be achieved by combining the converter with either fixed
and/or thyristor-switched capacitors and/or reactors.
• This arrangement can generate Var in excess of the rating of the converter,
shifting the operating range into the capacitive region

19
 Hybrid STATCOM(Cont…)

Vmax=Voltage max
ILmax= Current max at
voltage maximum
ICmax= Current maximum

Combined converter-based and fixed capacitor type Var generator

20
 Hybrid STATCOM(Cont…)
• It is also possible to move the operating characteristic of a static Var
generator further into the absorption region by combining the converter
with a shunt reactor

Vmax=Voltage max
ILmax= Current max
ICmax= Current maximum
at voltage maximum

Combined converter-based and fixed inductor type Var generator

21
 Hybrid STATCOM
• Whereas fixed capacitors or reactors shift the operating range of the
converter based var generator more into the capacitive or into the
inductive region without changing the amount of controllable Mvars,
• It can be achieved by using thyristor-switched capacitors and reactors but
it will increase the total cost.
• Note that the addition of fixed or switched reactive admittances to the
converter based var generator undesirably changes the V-I characteristic
in that the output current becomes a function of the applied voltage.

22
 Hybrid STATCOM(Cont…)

Vmax=Voltage maximum
ILmax= Current maximum
ICmax= Current maximum

Combined converter-based and TSC-TCR type Var generator

23
 Hybrid STATCOM(Cont…)

Apart from the shift or extension of the controlled Var range, hybrid Var
generator arrangements, a converter with fixed and/or thyristor-controlled
capacitor and reactor banks, may be used for the purpose of providing an
optimal loss versus Var output characteristic to a given application.

24
Hybrid STATCOM(Cont…)

Summary of loss versus var output characteristics of different

static var generator scheme
25
Thank you

26
Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS)
STATCOM/SVC Comparison

Dr. Avik Bhattacharya

Assistant Professor
Room No. 227, Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Phone: 01332285375
Email: [email protected]

1
 Introduction
• On the basis of explanations provided in the previous sections The linear
operating range the V-I characteristic and functional compensation capability
of the STATCOM and the SVC are similar.
• The basic operating principles of the STATCOM, is a converter based Var
generator, operated as a shunt-connected synchronous voltage source
• The SVC, it is a thyristor-controlled reactors (TCR) and thyristor-switched
capacitors (TSC), operated as a shunt-connected, controlled reactive
admittance
• STATCOM's have overall superior functional characteristics, better
performance, and greater application flexibility than those attainable with
the SVC.

2
 Introduction (Cont…)
Performance of STATCOM and SVC examined based on
• V-l and V-Q Characteristics
• Transient Stability
• Response Time
• Capability to Exchange Real Power
• Operation With Unbalanced AC System
• Loss Versus Var Output Characteristic
• Physical Size and Installation

3
V-l and V-Q Characteristics

V-l Characteristics

4
 V-l and V-Q Characteristics(Cont…)
• These show that the STATCOM can be operated over, it full output current
range even at very low (theoretically zero), typicality about 0.2 p.u.
• In other words, the maximum capacitive or inductive output current of the
STATCOM can be maintained independently of the ac system voltage.
• In contrast to the STATCOM, the SVC, being composed of thyristor-
switched capacitors and reactors, becomes a fixed capacitive admittance
at full output.
• Thus the maximum attainable compensating current of the SVC decreases
linearly with ac system voltage

5
V-l and V-Q Characteristics(Cont…)

V-Q Characteristics
6
 V-l and V-Q Characteristics(Cont…)
• V-Q characteristics shows STATCOM, maximum Var generation or
absorption changes linearly with the ac system voltage.
• For SVC the maximum Var output decreases with the square of this
voltage,
• The STATCOM is, superior to the SVC in providing voltage support under
large system disturbances
• The capability of providing maximum compensating current at reduced
system voltage enables the STATCOM to perform in a variety of
applications, to achieve the same dynamic compensation as an SVC of
considerably higher rating.

7
 V-l and V-Q Characteristics(Cont…)
• The STATCOM may, depending on the power semiconductors used, have
an increased transient rating in both the inductive and capacitive
operating regions.
• The SVC has no means to increase transiently the Var generation since the
maximum capacitive current it can draw is strictly determined by the size
of the capacitor and the magnitude of the system voltage.
• The maximum attainable transient overcurrent of the STATCOM in the
capacitive region is determined by the maximum current turn-off
capability of the power semiconductors

8
 V-l and V-Q Characteristics(Cont…)
• In the inductive operating region the power semiconductors of an
elementary converter, switched at the fundamental frequency, are
naturally commutated.
• There fore transient current rating of the STATCOM in the inductive range
is, theoretically, limited only by the maximum permissible GTO junction
temperature,
• which would in principle allow higher transient rating in this range than
that attainable in the capacitive range.

9
 Transient Stability
• The ability of the STATCOM to maintain
full capacitive output current at low
system voltage also makes it more
effective than the SVC in improving the
transient stability.
• STATCOM increasing the transmittable
Power in the transmission system
• Where the transmitted power P is
shown against the transmission angle
δ for the usual two-machine model at
various capacitive ratings.

10
Transient Stability(Cont…)

11
 Transient Stability(Cont…)
• From this point, the STATCOM keeps providing this maximum capacitive
output current independent of the further increasing angle δ and the
consequent variation of the midpoint voltage.
• The increase in stability margin obtainable with a STATCOM over a
conventional thyristor-controlled SVC of identical rating is explained by
equal-area criteria (all ready discussed)
• The simple two-machine system with compensators (a STATCOM and an
SVC of the same Var rating ) are connected at the midpoint .

12
 Transient Stability(Cont…)
Explanation of equal area criteria ( with STATCOM )
• it is assumed that the system transmitting steady-
state electric power P1at angle δ1, is subjected to
a fault for a period of time during which P1
becomes zero
• During the fault, the sending-end machine
accelerates (due to the constant mechanical input
power),
• absorbing the kinetic energy represented by the
shaded area below the constant P1 line, and
increasing δ1to δc .
13
 Transient Stability(Cont…)
• Thus, when the original system is restored
after fault clearing, the transmitted power
becomes much higher than P1 due to the
larger transmission angle δc
• As a result, the sending-end machine
starts to decelerate, but δ increases
further until the machine loses all the
stored kinetic energy
• The recovered kinetic energy is
represented by the shaded area between
the P versus δ curve and the constant
power line P1

14
 Transient Stability(Cont…)
• The remaining un-shaded area below
the P versus δ curve and above the
constant power line P1 provides the
transient stability margin.
• For SVC also equal area criteria
explanation is same, as shown .
• From the figure observed, the transient
stability margin obtained with the
STATCOM, is significantly greater than
that attainable with the SVC of identical
Var rating.

15
 Response Time
• As demonstrated in early Section (STATCOM),the attainable response time
and the bandwidth of the closed voltage regulation loop of the STATCOM
are also significantly better than those of the SVC
• Time constant Td (which characterizes the inherent “transport lag” in the
power circuits of the STATCOM and of the SVC) it is typically from less than
200μS to 350μS for the STATCOM and between 2.5 and 5.0 ms for the
SVC.
• So in typical transmission applications the STATCOM can provide stable
operation with respectable response over a much wider variation of the
transmission network impedance than is possible with an SVC.

16
 Capability to Exchange Real Power
• it is clear that the STATCOM, in contrast to the SVC, can interface a suitable
energy storage with the ac system for real power exchange.
• That is, the STATCOM is capable of drawing controlled real power from an
energy source (large capacitor, battery, fuel cell, superconducting
magnetic storage, etc.) at its dc terminal and deliver it as ac power to the
system.
• This potential capability provides a new tool for enhancing dynamic
compensation, improving power system efficiency and, potentially,
preventing power outages.

17
 Capability to Exchange Real Power(Cont…)
• The reactive and real power exchange between the STATCOM and the ac
system can be controlled independently of each other
• any combination of real power generation and absorption with Var
generation and absorption is achievable (four quadrant operation is
possible).
• It should be noted that for short-term dynamic disturbances an energy
consuming device ( e.g. switched resistor) may be effectively used in place
of the more expensive energy storage to absorb power from the ac system
via the STATCOM

18
 Operation With Unbalanced AC System
• For the SVC normally means that its control establishes three identical
shunt admittances, one for each phase
• With unbalanced system voltages the compensating currents in each phase
would become different
• It is possible to control the three compensating admittances individually by
adjusting the delay angle of the TCRs so as to make the three
compensating currents identical.
• However, in this case the trip-lent harmonic content would be different in
each phase and their normal cancellation through delta connection would
not take place.

19
 Operation With Unbalanced AC System(Cont…)
• This operation mode thus would generally require the installation of the
usually unneeded third harmonic filters.
• For this reason, individual phase control for SVCs in transmission line
compensation is rarely employed.
• The operation of the STATCOM under unbalanced system conditions is
different from that of the SVC,
• The STATCOM operation is governed by the fundamental physical law
requiring that the net instantaneous power at the AC and DC terminals of
the voltage-sourced converter employed must always be equal.

20
 Operation With Unbalanced AC System(Cont…)
• Assume that the dc terminal voltage of the STATCOM is supported entirely
by an appropriately charged dc capacitor and that the losses of the
converter are zero
• With perfectly balanced sinusoidal ac terminal voltages the STATCOM will
draw a set of balanced, sinusoidal currents in quadrature with the system
voltages,.
• if the ac system voltages become unbalanced, then an alternating power
component at twice the fundamental frequency will appear at the ac
terminals of the STATCOM converter

21
 Operation With Unbalanced AC System(Cont…)
• If the converter control ignores this ac voltage component,
• that is, if it is operated to produce the ac output voltage as if the dc
terminal voltage was constant,
• then the second harmonic voltage component from the dc terminal will be
transformed (by the converter switching operation) as a negative
sequence fundamental component and a positive sequence third
harmonic component to the ac terminals.
• As a result, the STATCOM will, draw a negative sequence fundamental
current component as well as a (positive sequence) third harmonic current
component.

22
 Operation With Unbalanced AC System(Cont…)
• Out of the two voltage components, generated in the output of the
STATCOM as a result of system unbalance, the third harmonic is clearly
unwanted.
• Whereas the negative sequence fundamental voltage, generated
"naturally" by the converter with properly sized dc capacitor, reduces
significantly the negative sequence current
• That would otherwise be forced to flow by the negative sequence system
• The third harmonic have no useful function

23
 Loss Versus Var Output Characteristic
• The overall loss versus reactive output characteristic, of STATCOM and SVC
all ready discussed
• Both types of compensator have relatively low losses (about 0.1to 0.2%) at
and in the vicinity of zero Var output.
• The losses in both cases increase with increasing Var output
• The loss contribution of power semiconductors and related components
to the total compensator losses is higher for the STATCOM than for the
SVC
• This is because presently available power semiconductor devices with
internal turn-off capability have higher conduction losses than
conventional thyristors

24
 Loss Versus Var Output Characteristic(Cont…)

• Also switching losses with forced current interruption tend to involve

more losses than natural commutation.
• it is reasonable to expect that the historically rapid semiconductor
developments will reduce the device losses in the coming years
• Whereas the losses of conventional power components, such as reactors,
are not likely to change significantly.
• Thus, the technological advances probably will have help to reduce the
overall losses of the STATCOM more than those of the SVC.

25
 Physical Size and Installation
• The STATCOM will generate the reactive power by using semiconductor
device (al ways small size ).
• Large capacitor and reactor banks with their associated switchgear and
protection, used in conventional thyristor-controlled SVCs.
• This results in a significant reduction in overall size (about 30 to 40%), as
well as in installation labor and cost.
• The small physical size of the STATCOM makes it eminently suitable for
installations in areas where land cost is at a premium, and
• for applications where anticipated system changes may require the
relocation of the installation.

26
Thank you

27
Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS)
External Control Design of Static VAR Compensator

Dr. Avik Bhattacharya

Assistant Professor
Room No. 227, Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Phone: 01332285375
Email: [email protected]

1
 Introduction
• The primary objective of applying a static compensator in a power system
is to increase the power transmission capability,
• Since static compensators cannot generate or absorb real power
(neglecting the relatively low internal losses of the SVC and assuming no
energy storage for the STATCOM),
• The power transmission of the system is affected indirectly by voltage
control.
• That is, the reactive output power (capacitive or inductive) of the
compensator is varied to control the voltage at given terminals of the
transmission network.

2
 Introduction (Cont…)
• The basic compensation needs usually fall into one of the following two
main categories:
1. direct voltage support (to maintain sufficient line voltage for
facilitating increased power flow under heavy loads and for
preventing voltage instability)
2. transient and dynamic-stability improvements (to increase the first
swing stability margin and provide power oscillation damping).
• In order to meet the general compensation requirements of the power
system, the output of the static var generator is to be controlled to
maintain or vary the voltage at the point of connection to the transmission
system

3
 General control scheme
• A general control scheme, converting a static Var generator (either a
controlled impedance type or a converter based type) into a transmission
line compensator
• The power system, at the terminal of the compensator, is represented by a
generator with a generally varying rotor angle δ internal voltage V, and
source impedance Z that is a function of the angular frequency ω and time
t
• The terminal voltage vT of the power system can be characterized by a
generally varying amplitude VT and angular frequency ω.

4
General control scheme (Cont…)

General control scheme of a static Var generator.

5
 General control scheme (Cont…)
• The output of the static Var generator is controlled so that the amplitude
Io of the reactive current io, drawn from the power system follows the
current reference IQref.
• With the basic static compensator control, the Var generator is operated
as a perfect terminal voltage regulator
• The amplitude VT of the terminal voltage is measured and compared with
the voltage reference Vref and produce an error
• The error ∆VT is processed and amplified by a PI (proportional integral)
controller to provide the current reference IQref for the Var generator.

6
 General control scheme (Cont…)
• If the proper compensation of the ac power system requires some specific
variation in the amplitude of the terminal voltage derived from the
auxiliary inputs,
• In the following sections, some practical auxiliary control loops and the
corresponding characteristics of the static compensator are described.
1. The Regulation Slope
2. Dynamic Performance
3. Transient Stability Enhancement
4. Power Oscillation Damping

7
 The Regulation Slope
• In many applications, the static compensator is not used as a perfect
terminal voltage regulator, but rather the terminal voltage is allowed to
vary in proportion with the compensating current
Why it is proportion with compensating current ?
1. The linear operating range of a compensator with given maximum
capacitive and inductive ratings can be extended if a regulation “droop” is
allowed.
Regulation "droop" means that the terminal voltage is allowed to be smaller
than the nominal no load value at full capacitive compensation and,
conversely, it is allowed to be higher than the nominal value at full inductive
compensation.

8
 The Regulation Slope (Cont…)
2. Perfect regulation (zero droop or slope) could result in poorly defined
operating point, and a tendency of oscillation,
3. A regulation "droop" or slope tends to enforce automatic load sharing
between static compensators as well as other voltage regulating devices
normally employed to control transmission voltage.
• The desired terminal voltage versus output current characteristic of the
compensator can be established by a minor control loop using the
previously defined auxiliary input

9
 The Regulation Slope (Cont…)

Implementation of the V-l slope by a minor control loop changing the

reference voltage in proportion to the line current

10
The Regulation Slope (Cont…)

11
 The Regulation Slope (Cont…)
• By using the reference the amplitude of the terminal voltage, VT is
regulated along a set linear slope over the control range of the
compensator.
• For terminal voltage changes outside of the linear control range, the
output current of the compensator is determined by the basic V-I
characteristic of the Var generator used

12
 The Regulation Slope (Cont…)
• Load line 1 intersects the compensator V-I
characteristic at the nominal (reference) voltage, thus
the output current of the compensator is zero.
• Load line 2 is below load line 1 due to a decrease in
the power system voltage (e.g., generator outage). Its
intersection with the compensator and calls for the
capacitive compensating current lc2
• Load line 3 is above load line 1 due to an increase in
the power system voltage (e.g., load rejection). Its
intersection with the compensator and calls for
inductive compensating current IL3

13
 The Regulation Slope (Cont…)
• The terminal voltage variation with compensation, in the linear operating
range under steady-state conditions and slow system changes is entirely
determined by the regulation slope,
• Independent of the type of Var generator used(both STATCOM and SVC)
• Outside of the linear operating range the STATCOM and SVC act differently,
• The dynamic performance of the two types of compensator is also
different.

14
Dynamic Performance

15
Dynamic Performance(Cont…)

16
 Dynamic Performance(Cont…)
• The equation shows that the dynamic behavior of the compensator is a
function of the power system impedance
• Therefore time response, and thus the stability of the control, is
dependent on the system impedance

17
 Transient Stability Enhancement
• The transient stability indicates the capability of the power system to
recover from a major disturbance
• Transient stability at a given power level and fault clearing time is
primarily determined by the P versus δ characteristic of the post-fault
system
• a static compensator, controlled to regulate the terminal voltage, can
increase the transient stability by maintaining the transmission voltage in
face of the increased power flow encountered immediately after fault
clearing.

18
 Transient Stability Enhancement(Cont…)
• The transient stability can be increased further by temporarily increasing
the voltage above the regulation reference for the duration of the first
acceleration period of the machine
• The voltage increased above its nominal value will increase the electric
power transmitted and thus will increase also the deceleration of the
machine.
• The plot marked Vm= V represents the P versus δ plot obtained with an
ideal compensator holding the midpoint voltage constant

19
 Transient Stability Enhancement(Cont…)
• The plots marked STATCOM
and SVC represent these
compensators with a given
rating insufficient to maintain
constant midpoint voltage over
the total range of δ

20
 Transient Stability Enhancement(Cont…)
• The implementation of the transient stability enhancement in the basic
control scheme, can be accomplished simply by summing a signal δV to
the fixed voltage reference signal Vref ,
• The signal δV can be derived from the rate of change of transmitted
power, line current or system frequency, indicating the angular change of
the disturbed machines.

21
 Transient Stability Enhancement(Cont…)

Implementation of the transient stability enhancement concept by increasing

the reference voltage during the first swing of a major disturbance

22
 Power Oscillation Damping
• Power oscillation damping generally requires the variation of the voltage
at the terminal of the compensator in proportion to the rate of change of
the effective rotor (or power transmission) angle.
• Rotor angle changes, result in frequency and real power variations.
• In practice, usually the variation of the transmitted real power or the
system frequency is measured and used for controlling the Var output to
produce the terminal voltage variation desired.

23
 Power Oscillation Damping(Cont…)
• The functional control scheme for damping power oscillations, in this
same general idea of modifying the fixed voltage reference by an auxiliary
control signal to derive the effective voltage reference
• Accordingly, a signal corresponding to the variation of the real power or
that of the system frequency is summed to the fixed reference voltage
signal Vref.
• The added signal causes the output current of the compensator to vary
(oscillate) around the fixed operating point to control the terminal voltage
so as damp the oscillation

24
 Power Oscillation Damping(Cont…)

Implementation of power oscillation damping by modulating the reference

voltage according to frequency or power flow variations.

25
 Var Reserve (operating point) Control
• Even in the area of voltage regulation, the static compensator is viewed
primarily as a fast Var source to counteract rapid and unexpected voltage
disturbances due to faults, line and load switching, generator outages, etc.
• fulfill these applications requirements, it is necessary to ensure that the
compensator will have sufficient Var capacity to handle unpredictable
dynamic disturbances
• The basic concept is to allow the compensator to change its output rapidly
to counteract transient disturbances

26
 Var Reserve (operating point) Control(Cont…)
• A possible scheme to implement a basic var reserve control, the
magnitude of the output current of the compensator is measured and
compared against the reference IQ*.
• The error signal ∆IQ is processed by an integrator of large time constant
and added to the fixed voltage reference Vref .
• This forces the input signal to the voltage regulator to change until the
difference between the actual output current of the compensator and the
steady-state output current reference IQ* become equal.

27
Var Reserve (operating point) Control(Cont…)

Implementation of the Var reserve control

28
Thank you

29
Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS)
DSTATCOM

Dr. Avik Bhattacharya

Assistant Professor
Room No. 227, Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Phone: 01332285375
Email: [email protected]

1
 Introduction
• The concept of FACTS was developed originally for transmission network.
• Last 15 years it has been extended for improvement of Power Quality
(PQ) in distribution systems operating at low or medium voltages.
• In the early days, the power quality referred primarily to the continuity of
power supply at acceptable voltage and frequency.
• Present-day AC distribution systems are facing a number of power quality
problems, especially due to the use of sensitive equipment in most of the
industrial, residential, commercial, and traction applications.
• These power quality problems are classified as voltage and current quality
problems in distribution systems

2
 Introduction (Cont…)
• The nonlinear loads not only cause PQ problems but are also very
sensitive to the voltage deviations.
PQ problem is defined as Any problem manifested in voltage, current or
frequency deviations that result in failure or miss operation of customer
equipment
• STATCOM connecting at distributed system and operating for mitigation of
multiple current power quality problems is known as distributed STATCOM
(DSTATCOM)
• There are a number of current-based power quality problems such as poor
power factor, or poor voltage regulation, current harmonic, unbalanced
currents, and increased neutral current

3
 DSTATCOM
• The DSTATCOM technology is now a mature technology for providing
reactive power compensation, load balancing, and/or neutral current and
harmonic current compensation in AC distribution networks
• DSTATCOM also used to regulate the terminal voltage, suppress voltage
flicker, and improve voltage balance in three-phase systems
• Classical technology of using power capacitors and static VAR
compensators using TCRs and TSCs has been used to mitigate some of
these power quality problems.
• But the DSTATCOM technology is considered the best technology to
mitigate all the current-based power quality problems

4
 DSTATCOM(Cont…)
• DSTATCOMs are basically categorized into three types,
1. Single-phase two-wire
2. Three-phase three-wire
3. Three-phase four-wire configurations
• Single-phase two-wire DSTATCOMs have been investigated in varying
configurations and control strategies to meet the needs of single-phase
systems
• Both current source converters (CSCs) with inductive energy storage and
voltage source converters (VSCs) with capacitive energy storage are used
to develop DSTATCOMs.

5
 DSTATCOM(Cont…)
• Three-phase three-wire DSTATCOMs, starting from 1984.
• Many configurations and control strategies such as instantaneous reactive
power theory, synchronous frame d–q theory, and synchronous detection
method are used in the development of three-phase DSTATCOMs
• The problems of neutral current and unbalanced load currents can be
resolved by using four-wire DSTATCOMs in four-wire distribution systems,
which cause reduction of neutral current, load balancing, reactive power
compensation, and/or harmonic compensation
• The problems of reactive power and load unbalancing have been
recognized long ago and they have got aggravated in the presence of
nonlinear loads

6
 DSTATCOM(Cont…)
• Many more terminologies such as static VAR compensators, static flicker
compensators, and static VAR generators have been used in the literature.
• One of the major factors in advancing the DSTATCOM technology is the
advent of fast, self-commutating solid-state devices.
• In the initial stages, BJTs and power MOSFETs have been used to develop
DSTATCOMs
• With the introduction of IGBTs. the DSTATCOM technology has got a real
boost and at present it is considered as an ideal solid-state device for
DSTATCOMs.

7
 DSTATCOM(Cont…)
• The improved sensor technology, especially Hall effect current and voltage
sensors, has also contributed to the enhanced performance of
DSTATCOMs.
• The next breakthrough in DSTATCOM development has resulted from the
microelectronics (DSP, microprocessor, etc) revolution.
• Now it is possible to implement complex algorithms online for the control
of DSTATCOMs at a reasonable cost.
• With these improvements, the DSTATCOMs are capable of providing fast
corrective action even with dynamically changing loads such as furnaces
and traction.

8
 DSTATCOM(Cont…)

A three-leg VSC-based three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM

9
 Operation and Control of DSTATCOMs
• The basic function of DSTATCOMs is to mitigate most of the current-based
power quality problems such as reactive power, unbalanced currents, neutral
current, and harmonics and
• To provide sinusoidal balanced currents in the supply with the self-supporting
DC bus of the VSC used as a DSTATCOM
• An IGBT-based current-controlled voltage source converter (CC-VSC) with a DC
bus capacitor is used as the DSTATCOM
• The VSC uses PWM control, therefore, it requires small ripple filters to
mitigate switching ripples
• Using a control algorithm, the reference DSTATCOM currents are directly
controlled by estimating the reference DSTATCOM currents.

10
 Operation and Control of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)

• The gating pulses to the DSTATCOM are generated by employing hysteresis

or PWM current control over reference and sensed supply currents
resulting in an indirect current control.
• Using the DSTATCOM, the reactive power compensation and unbalanced
current compensation are achieved in all the control algorithms.
• In addition, zero voltage regulation (ZVR) at PCC is also achieved by
modifying the control algorithm suitably.

11
 Control of DSTATCOMs
• The main objective of a control algorithm of DSTATCOMs is to estimate the
reference currents using feedback signals.
• These reference currents along with corresponding sensed currents are
used in PWM current controllers to derive PWM gating signals for
switching devices (IGBTs) of the VSC used as a DSTATCOM.
• Reference currents may be estimated using a number of control
algorithms.
• There are many control algorithms reported in the literature for the
control of DSTATCOMs, which are classified as time-domain and
frequency-domain control algorithms. A few of these control algorithms
are as follows
12
 Control of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)
Time-domain control algorithms

1. Unit template technique or PI controller-based theory

2. Power balance theory (BPT)
3. I cos (ϕ) control algorithm
4. Current synchronous detection (CSD) method
5. Instantaneous reactive power theory (IRPT), also known as PQ theory or α–β theory
6. Synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory, also known as d–q theory
7. Instantaneous symmetrical component theory (ISCT)
8. Singe-phase PQ theory
9. Singe-phase DQ theory
10. Neural network theory (Widrow’s LMS-based Adaline algorithm)
11. Enhanced phase locked loop (EPLL)-based control algorithm
12. Conductance-based control algorithm
13. Adaptive detecting control algorithm, also known as adaptive interference canceling theory

13
 Control of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)
frequency-domain control algorithms
1. Fourier series theory
2. Discrete Fourier transform theory
3. Fast Fourier transform theory
4. Recursive discrete Fourier transform theory
5. Kalman filter-based control algorithm
6. Wavelet transformation theory
7. Stockwell transformation (S-transform) theory
8. Empirical decomposition (EMD) transformation theory
9. Hilbert–Huang transformation theory

14
 Control of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)
• All these control algorithms may be used for the control of DSTATCOMs.
• To get a basic understanding, only two of them are explained here and
which is the commonly used control scheme
1. Instantaneous reactive power theory (IRPT), also known as PQ theory or
α–β theory

2. Synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory, also known as d–q theory

15
 IRPT-Based Control Algorithm
• The IRPT-based control algorithm of DSTATCOMs
• The three-phase load current sand PCC voltages are sensed and used to
calculate the instantaneous active and reactive powers.
• Three phase PCC voltages are sensed and processed through BPF (band
pass filter)s before their transformation to eliminate their ripple contents
and are denoted as (vsa, vsb, vsc).
• A first-order Butterworth filter is used as a BPF.

16
IRPT-Based Control Algorithm (Cont…)

17
IRPT-Based Control Algorithm (Cont…)

18
IRPT-Based Control Algorithm(Cont…)

19
IRPT-Based Control Algorithm (Cont…)

20
 IRPT-Based Control Algorithm (Cont…)

Instantaneous reactive power theory-based control algorithm of DSTATCOMs

21
IRPT-Based Control Algorithm (Cont…)

22
SRF Theory-Based Control Algorithm

23
SRF Theory-Based Control Algorithm(Cont…)

24
SRF Theory-Based Control Algorithm(Cont…)

Block diagram of SRF theory-based control algorithm of DSTATCOMs

25
SRF Theory-Based Control Algorithm(Cont…)

26
SRF Theory-Based Control Algorithm(Cont…)

27
 SRF Theory-Based Control Algorithm(Cont…)
ZVR Operation of DSTATCOMs
• The control strategy for ZVR operation of the DSTATCOM considers that the
supply must deliver the same direct-axis component i*d as mentioned UPF
operation of DSTATCOM along with
• The difference of quadrature-axis current (iqDC) of the load and the component
obtained from the PI voltage controller (iqr) used for regulating the voltage at
PCC.
• The amplitude of the AC terminal voltage (Vsp) at PCC is controlled to its
reference voltage (V*sp )using the PI voltage controller.
• The output of the PI voltage controller is considered as the reactive power
component of current (iqr) for zero voltage regulation of the AC voltage at
PCC
28
SRF Theory-Based Control Algorithm(Cont…)

29
 SRF Theory-Based Control Algorithm(Cont…)

• Three-phase reference supply currents are obtained by reverse Park’s

transformation with i*d and i*q as described equation , and i*0 as zero.
• These reference supply currents i*sa, i*sb, i*sc with the respective sensed
supply currents (isa, isb, isc) are fed to a PWM current controller to generate
the switching signals of the VSC used as a DSTATCOM.

30
Thank you

31
Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS)
Design of DSTATCOM

Dr. Avik Bhattacharya

Assistant Professor
Room No. 227, Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Phone: 01332285375
Email: [email protected]

1
 Design of DSTATCOMs
• The design of DSTATCOMs include the detailed analysis for deriving the
design equations for calculating the values of different components used
in their circuit configurations.
• As already discussed in the previous section, there are a large number of
topologies of DSTATCOMs, therefore, it is not possible to include here the
design of all circuit configurations.
• In view of these facts, three-phase three wire DSTATCOMs, is given here
through a step-by step design procedure.
• It includes the design of the VSC and its other passive components

2
 Design of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)
• The DSTATCOM includes a VSC, interfacing inductors, and a ripple filter.
• A ripple filter is used to filter the switching ripples from the voltage at PCC
• The design of the interfacing inductors and a ripple filter is carried out to
limit the ripple in the currents and voltages
• The design of the VSC includes the DC bus voltage level, the DC
capacitance, and the rating of IGBTs.
• The design of a DC bus capacitor depends on the energy storage capacity
needed during transient conditions
• The rating of the DSTATCOM depends on the required reactive power
compensation and degree of unbalance in the load.

3
 Design of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)
• Hence, the current rating of the DSTATCOM is affected by the load power rating
and its voltage rating depends on the DC bus voltage.
• The design equations for the estimation and selection of the components of the
VSC of the DSTATCOM and the voltage levels are given in the following sections.
• A three-leg VSC is used as a distribution static compensator and this topology has
six IGBTs, three AC inductors, and a DC capacitor.
• The required compensation to be provided by the DSTATCOM decides the rating of
the VSC components.
• The VSC is designed for compensating a reactive power of 50 kVA in a 415 V, 50 Hz,
three-phase distribution system.

4
 Design of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)

A three-leg VSC-based three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM

5
Design of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)

6
Design of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)

7
 Design of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)

• Considering the minimum voltage level of the DC bus (VDC1) =677.69 V, VDC
= 700 V, V= 239.60 V, I= 76.51 A, t= 30 ms, a=1.2, and variation of energy
during dynamics =10% (k1= 0.1), the calculated value of CDC is 12 882.75 μF
and it is selected as 13 000 μF.

8
Design of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)

9
Design of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)

10
 Design of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)
Voltage and Current Ratings of the Solid-State Switches
• The voltage rating (Vsw) of the device can be calculated under dynamic
conditions as
Vsw =VDC + Vd
• where Vd is the 10% overshoot in the DC link voltage under dynamic
conditions.
• The voltage rating of the switch is calculated as 770 V.
• With an appropriate safety factor, 1200 V, IGBTs are selected for the VSC
used in the DSTATCOM.

11
 Design of DSTATCOMs(Cont…)
• The current rating (Isw) of the device can be calculated under dynamic
conditions as
Isw =1:25(Icr,pp +Ipeak)
• From these equations, the voltage and current ratings of the IGBT
switches can be estimated.
• The current rating of the switch is calculated as 149.59 A. Thus, a solid-
state switch (IGBT) for the VSC is selected with the next available higher
rating of 1200V and 300 A.

12
Thank you

13
 NPTEL
Course Name: FACTS DEVICES
Instructor: Dr. Avik Bhattacharya
Assignment 4, Week 4
1. A three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM is employed at a 415 V, 50 Hz
system to provide load balancing and reactive power compensation for UPF
of a single-phase 75 kVA, 0.8 lagging power factor load across two lines.
Calculate supply line currents.

a) 83.47 A
b) 85.47 A
c) 81.47 A
d) 87.47 A
Solution -

2. A three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM is employed at a 415 V, 50 Hz

system to provide load balancing and reactive power compensation for UPF
of a single-phase 75 kVA, 0.8 lagging power factor load across two lines.
Calculate its kVA rating.
 a) 96.47 kVA
b) 75.98 kVA
c) 80.67 kVA
d) 83.72 kVA
Solution-

3. A three-phase four-wire unbalanced load having Za =(3.0 +j2.0) pu

connected between phase a and neutral terminal is fed from an AC supply
with an input line voltage of 415 V at 50 Hz and a base impedance of 9.15 Ω
per phase. It is to be realized as a balanced unity power factor load on the
 three-phase supply system using a four-leg PWM-based DSTATCOM.
Calculate its neutral current.

a) 7.26 A
b) 9.26 A
c) 5.26 A
d) 11.26 A
Solution-
4. Design of DSTATCOM involves following steps
i. Selection of DC bus voltage
ii. Selection of DC bus capacitor
iii. Selection of AC inductor
iv. Selection of ripple filter
v. Voltage and current rating of solid state switches
a. i,ii,iii,iv
b. i,ii,iii,iv,v
c. ii,iii,iv
d. iii,v
Solution –
5. Which of the following DSTATCOM control algorithm is in frequency
domain
a. Conductance based algorithm
b. b. Synchronous reference frame theory
c. Neural network theory
d. Kalman filter based control algorithm
Solution-

6. A three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM is employed at a 415 V, 50 Hz

system to provide the load balancing and power factor correction of a single-
phase 50 kW, unity power factor load across two lines, Calculate supply line
currents.

a) 70.69 A
b) 69.56 A
c) 59.56 A
d) 65.49 A
Solution-

7. Which of the following statement DSTATCOM is true

i. Gating pulse to the DSTATCOM are generated by
employing hysteresis or PWM current control over reference
ii. The main objective of the DSTATCOMs is to estimate
reference currents using feedback signals
iii. DSTATCOM is basically used to mitigate the current based
power quality problem
a. i,ii
b. i,iii
c. i,ii,iii
d. None of the above
Solution-

1. Gating pulse to the DSTATCOM is generated by employing

hysteresis or PWM current control over reference (Statement i - ✅
True)
o DSTATCOM uses hysteresis current control or pulse width
modulation (PWM) techniques to generate the required gating
signals for power electronic switches. These techniques ensure that
 the output current follows the reference current waveform
accurately.
2. The main objective of the DSTATCOM is to estimate reference
currents using feedback signals (Statement ii - ✅ True)
o DSTATCOM continuously monitors load conditions and estimates
the reference current based on feedback signals such as voltage,
current, and power factor. These reference currents are used to
generate compensating currents to improve power quality.
3. DSTATCOM is basically used to mitigate the current-based power
quality problems (Statement iii - ✅ True)
o DSTATCOM is primarily used for compensating reactive power,
reducing harmonics, correcting power factor, and balancing loads
in distribution systems. These are all current-based power quality
issues.

Since all the statements are true, the correct answer is (c) i, ii, iii.

8. Which of following statement is not true

i. Transient stability of STATCOM is better than SVC
ii. Physical size of STATCOM is less than 30 % of SVC
iii. Cost and loss in STATCOM is low
a. i,ii,iii
b. i,ii
c. ii,iii
d. iii
9. A three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM is employed at a 415 V, 50 Hz
system to provide reactive power compensation for unity power factor of a
three-phase delta connected 25 kW induction motor operating at 0.8 lagging
power factor. Calculate DC bus capacitance for the DSTATCOM, where the
switching frequency is 2.5 kHz and DC bus voltage is 700 V and it has to be
controlled within 8% range and ripple current in the inductor is 15%.

a) 4983.7 µF
b) 500.63 µF
c) 216.963 µF
d) 5879.5 µF

Solution-
10.Which of the following statement about IRPT – based control algorithm is
false
 a. IRPT refers to Instantaneous reactive power theory
b. IRPT based control algorithm is used for the DSTATCOM
c. IRPT also known as d-q theory
d. None of the above

Solution-