1.

System Assembling , Disassembling and identification of Parts / Peripherals

As we know, computer assembly is a systematic process. First, arrange the computer parts. The
sequence for assembly and working of the computer listed below is as: • Open the case. • Install the
power supply. • Attach the components to the motherboard. • Install the motherboard. • Install internal
drives. • Connect all internal cables. • Install motherboard power connections • Connect external cables
to the computer. • Boot the computer for the first time.

Material Required • Computer case, with power supply installed • Motherboard • CPU • Heat sink/fan
assembly • Thermal compound • RAM module(s) • Motherboard standoffs and screws • Anti-static wrist
strap and anti-static mat • Tool kit

Step 1: Open the case

Step 2 : Install the power supply

Step 3: Attach the components to motherboard

Step 4: Install motherboard

Step 5: Install internal drives

Step 6: Connect all internal cables

Step 7: Install motherboard power connections

Step 8: Connect external cables to the computer

Computer Disassembly Disassembly is the process of breaking down a device into separate parts.
Disassembly of any device is required to determine a problem, to replace a part, or take the parts and
use them in another device. A computer is also an electronic device which requires disassembly for such
issues. For example, if a RAM gets dysfunctional in a computer, then it requires disassembling the
computer to take out the dysfunctional RAM and replace it with new RAM chips. As we know,
computers have standard internal components, but the way of placement may vary as per the PC tower
case and different brands of computer. The best way is to refer to the manufacturer instructions
manual. But in general there is a standard process of computer disassembly, which is demonstrated in
this session. Just like computer assembly, the disassembly is a standard process. The process involves
unplugging of all the cords and cables connecting a component to other components, then removing the
part from the case or frame. Components can be attached to the case with special clips, screws, or by
insertion into a holder. A small amount of force is required to remove each part of the computer system.
 Material Required • One working PC • An anti-static wrist strap • An anti-static mat • Anti-static
bags of various sizes • Technician’s toolkit • A plastic cup or box to organize screws, nuts, and bolts
Procedure The disassembly procedure of computer is demonstrated as below.

2. Operating System Installation – Install Operating

Systems like Windows, Linux along with necessary Device
Drivers.

Installing or upgrading Windows

To start the Windows install or upgrade process, you need to configure
your computer to boot from a CD or DVD before booting to the hard
drive. Changing the boot process forces the computer to look for the
Windows installation disc before booting from the hard drive.

1. Open the CMOS setup.

 How to enter and exit the BIOS or CMOS setup.

2. Change the computer's boot order. Set the CD, DVD, or disc drive as the
first boot device if you are trying to boot from a disc. Or, set the first boot
device to your USB drive if you're trying to boot from a USB thumb drive. If
the drive is not shown, keep the disc is inserted and reboot the computer.
With the disc in the drive, BIOS should recognize and include it in the list.

3. Save the settings change and exit BIOS.

Once you have updated the boot order, you can begin the Windows
installation process.

4. Place the Windows disc in the CD/DVD drive or USB thumb drive into the
back of the computer.

5. Turn on or restart the computer. As the computer starts up, it should detect
the installation disc or drive and show a message similar to Press any key to
boot from CD. Press any key on the keyboard to have the computer boot
from the Windows disc or drive.
6. After the Windows install begins, there are several prompts that you need to
answer. Select either Yes or the appropriate option to install Windows.

Install Note

Make sure you select the Full Install option and not
the Repair or Upgrade option.

Upgrade Note

If you are upgrading to a newer version of Windows, select

the Upgrade option instead of the Full Install option.

7. When asked which partition to install Windows onto, select the main
partition, usually the C: drive or one labeled "Unallocated partition". If
upgrading Windows, select the existing installation of Windows on the hard
drive.

8. You may be asked if you want to erase all contents on the hard drive, then
install Windows. We recommend you choose this option, as it also formats
the hard drive to allow the Windows operating system to be installed.

Tip

You can use the erase all contents option to uninstall an existing version of
Windows on the hard drive, then install Windows again.

9. The computer may need to restart several times during the Windows install
process. The restarts are normal and if prompted to restart, select
the Yes option.

10. When the install process is nearly complete, the Windows configuration
option screens are shown. On these screens, you may be asked to select the
time zone you live in, your preferred language, and the account's name you
use to access Windows. Select the appropriate options and enter the
appropriate information on each configuration screen.

The Windows install process is completed when the computer prompts

you to log in or when it loads into Windows.

Final Windows and computer configuration

 After Windows is installed on the computer, you need to install
the drivers and related software for the hardware in the computer. You
can use the installation discs that came with the hardware
or download the drivers from the hardware manufacturer's website.

 How to install and update a computer driver.

Tip

If you cannot download drivers because your network card is not working
after installing Windows, you can download the drivers on another computer.
Then, copy them to a USB thumb drive, and move them over to your
computer.

We strongly recommend you install the latest drivers for each piece of
hardware.

To determine which hardware needs drivers to be installed, check

the Device Manager and look for the exclamation mark "!" next to
hardware devices. The exclamation point means drivers are needed for
that device.

After installing the necessary hardware device drivers, install any

software programs on the computer that you want to use.

Finally, download and install any available Windows updates. Updating

Windows improves the operating system's performance, the hardware
in the computer, and the software programs you use. It can also
improve security by fixing potential security holes and flaws in
Windows.

 How to update a Microsoft Windows computer.

Long-term maintenance of Windows

Microsoft frequently releases new updates for Windows, so we
recommend you check for and install available updates. Doing so helps
keep Windows running better and keep your computer protected.

Also, periodically check for updated hardware device drivers from

manufacturers' websites. Keeping hardware drivers updated helps the
hardware devices in the computer run at peak performance and
improves compatibility with other computer hardware and software.

3. Introducing to programming Environment(Linux

commands, editing tools such as vi editor, sample program
entry, compilation and execution )

4. Linux Commands

Linux Commands

Basic Commands

1. pwd — When you first open the terminal, you are in the home directory of

your user. To know which directory you are in, you can use

the “pwd― command. It gives us the absolute path, which means the

path that starts from the root. The root is the base of the Linux file system. It is

denoted by a forward slash( / ). The user directory is usually something like

"/home/username".
2. ls — Use the "ls" command to know what files are in the directory you are

in. You can see all the hidden files by using the command “ls -a―.

3. cd — Use the "cd" command to go to a directory. For example, if you are

in the home folder, and you want to go to the downloads folder, then you can

type in “cd Downloads―. Remember, this command is case sensitive,

and you have to type in the name of the folder exactly as it is. But there is a

problem with these commands. Imagine you have a folder named

“Raspberry Pi―. In this case, when you type in “cd Raspberry

Pi―, the shell will take the second argument of the command as a different

one, so you will get an error saying that the directory does not exist. Here, you

can use a backward slash. That is, you can use “cd Raspberry\ Pi― in

this case. Spaces are denoted like this: If you just type “cd― and press

enter, it takes you to the home directory. To go back from a folder to the folder

before that, you can type “cd ..― . The two dots represent back.
4. mkdir & rmdir — Use the mkdir command when you need to create a

folder or a directory. For example, if you want to make a directory called

“DIY―, then you can type “mkdir DIY―. Remember, as told

before, if you want to create a directory named “DIY Hacking―, then

you can type “mkdir DIY\ Hacking―. Use rmdir to delete a directory.

But rmdir can only be used to delete an empty directory. To delete a directory

containing files, use rm.

5. rm - Use the rm command to delete files and directories. Use "rm -r" to

delete just the directory. It deletes both the folder and the files it contains

when using only the rm command.

6. touch — The touch command is used to create a file. It can be anything,

from an empty txt file to an empty zip file. For example, “touch

new.txt―.

7. man & --help — To know more about a command and how to use it, use

the man command. It shows the manual pages of the command. For

example, “man cd― shows the manual pages of the cd command.

Typing in the command name and the argument helps it show which ways the

command can be used (e.g., cd –help).

8. cp — Use the cp command to copy files through the command line. It

takes two arguments: The first is the location of the file to be copied, the

second is where to copy.

9. mv — Use the mv command to move files through the command line. We

can also use the mv command to rename a file. For example, if we want to

rename the file “text” to “new”, we can use “mv text

new―. It takes the two arguments, just like the cp command.

10. locate — The locate command is used to locate a file in a Linux system,

just like the search command in Windows. This command is useful when you

don't know where a file is saved or the actual name of the file. Using the -i

argument with the command helps to ignore the case (it doesn't matter if it is

uppercase or lowercase). So, if you want a file that has the word

“hello―, it gives the list of all the files in your Linux system containing

the word "hello" when you type in “locate -i hello―. If you remember

two words, you can separate them using an asterisk (*). For example, to

locate a file containing the words "hello" and "this", you can use the command

“locate -i *hello*this―.

Intermediate Commands

1. echo — The "echo" command helps us move some data, usually text into

a file. For example, if you want to create a new text file or add to an already

made text file, you just need to type in, “echo hello, my name is alok >>

new.txt―. You do not need to separate the spaces by using the backward
slash here, because we put in two triangular brackets when we finish what we

need to write.

2. cat — Use the cat command to display the contents of a file. It is usually

used to easily view programs.

3. nano, vi, jed — nano and vi are already installed text editors in the Linux

command line. The nano command is a good text editor that denotes

keywords with color and can recognize most languages. And vi is simpler

than nano. You can create a new file or modify a file using this editor. For

example, if you need to make a new file named "check.txt", you can create it

by using the command “nano check.txt―. You can save your files after

editing by using the sequence Ctrl+X, then Y (or N for no). In my experience,

using nano for HTML editing doesn't seem as good, because of its color, so I

recommend jed text editor. We will come to installing packages soon.

4. sudo — A widely used command in the Linux command line, sudo stands

for "SuperUser Do". So, if you want any command to be done with

administrative or root privileges, you can use the sudo command. For

example, if you want to edit a file like viz. alsa-base.conf, which needs root

permissions, you can use the command – sudo nano alsa-base.conf. You

can enter the root command line using the command “sudo bash―,

then type in your user password. You can also use the command “su―

to do this, but you need to set a root password before that. For that, you can
use the command “sudo passwd―(not misspelled, it is passwd). Then

type in the new root password.

5. df — Use the df command to see the available disk space in each of the

partitions in your system. You can just type in df in the command line and you

can see each mounted partition and their used/available space in % and in

KBs. If you want it shown in megabytes, you can use the command “df -

m―.

6. du — Use du to know the disk usage of a file in your system. If you want

to know the disk usage for a particular folder or file in Linux, you can type in

the command df and the name of the folder or file. For example, if you want to

know the disk space used by the documents folder in Linux, you can use the
command “du Documents”. You can also use the command “ls -

lah― to view the file sizes of all the files in a folder.

7. tar — Use tar to work with tarballs (or files compressed in a tarball

archive) in the Linux command line. It has a long list of uses. It can be used to

compress and uncompress different types of tar archives like .tar, .tar.gz,

.tar.bz2,etc. It works on the basis of the arguments given to it. For example,

"tar -cvf" for creating a .tar archive, -xvf to untar a tar archive, -tvf to list the

contents of the archive, etc. Since it is a wide topic, here are some examples

of tar commands.

8. zip, unzip — Use zip to compress files into a zip archive, and unzip to

extract files from a zip archive.

9. uname — Use uname to show the information about the system your

Linux distro is running. Using the command “uname -a― prints most of

the information about the system. This prints the kernel release date, version,

processor type, etc.

10. apt-get — Use apt to work with packages in the Linux command line.

Use apt-get to install packages. This requires root privileges, so use

the sudo command with it. For example, if you want to install the text

editor jed (as I mentioned earlier), we can type in the command “sudo

apt-get install jed―. Similarly, any packages can be installed like this. It is

good to update your repository each time you try to install a new package.

You can do that by typing “sudo apt-get update―. You can upgrade

the system by typing “sudo apt-get upgrade―. We can also upgrade

the distro by typing “sudo apt-get dist-upgrade―. The command

“apt-cache search― is used to search for a package. If you want to

search for one, you can type in “apt-cache search jed―(this doesn't

require root).
11. chmod — Use chmod to make a file executable and to change the

permissions granted to it in Linux. Imagine you have a python code

named numbers.py in your computer. You'll need to run “python

numbers.py― every time you need to run it. Instead of that, when you

make it executable, you'll just need to run “numbers.py― in the

terminal to run the file. To make a file executable, you can use the command

“chmod +x numbers.py” in this case. You can use “chmod 755

numbers.py” to give it root permissions or “sudo chmod +x

numbers.py― for root executable. Here is some more information about

the chmod command.

12. hostname — Use hostname to know your name in your host or network.

Basically, it displays your hostname and IP address. Just typing

“hostname” gives the output. Typing in “hostname -I― gives

you your IP address in your network.

13. ping — Use ping to check your connection to a server. Wikipedia says,

"Ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the

reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network". Simply, when you

type in, for example, “ping google.com―, it checks if it can connect to

the server and come back. It measures this round-trip time and gives you the

details about it. The use of this command for simple users like us is to check

your internet connection. If it pings the Google server (in this case), you can

confirm that your internet connection is active!

Tips and Tricks for Using Linux Command Line

 You can use the clear command to clear the terminal if it gets filled up

with too many commands.

 TAB can be used to fill up in terminal. For example, You just need to

type “cd Doc― and then TAB and the terminal fills the rest up

and makes it “cd Documents―.

  Ctrl+C can be used to stop any command in terminal safely. If it doesn't

stop with that, then Ctrl+Z can be used to force stop it.

 You can exit from the terminal by using the exit command.

 You can power off or reboot the computer by using the command sudo

halt and sudo reboot.

4 MS-Office / Open Office a. Word – Formatting Page Borders,

Reviewing Equations, symbols
Add a border to a page
1. Go to Design > Page Borders.
2. Make selections for how you want the border to look.
3. To adjust the distance between the border and the edge of the page, select Options. Make your
changes and select OK.
4. Select OK.

b. Spread Sheet – organize data, usage of formula graphs

charts
What Is Data?
Data is a collection of information from facts, statistics, numbers, characteristics, observations,
and measurements that represent an idea. There are two forms of data. Quantitative
data deals with the quantity (for example, the number of whales at Sea World). Qualitative
data is another form of data that deals with the description of things. Qualitative data can be
observed but not measured (such as the color of your eyes). Here are some examples of
quantitative and qualitative data:
Quantitative Data Qualitative Data
Age of your car Color of the sky
Number of students in a class Softness of your skin
Number of pennies in your piggy bank Influence of extracurricular activities in a school

Gathering and Organizing Data

You may be wondering, how do we gather data? There are several ways to obtain and analyze
data. As a researcher, you can use the following: surveys, focus groups, interviews, and
questionnaires. A survey is a tool that a person can use to have a brief discussion about a
specific topic (like favorite ice cream flavor). A focus group is a group of individuals being
interviewed or observed on a specific topic (such as discussion on school safety).
An interview can be a one-on-one or group discussion as well, where the observer is trying to
compile information about a specific topic. A questionnaire shares the same characteristics of
a survey, focus group, and interview, as it's a list of questions the observer has compiled for the
specific topic. These tools are great to use to organize and visually represent data using various
charts and graphs.

Examples of Graphs and Charts

Have you heard that a picture is worth a thousand words? The organization of your data is
critical when you're trying to explain the results from a researched topic. Let's review some
visual representations of grouped data. Let's examine this bar graph. A bar graph is a graph
with grouped data that has vertical or horizontal bars.

c. Power point – features of power point, guidelines for

preparing an effective presentation
An Introduction To MS PowerPoint
MS PowerPoint is a program that is included in the Microsoft Office suite. It is used to make
presentations for personal and professional purposes.
In this article, we shall discuss in detail the functions and features of a PowerPoint presentation,
followed by some sample questions based on this topic for the upcoming competitive exams.
To learn more about the different programs under Microsoft Office, visit the linked article.
Given below are a few important things that one must know about the development and
introduction of Microsoft PowerPoint:

 The program was created in a software company named Forethought, Inc. by Robert Gaskins
and Dennis Austin.
 It was released on April 20, 1987, and after 3 months of its creation, it was acquired by
Microsoft.
 The first version of this program, when introduced by Microsoft was MS PowerPoint 2.0 (1990).
 It is a presentation-based program that uses graphics, videos, etc. to make a presentation more
interactive and interesting.
 The file extension of a saved Powerpoint presentation is “.ppt”.
 A PowerPoint presentation comprising slides and other features is also known as PPT.
Gradually, with each version, the program was more creative and more interactive. Various other
features were added in PowerPoint which massively increased the requirement and use of this
MS Office program.
From the examination point of view, MS PowerPoint happens to be a very important topic.
Candidates who are preparing for the various Government exams can visit the Computer
Knowledge page and get a list of topics included in the syllabus and prepare themselves
accordingly.

.c. Access – creation of database, validate data

Create a database

1. Open Access.

If Access is already open, select File > New.

2. Select Blank database, or select a template.

3. Enter a name for the database, select a location, and then select Create.

If needed, select Enable content in the yellow message bar when the database opens.

For more info, see Create a new database.

Import data from Excel

1. Open the Excel workbook, make sure each column has a heading and a consistent data
type, and then select the range of data.
2. Select External Data > Excel.
3. Select Browse to find the Excel file, accept the default values, and then click OK.
4. Select Does the first row of your data contain column headings?, and then click Next.
5. Complete the rest of the wizard screens, and select Finish.

5 Network Configuration & Software Installation:

Configuring TCP/IP, proxy and firewall settings.
Installing application software system software &
tools.
To enable DHCP or change other TCP/IP settings
1. Select Start, then type settings. Select Settings > Network & internet.
2. Do one of the following: ...
3. Next to IP assignment, select Edit.
4. Under Edit network IP settings or Edit IP settings, select Automatic (DHCP) or Manual. ...
5. When you're done, select Save.