Scribd
Upload
14 views23 pages

EM1 Ch1

The document outlines the structure and content of a textbook on electromagnetic field theory, covering topics such as vector analysis, electrostatics, magnetostatics, and wave applications. It introduces fundamental concepts like vector algebra, electric and magnetic fields, and Maxwell's equations, along with practical applications in various technologies. The text includes examples and mathematical principles related to vectors, including addition, multiplication, and components.

Uploaded by

lyousm3628
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views23 pages

EM1 Ch1

The document outlines the structure and content of a textbook on electromagnetic field theory, covering topics such as vector analysis, electrostatics, magnetostatics, and wave applications. It introduces fundamental concepts like vector algebra, electric and magnetic fields, and Maxwell's equations, along with practical applications in various technologies. The text includes examples and mathematical principles related to vectors, including addition, multiplication, and components.

Uploaded by

lyousm3628
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Electromagnetic

field theory 1

o
§
§
§
§
Contents
Part1. Vector Analysis
1. Vector Algebra
2. Coordinate systems and transformation
3. Vector Calculus
Part2. Electrostatics
4. Electrostatic fields
5. Electric fields in material space
6. Electrostatic boundary-value problems

Part3. Magnetostatics
7. Magnetostatic fields
8. Magnetic forces, materials, and devices
Part4. Waves and Applications
9. Maxwell’s equations
10. Electromagnetic wave propagation
Chapter 1. Vector Algebra
1.1. Introduction
Electromagnetics (EM) is a branch of physics or electrical engineering in which
electric and magnetic phenomena are studied.

• Applications : microwaves, antennas, electric machine, satellite communications,

bioelectromagnetics, plasmas, nuclear research, fiber optics, electromagnetic interference &

compatibility, electromechanical energy conversion, radar meteorology, remote sensing

• EM devices : transformers, electric relays, radio/TV, telephones, electric motors,

transmission lines, waveguides, antennas, optical fibers, lasers


1.2. A preview of the book
The subject of electromagnetic phenomena can be summarized in Maxwell’s equations.

Differential (or Point) Form Remarks

∇ " 𝐃 = 𝜌! Gauss’s law

∇"𝐁=0 Nonexistence of magnetic monopole

∇×𝐄= 0 Conservative nature of electrostatic field

∇×𝐇= 𝐉 Ampere’s law

∇ = the vector differential operator


𝐃 = the electric flux density
𝐁 = the magnetic flux density
𝐄 = the electric field intensity
𝐇 = the magnetic field intensity
𝜌! = the volume charge density
𝐉 = the current density
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
A quantity can be either a scalar or a vector.

A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude.

Ex) time, mass, distance, temperature, entropy, electric potential, population

A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

Ex) velocity, force, displacement, electric field intensity

A field is a function that specifies a particular quantity everywhere in a region.

The quantity of scalar è a scalar field


ex) temperature distribution in a building, sound intensity in a theater, electric
potential in a region, refractive index of a stratified medium
The quantity of vector è a vector field
ex) gravitational force on a body in space, the velocity of raindrops in the
atmospheres
1.4. Unit Vector
A vector A has both magnitude and direction.

the magnitude of A : scalar, written as A or 𝐀


a unit vector 𝒂𝑨 along A : a vector whose magnitude is unity ( =1) and its direction is along A.

A vector A in Cartesian (or Rectangular) Coordinates

The magnitude of vector A


1.5. Vector Addition and Subtraction
𝑪 = 𝑨 + 𝑩
The vector addition is carrier out component by component.
If, 𝑨 = (𝐴# , 𝐴$ , 𝐴% ), 𝑩 = (𝐵# , 𝐵$ , 𝐵% )

𝑫 = 𝑨 – 𝑩 = 𝑨 + (−𝑩)

The three basic laws


Law Addition Multiplication

Commutative

Associative

Distributive
1.6. Position and Distance Vectors
A point P in Cartesian coordinates : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

The position vector 𝒓𝒑 (or radius vector) of point P is defined as the directed distance
from the origin O to P, that is

The distance vector is the displacement


from one point to another.
P (𝑥" , 𝑦" , 𝑧" ), Q (𝑥# , 𝑦# , 𝑧# )

A vector field is said to be constant or uniform


if it does not depend on x, y, and z.

: uniform vector
EXAMPLE 1.1 If 𝐀 = 10𝒂𝒙 − 4𝒂𝒚 + 6𝒂𝒛 and 𝐁 = 2𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 , find (a) the component of
A along 𝒂𝒚 , (b) the magnitude of 3A – B, (c) a unit vector along A + 2B.
EXAMPLE 1.2 Points P and O are located at (0,2,4) and (-3, 1, 5). Calculate

(a) The position of vector 𝒓𝑷

(b) The distance vector from P to Q

(c) The distance between P and Q

(d) A vector parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10


EXAMPLE 1.3 A river flows southeast at 10 km/hr and a boat floats upon it with its
bow pointed in the direction of travel. A man walks upon the deck at 2 km/hr in a
direction to the right and perpendicular to the direction of the boat’s movement. Find
the velocity of the man with respect to the earth.
1.7. Vector Multiplication
• When A and B are multiplied, the result is either a scalar or a vector.

• Two types of vector multiplication ; • Multiplication of three vectors ;


1. Scalar (or dot) product : 3. Scalar triple product :
2. Vector (or cross) product : 4. Vector triple product :
A. Dot Product
The dot product of two vectors A and B, written as 𝐀 " 𝐁, is defined geometrically as the product
of the magnitudes of A and B and the cosine of the smaller angle between them when they are
drawn tail to tail.
B. Cross Product
The cross product of two vectors A and B, written as 𝐀 × 𝐁, is a vector quantity whose magnitude
is the area of the parallelogram formed by A and B and is in the direction of advance of a right-
handed screw as A is turned into B.

Direction of 𝐀×𝐁 and 𝒂𝒏 using (a) the right-handed


rule and (b) the right-handed-screw rule

① Not communitive ;
rather anticommutative ;

② Not associative

③ distributive ;

④
C. Scalar Triple Product D. Vector Triple Product
Given three vectors 𝐀, 𝐁 and 𝐂

which may be remembered as the “bac-cab” rule

𝐀"𝐁 𝐂≠𝐀 𝐁"𝐂

But,

𝐀"𝐁 𝐂=𝐂 𝐀"𝐁


1.8. Components of a Vector
The scalar product (dot product) : determine the projection of a vector (or component)
in a given direction.

(1) The scalar product 𝐴' of A along B ; (2) The vector product 𝐀 𝐁 of A along B ;

The vector can be resolved into two orthogonal


components.

v Division of vectors 𝑨 /𝑩 has not been considered because


it’s undefined except when 𝑨 and 𝑩 are parallel.
EXAMPLE 1.4 Given vectors 𝐀 = 3𝒂𝒙 + 4𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 and 𝐁 = 2𝒂𝒚 − 5 𝒂𝒛 , find the angle
between A and B.
EXAMPLE 1.5 Three field quantities are given by 𝐏 = 2𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒛 , 𝐐 = 2𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 + 2𝒂𝒛 ,
𝐑 = 2𝒂𝒙 − 3𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛
(a) (𝐏 + 𝐐)×(𝐏 − 𝐐)

(b) 𝐐 " (𝐑×𝐏)


(c) 𝐏 " (𝐐×𝐑)

(d) sin 𝜃)*

(e) 𝐏×(𝐐×𝐑)
(f) A unit vector perpendicular to both Q and R

(g) The component of P along Q


EXAMPLE 1.6 Derive the cosine formula 𝑎( = 𝑏 ( + 𝑐 ( − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 and the sine
)*+ , )*+ . )*+ 0
formula = = using dot product and cross product, respectively.
- / 1
EXAMPLE 1.7 Show that points P1(5,2,-4), P2(1,1,2) and P3(-3,0,8) all lie on a straight
line. Determine the shortest distance between the line and point P4(3,-1,0)

You might also like