Define Software Testing Define regression testing.

Write methods of white Write a goal of unit

Software testing is the Regression testing is a box testing. testing.
process of evaluating the software testing Unit testing The goal of unit testing is
quality, functionality, and technique that involves - This method involves to validate that each unit
performance of a re-running functional and testing individual units of of software performs as
software product before non-functional tests after code, such as functions or designed. This is done by
it's released. a software product has classes. The goal is to testing the smallest
been updated or changed ensure that each unit testable parts of the
Define the term errors. to ensure that the works as expected in software, often referred
Ans.a deviation from changes do not negatively isolation. to as units. These units
accuracy or correctness; a affect the software's Integration testing could be individual
mistake, as in action or performance or This method involves functions, procedures, or
speech functionality testing how different units methods.
of code interact with each
what is test plan Define web application, Write an advantages of
other. The goal is to
Ans.a test plan is a testing. white box testing.
ensure that the different
document detailing the Ans.Web testing is Improved code quality-
units work together
objectives, resources, and designed to check all White box testing helps to
seamlessly.
processes for a specific aspects of the web ensure that the code is
System testing
test session for a software application's functionality, well-written and easy to
This method involves
or hardware product. including looking for bugs understand. This can lead
testing the entire system
with usability, as a whole. The goal is to to improved code quality,
What is mean by
compatibility, security, ensure that the system as developers are able to
validation?
and general performance. meets all of its identify and fix errors
Validation is a noun that
requirements and works more easily
means to confirm List any 2 agile prineiples.
as expected. .Increased security-
something as true or Working software: Deliver
Acceptance testing - White box testing can
correct, or to officially or working software
This method involves help to identify security
legally certify or approve frequently, with minimal
testing the system with vulnerabilities in the code.
something or no errors.
real users. The goal is to This can help to improve
Business people and the security of the
What is stub? ensure that the system
developers work together: software, making it less
Stub has multiple meets the needs of the
Build projects around vulnerable to attack.
definitions, including a users and is easy to use
motivated individuals Reduced risk
short part of something, a
Face-to-face What is Agile - White box testing can
temporary program, or a
communication: The most Methodology? help to reduce the risk of
placeholder in data
effective way of Agile methodology is a software defects. This can
management.
communication is face-to- project management lead to improved
List levels of testing. face. approach that emphasizes reliability and
Ans.Unit testing collaboration and performance of the
List dimensions of
Integration testing continuous improvement software.
quality. Ans.Functionality
System testing Improved communication
.Performance.Compatibilit Define strategy for web
Acceptance testing. - White box testing can
y.Usability.Reliability. applications. help to improve
Write goal of white box Security. Ans.Test strategy is a high- communication between
testing. level plan that defines the developers and testers.
What is fault.
The goal of white box scope, approach, and This can lead to a more
In software testing, a fault
testing is to ensure that resources for testing a efficient and effective
is an issue in the code or
the code of an application web application. development process
system that causes it to
is of high quality and
behave differently than What do you mean by
integrity. This is achieved Write features of agile
expected when executed. performance Testing?
by testing the internal testing.
workings of the code, Ans.Performance testing Test earlier and more
Define Verification.
including the logic, is a non-functional frequently. ...
Verification is a formal
structure, and design. software testing Automate a greater
process in software
White box testing can technique that proportion of tests. ...
testing that determines if
help to identify errors and determines how the Provide continuous
a system and its software
defects in the code, as stability, speed, scalability, feedback. ...
components meet
well as areas where the and responsiveness of an Deliver value to the
specified requirements
code can be improved application holds up customer. ...
Define acceptance under a given workload. Enable face-to-face
testing.Ans.Acceptance communication. ...
Which is a core agile
testing is software testing Keep it simple. ...
principle?
that evaluates whether a Practice continuous
Ans.Customer satisfaction,
system meets its business improvement. ...
and user requirements. Respond to change
Explain the working of Explain various types of Explain white box and What is test case? Explain
web application. system testing. black box testing. with example.
1.The user enters a URL Integration testing:- White box testing is a A test case is a collection
into their web browser. Evaluates how different method that examines the of criteria or variables that
2.The web browser sends system components internal workings of will be used to determine
a request to the web interact, identifying issues software. It involves whether an application,
server for the specified like communication testers with programming software system, or one
URL. problems, interface skills and knowledge of of its features is working
3.The web server mismatches, and data the codebase. White box as intended.
processes the request and flow issues testing aims to: For example:- a test case
sends back a response, Unit testing:- Tests Verify the correctness of can be written to ensure
which is typically an HTML individual components of the internal code that the login
page. a software system to Identify logical errors functionality of a website
4.The web browser ensure each part works Ensure that all code works properly.
displays the HTML page to before being combined paths are tested. Check
the user. with the others for accurate code
5.The user interacts with Acceptance testing:- Identify coding mistakes
the web application by Ensures that software is Black box testing is a
clicking on links, entering usable, meets user method that only
data into forms, etc. requirements, and considers the external
6.The web browser sends performs as expected behavior of the system. It
requests to the web Performance testing:- involves testers who don't
server based on the user's Evaluates how a system need programming
interactions. performs under pressure knowledge. Black box
7.The web server conditions, identifying testing aims to:
processes the requests inefficiencies that can Validate the software's
and sends back responses. affect the application's functionality
8.The web browser performance Ensure it meets the
displays the responses to specified requirements
the user. Write short note on Assess how it behaves
testing roles. from an end-user
Explain various forms of Testing roles are perspective.
acceptance testing. responsible for ensuring
Acceptance testing is the that the quality of a Explain performance of
final stage of software product or service meets testing
testing before a system is the required standards. Ans.Performance testing
released to production. It They do this by identifying is a non-functional
evaluates a product, and fixing defects, as well software testing
prototype, or software as by providing feedback technique that
application to ensure it on the overall quality of determines how the
meets quality and the product or service. stability, speed, scalability,
specification standards There are many different and responsiveness of an
before being mass types of testing roles, application holds up
produced. Acceptance each with its own specific under a given workload.
testing can take the form responsibilities
of: explain equivalence
Beta testing: Performed at Explain performance of partitioning
the customer's site, after testing Ans.Equivalence
alpha testing, without the Ans.Performance testing partitioning or
presence or control of is a non-functional equivalence class
developers. software testing partitioning (ECP) is a
Application testing: technique that software testing
Performed after system determines how the technique that divides the
tests, but before stability, speed, scalability, input data of a software
deployment.Field testing: and responsiveness of an unit into partitions of
Also known as acceptance application holds up equivalent data from
testing. End-user testing: under a given workload. which test cases can be
Also known as user derived.
acceptance testing (UAT)..
What is performance 7. Tune and retest.:- Write a short note on Explain the process of
testing? Write steps in This includes making Automated tests. stress testing with
performance testing. changes to the system Automated tests are a example.
Performance testing is a based on the results of type of software testing Planning: Collect system
type of software testing the analysis and retesting that uses software to data, define goals, and
that evaluates the the system to verify the automate the execution of analyze the system
performance of a system improvements. tests. This can be done for Create automation scripts:
under a particular a variety of different types Create testing scripts and
workload. It is used to explain navigation testing of tests, including unit dataset
identify performance in detail. tests, integration tests, Execute the script: Run
bottlenecks, improve Ans.Navigation tests system tests, and the script
scalability, and ensure analyze how users acceptance tests. Analyze the results:
that the system can meet navigate through your Automated tests can be Identify performance
the demands of its users. website or application, run repeatedly, which can bottlenecks, such as when
Performance testing can given a specific task or help to ensure that the errors start occurring,
be performed on a variety goal. The results help you software is still working as what the first bottleneck
of systems, including web hone critical user flows, expected after changes is, and whether the
applications, mobile and improve your have been made. system recovers when the
applications, and desktop information architecture. load gets back to normal
applications. What is Optimize the system:
What is integration internationalization
Here are the steps Retest the system
testing? Explain top- testing? Explain with
involved in performance Example:- E-commerce
down integration. types.
testing: website/application, News
Integration testing is a Internationalization
1. Identify the testing website at the time of
software testing process testing, also known as
environment:- some major/viral event,
that evaluates system "I18n" testing, is a type of
This includes identifying and Education Board's
compliance with software testing that
the hardware and result website
functional requirements ensures that a software
software that will be used
by testing a group of product or service will Define navigation testing.
for testing, as well as the
software components, work in different regions How to test navigation
network configuration.
modules, or units. It's also of the world. It's syntax and semantics?
2. Identify the
known as integration and important because the Navigation testing is a
performance metrics:-
testing (I&T). Integration product will be used by method for evaluating
This includes identifying
testing is the second level people from different how users navigate
the metrics that will be
of the software testing cultures. through a website or
used to measure the
process, following unit Internationalization application.
performance of the
testing. It involves testing focuses on Upload a series of screens
system, such as response
checking the data flow of compatibility testing, that represent a specific
time, throughput, and
dependent modules. functionality testing, interaction flow
resource utilization.
Top-down integration interoperability testing, Highlight the parts of the
3. Plan and design
testing is a method that usability testing, interface that can be
performance tests. This
involves adding modules installation testing, and clicked to navigate to the
includes developing a test
incrementally and testing user interface validation next step
plan that outlines the
them in a similar order. testing. Provide testers with a
specific tests that will be
Higher-level modules are Here are some types of brief scenario to set the
performed, as well as the
tested with lower-level internationalization scene
data that will be used for
modules until all modules testing: Keep instructions clear
testing.
have been tested. This functional testing, and simple
4. Configure the test
approach is simple and integration testing, Test your current design
environment.:-
not data-intensive. It's usability testing, user before testing changes
This includes setting up
also the most commonly interface testing,
the hardware and
used integration testing compatibility testing,
software that will be used
type. installation testing, and
for testing, as well as
configuring the network. validation testing.
What is web application?
5. Implement the test Internationalization
A web application is
design:- This includes testing is a part of
software that runs in your
developing and executing globalization testing. It
web browser.
the test scripts that will be ensures that the software
used to test the system. is scalable and flexible,
6. Analyze the test and that the product's
results:-This includes functionalities and
analyzing the data capabilities are built for a
collected during testing to global audience.
identify performance
bottlenecks and areas for
improvement.
Explain the various phases Define Unit production of Define left linear and Here are some types of
of internationalization grammar. right linear grammar grammar
testing. The productions that Descriptive grammar
Stage 1: Software result in the giving of one Definition (Right-linear): A Describes and explains
specification non-terminal to another grammar G = (V,T, S, P) is the patterns of speech
Stage 2: Software are known as unit said to be right-linear if all and writing that people
architecture productions. productions are of the use
Stage 3: Software form: A → xB, A→ x, Prescriptive grammar:-
implementation Write the tuples of LBA. where A, BEV and X E T*. Based on how the
Stage 4: Software testing The tuples of an LBA are: Definition (Left-linear): A language should be used,
Preparation phases: Q: The set of states of the grammar G = (V,T, S, P) is and includes rules for
Feature review, test case LBA. said to be left-linear if all spelling, punctuation, and
porting, test case review, Σ: The input alphabet of productions are of the syntax
and WR audit the LBA. form: A→Bx, A→x, where Comparative grammar
Execution phases: Pseudo Γ: The output alphabet of A, B Є V and x Є T*. Examines the similarities
Localization Test Pass the LBA. and differences between
δ: The transition function Explain proper Suffix and
(PLTP), Beta Test Pass grammatical structures in
of the LBA. The transition Prefix of a string with one
(BTP), and sign off. different languages
function takes a state and example.
Transformational
Explain integration a symbol from the input grammar
In software development,
testing. What is bottom alphabet as input, and A form of generative
a proper prefix is a
up integration. returns a state, a symbol grammar that explains the
substring that starts at the
Ans.Integration testing is a to write to the output structural relationship
beginning of a string and a
type of software testing tape, and a direction to between words in a
proper suffix is a substring
that involves gradually move the read head. sentence and sentences
that starts at the end of a
integrating software q0: The start state of the themselves
string. For example, in the
components and then LBA. Context-free grammar
string "India", "I", "In",
testing them as a unified F: The set of accept states A formal grammar that
"Ind", and "ndia" are
group. of the LBA. describes the structure of
proper prefixes, and "a",
Bottom-up Testing is a the strings in a language,
Name the types of "ia", "dia", and "ndia" are
type of incremental and consists of a set of
normal forms of proper suffixes.
integration testing production rules that can
approach in which testing grammar.
Define types of Turing be applied to generate
is done by integrating or Here are some other
Machine. new strings
joining two or more types of normal forms:
Regular grammar
modules by moving Common equivalent Generates regular
Third Normal Form (3NF)
upward from bottom to models are the multi-tape language, and has a single
Builds upon the rules of
top through the control Turing machine, multi- non-terminal on the left-
Second Normal Form
flow of the architecture track Turing machine, hand side
(2NF) by addressing the
structure. In these, low- machines with input and Traditional grammar
issue of transitive
level modules are tested output, and the non- Prescriptive because it
dependencies.
first, and then high-level deterministic Turing focuses on the distinction
First Normal Form (1NF)
modules are tested. machine (NDTM) as between what some
The most basic form of
opposed to the people do with language
The V-model is a graphical data normalization. It
deterministic Turing and what they ought to
representation of a ensures that there are no
machine (DTM) for which do with it
software development life repeating entries in a
the action table has at
cycle (SDLC) that uses a V- group.
most one entry for each define non-deterministic
shape to represent the Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
combination of symbol turing machine.
two main phases of the Also known as the project-
and state. Ans.A non-deterministic
process: join normal form. A
Turing Machine's
Left side: The specification relation is in 5NF if it is in What is reduction computation is a tree of
phase, which includes 4NF, and won't have Ans.The process of configurations achieved
decomposition of lossless decomposition replacement of the right from the initial
requirements and system into smaller tables. side of the production by configuration. Input is
specifications its equivalent left side of accepted only if there
Define ambiguous
Right side: The integration to production is called as exists at least one node of
grammar
phase, which includes Reduction the tree, which is an
Ans.an ambiguous
parts integration and accept state.
grammar is a context-free
validation
grammar for which there
@@@@@@@@@@@@ exists a string that can
have more than one
leftmost derivation or
parse tree.
explain types of regular
grammar
Ans.A right-regular
grammar (also called
right-linear grammar) is a
formal grammar (N, Σ, P,
S) in which all production
rules in P are of one of the
following forms: A → a. A
→ aB. A → ε
Left regular grammar: A
grammar G = (V,T, S, P) is
said to be left-linear if all
productions are of the
form: A→Bx, A→x, where
A, B Є V and x Є T*.

explain two methods for

defining language
accepted by pda

Two methods for defining

language accepted by a
Pushdown Automaton
(PDA) are acceptance by
final state and acceptance
by empty stack. These
methods are equivalent,
meaning that if a
language can be accepted
by empty stack by some
PDA, it can also be
accepted by final state by
some other PDA, and vice
versa.

Difference between TM
and LBA
A TM has a tape with an
unbounded length, but
the LBA only allows the
read/write head to access
a finite portion of the
tape. The length of the
accessible portion is a
linear function of the
initial input's length.

An LBA is a multi-track,
non-deterministic TM
with a tape of a bounded
finite length. The input
alphabet contains two
special symbols that serve
as left and right end
markers. Transitions can't
move to the left of the left
end marker or to the right
of the right end marker.