BOYS METHOD DIFFRACTION GRATING DYNAMIC METHOD
Theory: THEORY THEORY
A liquid drop between a bi-convex lens (F₁) Diffraction is the bending of light around The time period T of a torsional pendulum is given by:
obstacles. A plane diffraction grating has T = 2π√i/C (1)
and a plane mirror forms a plano-concave
many opaque lines with transparent gaps, Where:
lens (F₂). forming multiple slits. The grating element is
Combined focal length: 1/F = 1/F₁ + 1/F₂ i is the moment of inertia of the suspended body.
(e + d).The condition for principal maxima is:
For the liquid lens: 1/F₂ = - (μ - 1)/R (e+d)sinθ=nλ⇒(e+d)= nλ/sinθ. C is the torsional couple per unit angular twist.
So, μ = 1 + R(1/F₁ - 1/F) Where: n = order (0, 1, 2, …),λ= wavelength For a wire of radius r, length l, and rigidity modulus n:
R (from spherometer): R = (d²/6h) + (h/2) θ = diffraction angle C= πηr⁴/2l. (2)
Calculation CALCULATION OF LC OF Substitute (2) into (1):
SPECTROMETER T = 2π √(2I)/(πηr⁴) (3)
, μ = 1 + R(1/F₁ - 1/F)
=>30 MSD=10=>1 MSD=⅓DEG For a solid disc suspended from the wire:
Percentage of error NVSD=(n-1)MSD=>60VSD=(60-1)=59MSD
|μobs- μstd| X100 i= 1/2 (M × R²)
1VSD=59/60 MSD
|μstd| LC=1 MSD-1VSD=1-59/60=0.005DEG Substituting (4) into (3):
Std water = 1.33 , Std turpentine=1.47 CALCULATION η=4πMR²
Conclusion – λ=5893x10^-8cm,first ordre(n=1) r⁴xT²
The refractive index μ of the liquid __is (e+d)=λ/sinθ1=>5893x10^-8cm/sin(21.29) CALCULATION
experimentally determined to be __with an =1.623x10^-4 cm,std value of grating = SLOPE AND η AND PERCENTAGE
1.693x10^-4 cm
error of __%.
MICHAELSON’S INTERFEROMETER NEWTON’S RING OPTICAL FIBRE
THEORY THEORY THEORY
The wavelength λ of sodium light is given by, When a plano-convex lens is placed on a Numerical Aperture (NA) of an optical fibre represents
λ = 2(x2-x1)/5N
Where, x1 =The initial position of the mirror M1
glass plate, a thin air film forms with zero its light-gathering ability. It is defined as the sine of the
x2 =The final position of the mirror M1 thickness at the center. Monochromatic light acceptance angle and determines how much light the
(x2-x1)+ The distance moved by the mirror M1 reflects from both surfaces, producing fibre can [Link],Where:
Calculation: concentric bright and dark rings due to • D = Diameter of the light spot on the graph paper,
1 (Åx`)=10^-8 cm=10^-10 m interference—this is observed using a L = Distance between the graph paper and the fibre's
λ=2(x2-x1)/5N microscope. exit end.
Percentage of error If R is the radius of curvature of the plano Calculation - Numerical Aperture ,
|λobs- λstd| X100 convex lens and λ is the wavelength is the sinθ= D/√4(L^2+D^2) then we have to calculate sinθ1 ,
|λstd| light used. sinθ2 ...... Up to sinθ5
λ= D²(n+p)- D²n / 4pR Therefore (sinθ)mean =0.2794
λ= slope of the graph × 1 / 4R Conclusion: Numerical aperture (NA)of an optical fiber
Std wavelength of sodium light= 5893Å was found to be 0.2794; Acceptance Angle θ = sin^-1
CONCLUSION (0.2794)=16.224•
The wavelength of the monochromatic source
of light is experimentally determined to be
6000. Å experimentally with an error
of...1.81..........%
PHOTOCELL SOLAR CELL POISSON’S RATIO
THEORY THEORY THEORY
A photocell converts light into electricity based A solar cell is a p-n junction diode that The Poisson's Ratio of rubber is given by
on Einstein’s photoelectric theory. The number generates voltage using the photovoltaic σ=1/2[1-(1/a)(dv/dl)
of emitted photoelectrons depends on light effect. When light hits the cell: where,
intensity, while their velocity depends on light •Electron-hole pairs are generated by photon
a = area of cross section of the rubber tube
frequency. In this experiment, photoelectric absorption near the junction.
current is studied by varying (1) anode voltage •Electric field in the depletion region separates dv = small change in volume of the tube after loading
and (2) light intensity on the cathode. them (electrons to n-side, holes to p-side). dl = corresponding small change in length of the rubber
Conlcusion:- •Electrons and holes are collected by the front tube
From the experiment, we concluded that, and back contacts, producing current. Calculation:-
*At a fixed distance b/w the light source and Connecting a load allows photo-current to Circumference = 10.2 cm
photocell as we increase the voltage the flow. Diameter = 3.246 cm
photo current increases but at certain voltage • With no load: voltage = open circuit
Area of cross section= a= πD²/4= 8.2792cm³
the photocurrent become constant voltage.
* For a fixed voltage, at different distances the •With no resistance: current = short circuit. Slope= AB/BC= dv / dl = 1.227cm²
photocurrent decreases as distance current Poisson’s ratio = σ=1/2[1-(1/a) x slope]
increases. The I-V curve lies in the fourth quadrant as = 1/2[1-(1/8.2792) x 1.227]
the solar cell supplies power to the external = 0.5869
circuit. Std value = 0.5
