Explain baseb Ans:- Baseband > 1) In baseband transmission original Information or baseband signal are transmitted directly. 2) In baseband transmission signal Occupies lower onder frequeney of frequency spectrum, 3) Modulation is not nece: and & pass band transmission, 4) It is used for small distance Communication. 5) eg. telephone communication, Bandpass: 1) In bandpass transmission signal having frequency from FI to F2 are transmitted where FI not equal to Zer 2) In bandpass transmission signal occupies upper part of the frequeney spectrum 3) Modulation is necessary 4) It is used for long distance communication. 5) eg. Radio / TV broadcast, satellite communication. Define data rate , baud rate , bit rate channel bandwidth & channel capacity. Ans:- Data rate: It is the number of bits transmitted per seconds . Increasing the number of bits per samples increases the bit rate which is given as, D= nfs Where D= data rate in bits per seconds Fs=sample rate in sample per seconds (f8>2Fm) n=number of bits per sample. Bit rate: It is the simply the number of bits transmitted during one second OR Bit rate is defined as bits per seconds. Baud rate: Baud refers to the rate of symbols transmitted per seconds. Is a unit of transmission rate, modulation rate or symbol rate. Channel bandwidth: the bandwidth for a channel b isn defined as the range of signal frequencies ie fnd fzover which the channel allows a distortion free transmission. © scanned with OKEN ScannerChannel capacity: Channel capacity is defined as the maximum possible bit rate supported by a channel without introducing errors and given as C=B log: (1+S/N) where, B=bandwidth (Hz) S/N= Signal to noise ratio ( dB) Write types of digital to digital enco ing ‘Ans:-Types of digital encoding are- Lunipolar:- a) RZ b) NRZ 2 Bipolar :-a)AMI 3)polar:~ a) RZ ‘b)NRZ c)Manchester d)differential Manchester Unipolar: Unipolar scheme was designe (as a Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) scheme in which the positive voltage defined bit land zero voltage defines bit zero for the entire time Perion of the bit ie Te. While in Unipolar RZ, the positive voltage defined bit 1 for half bit Period ie Two TRL Ze° voltage defines bit zero for the enna time perion of the bit ie Ty, us i uses only one voltage level other thes zer0 ie + A or 0, Rrepresent. data 10110100 for i)RZ i)NRZ, Date 'Sllorey On polow © scanned with OKEN ScannerBipolar : Bipolar encoding there are three voltage levels positive, zero. The voltage level for one data element is zero, other element alternates between potitive and neg | \ negative and While the voltage level for ative. Digital data: 101011101 | Fia. 1.1 | } Explain B8ZS and HDB3 encoding techniques with waveforms Ans:- BBZS Code:- \ In this eight consecutive zeroes are substituted by 00VBOVB, the first violation pulse (V) is of the same polarity as the last pulse. Bipolar then follows the inverse polarity rule. The following Vis of the same polarity as preceding B pulse. The last 8 pulse is of inverse polarity. The receiver recognizes the pattern & interprets the octet as consisting of all zeroes. It is also having error monitoring capacity. a Prelowsieed is pasine, HDB3 Code:- It is a modification of AMI code & overcomes the problem of long string of binary Os. If there are more than three consecutive zeros, a violation pulse(V) is substituted for the fourth zero. ‘The violation pulse has the same polarity as the last pulse & it is easily identified at the receiver end. ; : if there is long string of zeros then every fourth pulse will be violation pulse & all violation pulses in string vill be of same polarity. To overcome this an additional bipolar(8) pulse to enable detection of violation pulses. Therefore the consecutive four zeros (0000) are substituted by 000V or BOOV sequence. Eg. © scanned with OKEN Scannera sos ro oo 8 ooo oo, ‘ ‘ EEE i : How modulation differs from encoding ‘Ans: Encoding & modulation difference ‘Third C Modulation Modulation is process of superimposing low power signal on high power signal. Ttis technique which is used to represent data in digital form It is generally used for increasing power of signal for signal transmission It is done for converting data suitable for transmission Compare unipolar RZ and NRZ encoding methods. SN] Unipolar RZ Unipolar NRZ 1 _| Inthis format each “0” is represented by | In this format each “0” is represented by an off” an off pulse(0)& each “1” by an on pulse | pulse(0)& each “1” by an on pulse With With amplitude A & duration Tw2.. amplitude A & duration Ts 2 | During the on time, the pulse return to | During the on time, the pulse does not return fo zero after half bit period. zero after half bit period, 3° | Unipolar RZ pulses carry less energy. | Unipolar NRZ pulses earry more enersy. 4 _| Clock recovery is Poor. ‘Clock recovery is Good. 5 _ | Synchronization is not essential Synchronization is not essential, © scanned with OKEN ScannerState advantages of enc Ans, Encoding Technique Polar NRZ Advantages - + Low bandwidth requitement compared to unipolar NRZ. * Greatly reduced de, Encoding Techniqui Advantages ~ } * No de component. * Very good error ET lity. Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) # Occupies less bandwidth compared to unipolar & polar NRZ. Suitable for transmission over ac coupled lines. + Possesses signal error detection capability. | Draw the block diagram of digital communication system. state the function of each block. | i Ee de ee oe vote — ‘Source ‘Channol modulator Destnation doooder docoder a Digital communication system ‘been included. They are; 1, Source coding Channel codlings and Ina block diagram of digital communication system three basic signal processing operations have © scanned with OKEN Scanner3. Modulation The source information Is assumed to be digital. fits analog then it must be converted frst to dia, Source encoder: The source encoder converts the digital signal generated at the source output into another signal in digital form. Source encoding Is used to reduce or eliminate redundancy for ensuring an efficient representation of the source output. Different source coding techniques are PCM, OM, ADM ete. Due to source encoding BW requirement for transmission is reduced. Channel encoder: Channel encoding is done to minimize the effect of cabal noise, This will reduce the number of errors in the received data and will make the system more reliable. Channel coding technique introduces some redundancy. The output of the channel encoder is a series of code words \which include the message and some party bits. These adaltional parity bt} introduce redundancy. Modulator: Modulation is used for providing an efficient transmission of thelsingle over the channel, The modulator can use any of the CW digital modulation techniques such as ASK. FSK or PSK. Discrete channel: The discrete channel consists of modulator, channel and (detector. It is called as discrete channel because its inputs as well a output are in then discrete forih. Demodulator: the demodulator is used for demodulation, Channel decoder: The channel decode sa the receiver and it maps the chanel output into a digital signal in si is reduced to a minimum, The channel decoder ital messages. { Source decoder: Source decoder is at the receiver and it beh source decoder, It delivers the destination (user) the waves exactly in an inverse way to the original digital source output State advantages and disadvantages of digital communication Advantages of digital communicatio noise immunity increases as coding is possible Multiple data can be send simultaneously u More immune to additive noise as di distance transmission Data encryption is possible Digital signals are simpler to measure and evaluate than analog signals, {in digital systems transmission errors can be corrected and detected more accurately. ing multiplexing igtal signals are regenerated rather than amplification in long Disadvantages of Digital Communica ‘The transmiss Digital transmi receiver, n n of digitally encoded analog signals r sion requit requires significantly more bandwidth, $ precise time synchronization between the clocks in the transmitter and Digital transmission systems are incompatible with older analog transmission systems. © scanned with OKEN ScannerA/D Converter: What is meant by quantization and quantization noise? Ans:- Quantization is the process of approximation or rounding off the sampled signal applied - to quantizer .The quantizer converts sampled signal into approximated rounded values consisting of only finite no. of predecided voltage levels. Quantization error (noise): The difference between the original analog signal x(t) & its ‘quantized version xq (¢) which is measured & is called Quantization error. _ EXOxO ‘Amphtude Wy uanzed signal) taut sina at) s Ae i s A..K ; i : pe tl. {eo Pm Jena a ranges | pe 7 Kf) mation aay Big 119 6+ Donne © scanned with OKEN ScannerWw ri ’M and explain its worki inciple. Write its he block diagram of PCM and explain its working princi Draw the lication. ‘advantages,disadvantages and applicati ‘working principle:-The analog i/p signal is applied to band pass filter which will make the signal band limited to avoid aliasing. The o/p of band pass filters fed to sample & hold circuit & it will convert itin to time discrete PAM. Itis then fed to quantizer . The quantizer will round off Pam samples to limit no. of samples. Quantized data is fed to encoder which will convert this data into digital form. Parallel data is then converted into serial data. Advantages : 1) Regeneration without noise amplification is possible 2) Can withstand channel noise & distortion 3) Flexible hardware implementation is possible 4) As outputis digital, hence storage is possible isadvantages : 1) Quantization noise gets added 2) PCM requires larger bandwidth ‘compared to other pulse modulation techniques Application of PCM: 2) Long Range commu 2) Satelite transmission 3) Space wave communication 4) Multiplexed channel transmission tion is possible using repeaters © scanned with OKEN ScannerDraw and describe the block diagram of ADM. ‘Ans: Adaptive delta modulation Sample & hold circuit modulating signal —>) output or D/A Digital processor let Initially analog signal is applied to time discrete PAM. The PAM ofp of samp signal which specifies value of previous digital processor either increases or de “The ofp of processor is fed 10 digital 0 ana! hese pulse are applied size changes as per the slope of the modulating modulation. sample & hold circuit which te & hold is applied along with analog converted ADM step . To reduce creases step size by increasing or decreasing counter value. Jog convertor which converts to comparator as second input AS converts analog signal to granular noise & step overload the digital data to pulse shown in the figure below, the step signal and hence called as Adaptive delta ays alee © scanned with OKEN ScannerState nity antigen ani ThATtations OF NE aver ROM Adtyanntagons “onnutieation © enentigg fectiniqie af Delta modulation te ainyple comparing, with MOM only one bit \ wqnina ot saiype io von Foyed aynehionbtion requtred at input evel ver overall complexity is toy extn iA BUNT Vhsaaty antigens Slope ovo font lisontion 1th input algal ampli clipes fiat, the atop hy-stop ecmmuttation oveeoe vay wot cate ly Ay WHE the ihe a alan we Malar no HE thw stepealze by mde acbltrarily Voge ty avail stipe avertaad Distortion, (nny lend (0: “prantilar nobie’, JC thotig: pviteansieation iy, However, necensmry If thie demodulator hn Anplenented digitally, State mtvantiges of ADME aver DM, Aw * Restuctions fn skype avertond Mlstortion and granular nol, + Tnypravenont in adnal ta naive ratio, # Wate tynannie vane ae to vatlable atop alzo, + Noor atiication a yt al as compa (0 sla modulations * to sisting vate al sinnptieity oF implementation ars wlso posexred by adaptive delta vwontulation, Draw neat diagram of delta modulation & de Ans» Diagram of delta modulation: Wve above dag Manpled and « RAO AC isa votage equal to the regenerated magnitude ofthe previous sample, whieh was Mond in the Han shows a block diagram ofa delta modulation transmitter he aaatog. input is Swverted fo @ PAM signal, whieh ty compared with the output of the DAC. The wptown counter as a bi nary number, ‘The upsown counter Is incremented or socremented depending on whether the provious sample is larger or smaller (han the current © scanned with OKEN Scanner1 equal to sample rate. Therefore, the up-down counter is updated after each comparison. Initially, the up-down counter is zeroed, and the DAC » converted to PAM signal, and compare with zero volts The output of the comparator is a logic 1 condition (+V), indicating that the current sample is larger in amplitude than the previous sample. On the next choc pulse, the up-down counter incremented to a count of 1. The DAC now outputs a voltage equal to the magnitude of the ‘minimum step size (resolution). The steps change value at a tate equal to the clock frequency (sample rate). Consequently, with the input signal shown, the up-down counter follows the input analog signal up until the output of the DAC exceeds the analog sample; then the up-down counter ‘ill begin counting down until the output of the DAC drop below the sample amplitude, In the idealized situation, The DAC output follows the input signal. Each time the up-down counter is incremented, logic 1 is transmitted, and each time the up-down counter is decremented, logic 0 is transmitted. Delta Demodulation © scanned with OKEN Scanner