UNIT 2

Head
Read the text below and answer the questions

Inside the head is the brain, which is responsible for thinking. The top of
a person's scalp is covered with hair. Beneath the hairline at the front of
the face is the forehead. Underneath the forehead are the eyes for
seeing, the nose for smelling, and the mouth for eating. On the outside
of the mouth are the lips, and on the inside of the mouth are the teeth
for biting and the tongue for tasting. Food is swallowed down the
throat. At the sides of the face are the cheeks and at the sides of the
head are the ears for hearing. At the bottom of a person's face is the
chin. The jaw is located on the inside of the cheeks and chin. The neck
is what attaches the head to the upper body.

1. Where is the brain?

__________________________________________________________
_________
2. Where is the forehead?
___________________________________________________________
________
3. Where are the lips?

__________________________________________________________________
4. What can you do with your teeth?

____________________________________________________________
______

5. Where are the ears?

____________________________________________________________
______
6. Where is the chin located?
________________________________________________________
_____

7. Where is the jaw located?

_________________________________________________________________

NOUNS IN ENGLISH
What is a Noun?
The simplest definition of a noun is a thing and nouns are the basic building blocks
of sentences. These things can represent a person, animal, place, idea, emotion –
almost anything that you can think of. Dog, Sam, we, love, phone, Chicago,
courage and spaceship are all nouns.
Noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification:
The boy and girl were holding hands as they crossed the bridge to on the way to
town.
I love watching my cat play with the pink yarn.
It is raining! Everyone, grab your umbrella and rain hat and watch out for the
puddles
Proper Nouns
They name specific one-of-a-kind items, and they begin with capital letters, no
matter where they occur within a sentence.
Types of Nouns in English
Nouns are among the most important words in the English language:
Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are those referring to ideas, concepts, emotions, and other “things”
you can’t physically interact with. You can’t see, taste, touch, smell, or hear
something named with an abstract noun. Some abstract noun examples are
included in the following sentences.
Success seems to come easily to certain people.
His hatred of people smoking indoors is legendary.
She has an incredible love for nature.
This is of great importance.
He received an award for his bravery.

Collective Nouns
A collective noun is a word that refers to a group. It can be either singular or plural,
but is usually used in the singular. Some collective noun examples are included in
the following sentences.
Our team is enjoying an unbroken winning streak.
There’s a pack of hyenas outside.
Watch out for that swarm of bees.
You haven’t lived until you’ve seen a herd of wild horses.
Our class graduates two years from now.

Common Nouns
Common nouns are used to refer to general things rather than specific examples.
Common nouns are not normally capitalized unless they are used as part of a
proper name or are placed at the beginning of a sentence. Some common noun
examples are included in the following sentences.
Be sure to pick a top university.
Stack those boxes carefully.
Would you like a cookie with your coffee?
People are strange.
My dog won’t stop barking.

Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns are words used for actual things you can touch, see, taste, feel,
and hear – things you interact with every day. Notice that concrete nouns can also
be countable, uncountable, common, proper, and collective nouns. Some
concrete noun examples are included in the following sentences.
Please remember to buy oranges.
Have a seat in that chair.
Count Nouns:
These are the nouns that can be counted.
table, chair, student, computer, book, dog etc.

Non-count nouns:
These are the nouns that cannot be counted.
water, tea, rice, glass, iron etc.

Use of a, an or x:

A: We use use “a” before those singular count nouns that start with a consonant
sound. a table, a student, a book etc.

An: We use “an before those singular count nouns that start with a vowel sound.
an orange, an umbrella, an hour etc.
X: We don’t use a or an before plural or non-count nouns.
Tables, chairs, students etc
Water, sugar, chocolate etc.

Plural Nouns
Plural nouns are words used to indicate that there is more than one person,
animal, place, thing, or idea. The difference between singular and plural nouns is
simple once you know what to look for.

The difference between singular and plural nouns is easy to spot. When a noun
indicates one only, it is a singular noun. When a noun indicates more than one, it is
plural.

The following sentences contain SINGULAR NOUNS examples.

 The boy had a baseball in his hand.

 My horse prefers to wear an English saddle.
 That cat never seems to tire of jumping in and out of the box.
 You stole my idea and didn’t give me any credit.
 Your mom is going to be upset about that broken lamp.
 It’s not difficult to grow a tree as long as you give it plenty of water.
 I can’t believe you let your dog stick his head out the window while you
drive.

The following sentences contain PLURAL NOUN examples.

 The boys were throwing baseballs back and forth between bases.
 Our horses are much happier wearing lightweight English saddles.
 Those cats never seem to tire of chasing one another in and out of those
boxes.
  You stole my ideas and didn’t give me any credit.
 Our moms are going to be upset that we stayed out all night going to
parties.
 It’s not too difficult to grow trees as long as you provide them with plenty of
water.
 I can’t believe you allow your dogs to climb all over the seats while you are
driving.

PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS

CASE DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
THE RULE
General rule The plural form of NOUN + “-S” minute - minutes
most nouns is created
simply by adding the
letter “s” to the end of
the word.
When nouns The plural is formed NOUN + “- church - churches
end in by adding “es” ES” box -boxes
-ch, -x, -s, - index -= indexes ( also
sh, -z or s- indices)
like sounds gas - gases
bush - bushes
ass -asses
quiz – quizzes
Nouns ending When they are NOUN + “-ES” potato - potatoes
in “o” preceded by a tomato – tomatoes
consonant. volcano - volcanoes

Except: newly created NOUN + “-S” photo - photos

words or words with piano - pianos
Spanish or Italian portico - porticos
origin.
Noun ending When they are NOUN – “Y” +”
in “y” preceded by a IES” party - parties
consonant, they drop lady - ladies
the “y” and add “ies”

When they are

preceded by a NOUN + “-S” Boy - boys
 VOWEL, add a “s” Toy - toys
Ray – rays

Noun ending Drop the “f” or “fe” and NOUN – “F” + calf – calves
in “f” or “fe” add “ves” VES half - halves
wolf - wolves

wife – wives
NOUN – “FE” +
VES
Nouns ending Drop the “-is” and add NOUN – IS +
in “is” “-es” ES crisis - crises
hypothesis - hypotheses
oasis - oases

Irregular Some nouns change ODD PLURAL child -children

plural their structure to form FORM ox – oxen
their plural form. man – men
woman - women
person -people
foot - feet
tooth - teeth
mouse - mice
louse - lice
Identical Some nouns have NO CHANGE aircraft - aircraft
singular and identical plural and fish - fish
plural form singular forms, sheep - sheep
although they are still deer - deer
considered to have a species - species
plural form. headquarters - headquarters
Collective These nouns exist ONLY cattle scissors
words or only in the plural form PLURAL trousers tweezers
nouns and take a plural verb. FORM congratulations
associated pajamas
with two
parts.
Compound In compound nouns MAIN NOUN + court martial - courts martial
nouns the plural ending is -S son-in-law - sons-in-law
usually added to the passer-by - passers-by
main noun.
Uncountable Uncountable nouns NO PLURAL advice information
on the other hand luggage
 noun have no plural form FORM headquarters - headquarters
and take a singular news - news
verb (is / was ...).

CASE DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

RULE
Latin or Greek These nouns maintain NOUN – US + I nucleus
origin their Latin or Greek form = nuclei
in the plural. syllabus
=
syllabi
focus =
foci
NOUN – ON + A fungus
= fungi
cactus = cacti
NOUN - UM + A (cactuses is
acceptable)

NOUN + E phenomenon =
phenomena
criterion = criteria

datum = data
medium= media

alumna = alumnae
trachea=tracheae

EXERCISES
A. Write the s plural form of the following words.
1. thesis ____________ 11. watch ______________

2. stimulus ____________ 12. mountain ______________

3. alumnus ____________ 13. louse ______________

4. loaf ____________ 14. family ______________

5. medium ____________ 15. shelf ______________

6. crisis ____________ 16. cloud ______________

7. veto ____________ 17. area ______________

8. fireman ____________ 18. photo ______________

9. diagnosis ____________ 19. home ______________

10. ox ____________ 20. logo _______________

B. Next to each word in the list, write correctly the plural for that word. If
that word cannot be pluralized because it's a non-count noun, write the letter
X.

1. man ______________ 16. dancing ______________

2. furniture ______________ 17. 1990 ______________
3. experience ______________ 18. aluminum ______________
4. Kennedy ______________ 19. fax ______________
5. ski ______________ 20. roof ______________
6. gas ______________ 21. fish ______________
7. box ______________ 22. child ______________
8. peace ______________ 23. difficulty _____________
9. cactus ______________ 24. knowledge ______________
10. criterion ______________ 25. goose ______________
11. baby ______________ 26. video _____________
12. memo ______________ 27. curriculum ______________
13. work ______________ 28. biology ______________
14. self ______________ 29. URL ______________
15. applause ______________ 30. dish _____________

C. Write the plural form of the following medical nouns.

1. mouth ______________
2. pharynx ______________
3. anus ______________
4. trachea ______________
5. pancreas ______________
6. enzyme ______________
7. duodenum ______________
8. cecum ______________
9. rectum ______________
10. bronchus ______________

D. Reading Comprehension

Human Body

Your heart is really a muscle. It's located a little to the left of the middle of your
chest, and it's about the size of your fist. There are lots of muscles all over your
body - in your arms, in your legs, in your back, even in your behind. But this muscle
is special because of what it does - the heart sends blood around your body. The
blood provides your body with the oxygen and nutrients it needs. It also carries
away the waste that your body has to get rid of.

Your heart is sort of like a pump, or two pumps in one. The right side of your heart
receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. The left side of the heart
does the exact opposite: it receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the
body. By the time you're grown up, your heart will be beating (pumping) about 70
times a minute.

How does the heart beat? Before each beat, your heart fills with blood. Then it
contracts to squirt the blood along. When something contracts, it squeezes tighter -
try squeezing your hand into a fist. That's sort of like what your heart does so it can
squirt out the blood. Your heart does this all day and all night, all the time. Every
day, an adult heart pumps 2,000 gallons (7,500 liters) of recycled blood by filling
and contracting. The heart is one tough worker!

1. Where is your heart located?

__________________________________________________________________

2. Where else can you find muscles in your body besides the heart?

__________________________________________________________________

3. Why do we need a heart?

__________________________________________________________________
______

4. Which organ(s) directly works with the heart?

__________________________________________________________________
______

E. Choose one or more of the above facilities for each of the following
circumstances and justify the choice(s).
Where Will You Go? Differentiate among the following health facilities and their
services for your students. Tell why a person might choose to use each one.
Include very general information about cost, convenience, insurance, and critical
nature of the problem.
Emergency Room County Health Department
Doctor’s Office Walk-in Clinic
• It is Saturday and your child has a very high fever. You can go to
____________.
• You need a routine physical. You can call _____________.
• Your spouse breaks a leg. You can go to ____________.
• Your child needs a vaccination. You can call______________.
• You have a bad cut that won’t stop bleeding. It probably needs stitches.
You can go to ___________.
• You have had a cold/flu symptoms for 3 to 4 days. You can call
______________.
• You are having a baby – now! You can ________________.
• You are bothered by allergies. You can call _________________.

Calling the Doctor’s Office

Receptionist: Good morning, Dr. Smith’s office.

Patient: Good morning, my name is________ and I would like to make

an appointment.

Receptionist: What are your symptoms?

Patient: My stomach hurts. I am vomiting, and I also have diarrhea.

Receptionist: How long have you felt this way?

Patient: For the past twenty-four hours.

Receptionist: Okay, Dr. Smith has an appointment open at 10:00 this morning. Will that
work for you?

Patient: Yes, I will be there at 10:00.

Receptionist: Be sure to bring your insurance card.