ELECTRICAL MACHINES

(For Electrical Engineering Branch only)

Electrical Machines - I Lab (EI181314)

Electrical Machines - II Lab (EE181413)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ASSAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JALUKBARI

GUWAHATI-781013
 LIST OF CONTENTS
Contents Page No.

• Introduction 3
• Students’ Responsibilities
• Attendance
• Grading Policy
• Course Objectives 3-4
• General Instructions 4

• The Lab Report 4-5

• LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 6-46

1. O.C.C. of D.C. Generators

2. Load Test on D.C. Shunt Generators
3. Speed Control of D.C. Shunt Motors
4. Open circuit and short circuit test on single-phase Transformers
5. Load test on single-phase Transformers
6. No-load and blocked-rotor tests on 3-phase Induction Motors
7. Transformer Connections
8. Sumpner’s Test or back-to-back test on two similar single-phase Transformers
9. Retardation test on a D.C. Machines
10. Hopkinson’s or Back-to-back test on two similar D.C. Machines
11. Induction Regulator
12. V-Curves of a Synchronous Motor
13. Slip-Test on Alternators
14. Synchronization of alternators
 Introduction
This course is intended to enhance the learning experience of the students on various topics of Electrical
Machines. In this lab, students are expected to get hands-on experience in performing the basic tests on
electrical machines, namely D.C. machines and single-phase transformers, and thereby getting an insight
into the working of the machines and various precautions to be taken. From the results obtained, students
can analyze the various characteristics of the machines and evaluate their performances. This will make
them understand the concepts taught in their theory course well.

1.1 Students’ Responsibilities:

The student is expected to be prepared enough for each experiment so as to be able to perform the
experiment on his/her own. The preparation includes studying the objective of the experiment, theory related
to the experiments, readings to be taken and expected outcome. While performing the experiments in a
group, all students are expected to actively participate in the various activities related to performing the
experiments. They should also observe the precautionary measures to avoid any damage to the instruments
or any untoward incident. For successful completion of the lab, students should emphasize on understanding
the concepts and procedure of each experiment rather than just connecting the circuit and noting down the
readings.

1.2 Attendance:

Attendance in the lab class is mandatory for all students. In case a student cannot attend the lab class for a
genuine reason, he must apply to the respected class teacher is advance, and get his/her approval. In such
cases, the student may be allowed to perform the experiment on some other day.

1.3 Grading Policy:

The final grade of this course is determined using the following criterion:
Internal Assessment:
Attendance: 10%
Continuous & Comprehensive Assessment: 10%
Lab report: 10 %
Final Exam (*the format to be decided by the class teacher): 70%
The format of the final exam is to be decided by the class teachers. It may include written test (40%) and
viva (30%). The students may also be asked to perform the experiments.

Course Objectives:

The Electrical Machines-I & II Laboratory is designed to provide the students with the practical knowledge
of electrical machines specifically keeping in view the following objectives:

• to get hands-on experience in performing the basic tests on electrical machines

• to reinforce the theoretical concepts with related practical understanding
• to know about the various precautionary measures necessary in handling electrical machines
• to develop technical report writing skill
 Course Outcome (COs):

CO1: Be familiar with the mode of starting, switching-off, and taking pre-cautionary measures while
handling electrical machines
CO2: Reinforcement of theoretical concepts with experimentation
CO3: Development of report writing skills after performing an experiment

General Instructions:
1. Students should have this manual with them before the laboratory session starts
2. They should go through the instruction sheets thoroughly before performing the experiment so that
they are well equipped to perform the experiment. They may consult text books if necessary.
3. In the laboratory, after connecting the circuit, they should get it checked by the lab assistants before
switching on the power supply. If the same is not done, the students shall be penalized for any
damage to the apparatus/instruments caused due to wrong connection.
4. After completing the experiment, students should show their observations/data to the class teacher, and
get the lab-sheet signed.
5. After getting the lab-sheet signed by the class teacher, students must disconnect the circuit, and keep
the apparatus/instruments and accessories at appropriate place as advised by the lab assistant.

Tips for personal safety:

While inside Electrical Machine Lab
• Students should be alert at any time.
• They should wear shoes with rubber/synthetic soles.
• They should avoid loose clothing.
• They should never touch bare terminals/ wires.

The Lab Report:

The students must submit a lab report on the experiment performed. The lab report of an experiment must be
submitted in the following/succeeding laboratory class. The signed lab-sheet for the experiment must be
attached with the lab-report; otherwise, the report will not be evaluated. For preparing the lab report,
the following format should be used:

Format of Lab Report

Experiment Number with Title - Indicate the lab number and title

Date - Indicate the date on which the experiment was performed

Objective - Clearly state the objective of performing the experiment

Circuit Diagram - Draw the circuit diagram neatly for the experiment performed

Apparatus used- Indicate which equipment were used in performing the experiment and give their details
as indicated in the instruction sheets

Machine Specification: Indicate on which machine the experiment was performed, and give its details
Theory: Write the theory of the experiment. Take help of text-book if necessary.
Procedure- Provide a concise summary of the procedure followed in performing the experiment

Observations/Data- Provide a record of the data obtained during the experiment. Data should be retrieved
from the signed lab-sheet and presented in a clear manner using tables.In case of any mismatch of the
reported data with those in the instruction sheet, the report will not be evaluated.

Observations- The student should state what conclusions can be drawn from the experiment. Plots, charts,
other graphical medium, and equations should be employed to illustrate the student's viewpoint. Sources of
error and percent error should be noted here.

Reports/Discussions- The student should do the necessary calculations, and present the results as asked for
in the instruction sheet in the form of tables, charts, and graphs etc. They should also answer the questions
asked from their understanding of the experiment. They may also indicate any other observations, such as
sources of error (if any) and precautions to be taken in performing the experiment.
EXPERIMENT NO.: 1

TITLE: OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC OF A DC GENERATOR.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the open circuit characteristics or no-load magnetization curve of a dc

generator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LIST OF APPARATUS:

Sl. No. Items Range Maker Makers No.

220 V
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

MOTOR GENERATOR

THEORY: From the text book.

PROCEDURE:

• Connect the circuit as shown.

• With the generator field circuit off start the motor. Adjust the speed of the motor to rated speed (or
desired speed) of the generator. Note voltmeter reading and speed of the motor. The speed of the
motor should be kept constant throughout the experiment, if necessary by adjustment.
• Adjust the potential divider in the field circuit of the generator for zero output voltage position
initially and then put the supply on.
 • Increase the field current in steps from zero value up to a value corresponding to 125% of the rated
voltage of the generator. The field current I f the terminal voltage E, the speed N is noted. While
increasing/decreasing the field current never back track to lower/higher value for adjustment

• Take 10 or more readings for increasing the field current.

• Repeat step (5) for decreasing the value of the field current.

• Switch off the Supply of the motor and the generator field circuit.

NB: For all readings, speed should remain constant at rated speed of the machine.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl. Field current increasing Field current decreasing

No. Field Induced Speed in Field Induced Speed in
current, If voltage, E rpm current, If voltage, E rpm

REPORT:

1. Plot the OCC curve & determine the critical field resistance for rated speed.

2. The curve for decreasing values of the field current lies slightly above than that of the increasing
field current. Explain why?

3. What do you mean by residual magnetism?

4. How will you find the OCC at any other speed N 2 from the OCC of the shunt generator at a speed N 1
rpm and having a shunt field resistance RSH?
EXPERIMENT NO.: 2

TITLE: LOAD TEST ON A DC SHUNT GENERATOR.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the external and internal characteristics of dc shunt generator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Data of shunt generators:

Ra=1.2ohms; N=1500rpm; Ifull-load=13.6A; Vfull-load= 220V; Vno-load=320V

LIST OF APPARATUS:

SL NO ITEMS RANGE MAKER MAKERS NO.

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

MOTOR GENERATOR

THEORY: From the text book.

PROCEDURE:

• Connect the circuit as shown.

• Open switch S1. Run the motor & bring it to rated speed.

• Adjust RF so that the generator builds up to rated voltage. Record the voltage.
 • Close S1 and adjust the load current to 10% of the rated current of the generator. Adjust the generator
voltage and speed to rated value.

• Record the load current & terminal voltage.

• Increase the load current in small steps till the rated load current is obtained. The generator voltage
and speed is kept constant at rated value by adjusting field regulators of the generator and the motor.

• Switch off the load and do not adjust the field regulator of the generator anymore.

• Increase the load current in small steps till it reaches125% (approx.) of the rated load current and
record the load voltage and current in each step. The speed should be maintained constant.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:

Load Terminal Field Armature Armature Speed N

Sl. No. current voltage current in current EMF rpm
IL amps V volts amps Ia=IL+IF E=V+IaRa

REPORT:

1. Plot the terminal voltage V with respect to the load current (External characteristics).

2. Deduce the internal characteristics from the external characteristics and estimate the full load voltage
drop due to armature reaction.
EXPERIMENT NO: 3

TITLE: SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR.

OBJECTIVE: To control the speed of a DC shunt motor by controlling the field & armature resistance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Data of shunt motor

Ra =1.2 ohms; Rsh fld=250 ohms; N=1050 rpm; V=220V

LIST OF APPARATUS:
SL No. Items Range Maker Makers No.

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

MOTOR GENERATOR

THEORY: Refer text book.

PROCEDURE:
Case 1: Speed control by resistance in armature circuit. (S open)

• Connect circuit diagram as shown in figure.

• R and Rf are adjusted to zero at the starting time.
• Close switch ‘S’ and start the motor on no load. By adjusting R fbring the motor to rated speed. Note
the terminal voltage and exciting current (A1).Open switch ‘S’ and note the armature current (A2).
 • Increase R in steps and note the voltage across the armature (V) and the motor speed in rpm in each
step keeping the exciting current constant throughout. The same steps can be repeated with the motor
loaded to say half full load and full load which will be indicated by A2.

Case 2: Speed control by resistance in the field circuit (S close)

• Run the motor as before and bring it to the rated speed. Keep the switch in close position.
• Cut out the field regulating resistance Rf in steps and note the speed & field current in each case.
Keep the voltage across the armature constant .Take reading for decreasing value of speed by
increasing the field current. While increasing/decreasing the field current never back track to
lower/higher value for adjustment.
• Take readings for increasing values of speed for decreasing values of field current as in (2).

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION:

Case 1: Speed control by resistance in armature circuit.

Exciting current (constant) =

SL Armature voltage (volts) Va Armature current I a amps Speed N rpm

No

Case 2: Speed control by field resistance.

Va (constant) =.

SL Decreasing If Increasing If
NO
If amps N rpm If amps N rpm

REPORT:
1. Plot the speed vs armature voltage and speed vs field current (increasing/decreasing) curves from
the data.

2. Calculate the armature ohmic drop IaRa from the speed/armature voltage curve.

3. Why is the speed for decreasing values of If lower than the increasing value of the same If.?
EXPERIMENT NO.: 4

TITLE: OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

OBJECTIVE: To perform open circuit and short circuit test of a single phase transformer and calculate the
parameters of the equivalent circuit. Also estimate the efficiency and regulation for full range of transformer.

C
IRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Transformer data:

2 kVA, 230 V, turns ratio = 1:1

LIST OF APPARATUS:

Sl. NO. ITEM RANGE MAKERS MAKERS NOS.

THEORY: From the textbook

PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

• Connect the circuit diagram as shown.

• Put on the supply with zero applied voltage to the transformer.
• Increase the primary voltage up to rated voltage.
• Note down the instrument readings.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

• Put on the supply with zero applied voltage to the transformer.

• Increase the primary voltage slowly and carefully so as to obtain full load current in the secondary
winding.
• Note the instrument readings.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:
CASE 1: O.C TEST

Wattmeter constant MF: (Rated current x Rated Voltage)/Number of divisions

SL PRIMARY PRIMARY NO WATTMETER SECONDARY

NO VOLTS V1amps LOAD CURRENT READING VOLTS V2
I1amps DIVISION WATTS amps

CASE 2: S.C TEST

Wattmeter constant MF= (Rated current x Rated Voltage)/Number of divisions

SL PRIMARY PRIMARY WATTMETER SECONDARY

NO VOLTS V1volts CURRENT I1amps READING CURRENT I2
DIVISION WATTS amps

REPORT:

1. Draw the equivalent circuit and calculate the parameters.

2. Estimate the efficiency and percentage regulation.
3. What do open and short circuit signify?
4. Why are cores laminated?
5. Why is supply given on the LV side for OC test and on the HV side for SC test?
6. Can a transformer work on dc supply? Justify your answer.
7. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer?
EXPERIMENT NO.: 5

TITLE: LOAD TEST ON A SNGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the efficiency & regulation of a single phase transformer for the full range of
loading and also to perform polarity test.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig a Fig b

Transformer data: 2 KVA, 230V, turns ratio=1

LIST OF APPARATUS:

Sl. No. Items Range Maker Makers No.

THEORY: From the textbook

PROCEDURE:

LOAD TEST:

• Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure.

• On no load, switch on the supply of the transformer and note the instruments reading.
• Now put on load and increase it in steps up to rated load current (secondary). In each step note
readings of currents, voltage and power absorbed.
• Decrease the load and switch off the supply.

POLARITY TEST:

• Connect as shown in figure (a).

• Switch on the supply and note the voltmeter reading.
• Repeat step (1) and (2) for figure (b).
• Mark the four terminals of the transformer.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:

LOAD TEST:

Wattmeter constant MF= (Rated current x Rated Voltage)/Number of divisions

Sl. Applied Primary Wattmeter Secondary Secondary %age %age

No. voltage Current reading voltage V Current I efficiency regulations
V volts I amps Div Watts volts amps

POLARITY TEST:

Connection as in Voltmeter readings volts Inference

Fig a
Fig b

REPORTS:

1. Determine the condition of maximum efficiency in a transformer.

2. Derive the condition for maximum regulation & zero regulation in a transformer.
3. Draw the phasor diagram of a transformer on (1) no-load & (2) on full-load.
EXPERIMENT NO.: 6

TITLE: CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR.

OBJECT: To determine the complete performance of a 3-phase induction motor without actually loading it
from the circle diagram drawn from data obtained from (a) No-load test and (b) short circuit or blocked-
rotor test.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LIST OF APPRATUS:

Sl.No. ITEM RANGE MAKER MAKER’S NO

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

THEORY: From the no load test

No-load current Io =Ammeter reading

Open-circuit power factor cosΦo= (Wattmeter reading)/(√3*V*Io)

From the short-circuit test

Short-circuit current at normal voltage V is Isc =V1/Vsc*Isc

Where Vsc =Voltmeter reading

Isc =Ammeter reading

Short-circuit power factor cosΦs c= Wsc/(√3*V*Isc) where ws=Wattmeter reading

With the parameters of the approximate circuit model obtained from the no-load and blocked-rotor tests, the
complete performance of the induction machine can be calculated by varying the slip. To help visualize the
nature of induction motor performance over a complete range of slips, a graphical locus approach, called
circle diagram, is very helpful. The complete circle diagram is drawn in the fig below following the steps
enumerated below. It may be noted here that we use the suffix SC with the same meaning as BR (suffix for
quantities measured during blocked rotor test). The point Po corresponds to the no load current Io and point
Psc corresponds to the current Isc

Construction of circle diagram

• Locate the voltage axis along the voltage phasor V̅ as represented by OV.
The projection of a current phasor on the V-axis is the active current component while the reactive current
component is the projection on OX-axis (drawn lagging the V-axis by 900). These current components
represent real and reactive powers when multiplied by V, the voltage/phase.
• Draw vectors OP0 and OPscwith magnitudes I0 and Isc lagging the voltage vector V by an angle φ0 and
φsc respectively.
• Join PoPsc (which is the output line) and draw perpendicular bisector of the line PoPsc and let it cut
horizontal line drawn from Po parallel to OX-axis. M is the point where the perpendicular bisector cut
the horizontal line drawn from Po
• With M as centre and MPo as radius, draw a semicircle which forms the locus of the load current.
Extend the OPo line up to the point P͚ which will give us the Torque line.

Predetermination of characteristics from the circle diagram: Draw a perpendicular from P sc to meet the
point H at the OX-axis which will cut the toque line at point F.

PscH= Total input power

GH = Fixed loss

PscG= Total copper loss

 FG = Stator copper loss

PscF=Rotor copper loss or Rotor input

The power scale is derived as follows:

If the current scale is 1 cm=√3 VA watts
=VA/√3 watts
Where V and A are line values.

For a given loading, let the input stator current per phase be OP at power factor angle φ1 lagging. Draw a
perpendicular from P to meet the OX-axis at E cutting the torque line and output line at C and B respectively
and the PoQ line at D.

PE=Total input power

BP=Output power

PC=Rotor input

BC=Rotor copper loss

CD=Stator copper loss

DE=Fixed loss

Total stator Cu-loss=3/2*I12*R1

Where I1=Stator line output
R1=Stator resistance between line terminals

The torque of the motor may be determined-

(i) In terms of maximum torque,

(ii) Directly in synchronous watts to watts scale. This is the torque developed by the motor in terms
of the power developed in synchronous speed.

(iii) In Newton-metres, Torque=(length PC *Watts scale)/(2ᴨ*syn. r.p.s)

In kilogram metres, Torque = (Length PC*Watts scale)/(2ᴨ*syn. r.p.s*9.81)

If the perpendicular bisector cuts the circle at any point then the intercept from this point to the output line
gives the maximum output. Similarly the intercept between the torque line and point obtained by drawing a
line parallel to the torque and tangent to the circle gives the maximum developed by the motor. The cosine
of the angle between OA and the tangent to the semicircle drawn from O gives the maximum value of power
factor of the motor.

PROCEDURE:

(1) No load test:

• Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. The motor stator is connected in delta after
testing the polarity of the terminals.
• Run the motor up to rated speed by gradually increasing the voltages to the rated value with the help
of 3-phase variac.
• Obtain the reading for no load current I0, normal working voltage V0 and the input power W0
(2)Short-circuit test:

• Connect as shown. Look the motor so that it is prevented from rotating. Since the induction motor
will behave like a transformer on short circuit, allow voltage will produce the full load current.
Choose the instrument ranges accordingly.
• Starting with zero voltage across the stator gradually increase the voltage till full load current flows
in the stator.
• Obtain the readings of the full load short circuit Is, voltage V and the wattmeter Ws.

NB: Measure the stator resistance per phase.

REPORT:

1. Draw the circle diagram from the experimental data and determine the complete performance of the
motor at full load.
EXPERIMENT NO.: 7

TITLE: TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

OBJECTIVE: To study the following 3-phase transformer connections on identical 1-phase transformers.

• Star-star

• Star-delta

• Star-double star

• Star-double delta

• Star-diametrical

• Star-Zigzag

• Scott

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

(i) Star connections:

Measure all the line and phase voltages on both sides with a single voltmeter. Make appropriate changes
in the secondary connections if necessary. The secondary line voltages should be equal.

(ii) Star-delta connections:

Connect as shown in fig. below: Measure and record the primary phase and line voltages. Measure the
secondary phase voltages and also VAC. It should be low (around 10V). If not, make necessary changes in the
secondary connections.
(iii) Star-double star (3 to 6 phase transformations):

Connect as shown in fig. below: Follow the procedure as in star-star connections.

(iv) Star-double delta (3 to 6 phase transformations): Follow the general procedure of connection.
Measure Vac and Va’c’.

(v) Star-diametrical (3 to 6 phase transformation):

Connect as shown in (iii) and tie the secondary star points. Measure V ab, Vbc, V, V, V and V. They should be
nearly equal.

(vi) Zig-Zag connection: Measure all the phase voltages V 2 and all the star voltages (3V2) and secondary
line voltages (=3 V2 )

(vii) Scott connections:

 Measure the input and the output voltages. Also join O-O’ and measure V ab, Vbc and Vca. They should be
nearly equal.

EXPERIMENT NO.: 8
TITLE:SUMPNER’S TEST OR BACK-TO-BACK TEST ON TWO SIMILAR SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMERS
OBJECTIVE: To determine the constant and variable losses of a 1-phase transformer and hence to
determine its efficiency without actually loading it.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
APPARATUS LIST: Put in a tabular form as shown. Write separately the specification of the transformers
and measuring instruments.
LIST OF APPRATUS:

Sl.No. ITEM RANGE MAKER MAKER’S NO

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

THEORY:
Test is carried out on two similar 1-phase transformers and it permits the copper and iron losses to be
measured separately, thus enabling the efficiency to be calculated for any load and power factor.
The two transformers are connected in parallel on their primary sides and in series opposition on their
secondary sides. Under this condition the wattmeter on the primary side gives core loss for both the
transformers as primary excitation cannot cause a current to flow in the secondary circuits.
When the rated current is passed through the secondary circuits from an external A.C source (say an
autotransformer), it is not reflected on the primary sides and the primary wattmeter reading remain
unaffected. The wattmeter connected in the secondary circuit gives Cu loss for both thetransformers.
Total losses watts for both the transformers.
Since the transformers are identical the total loss for one transformer is .
The rated output at a specified power factor = (VA-rating of one transformer) x
( p.f) = VI
Efficiency for one transformer,
%age efficiency,
%age efficiency at a fraction ‘’ of the rated output,

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the primary sides of the transformer as shown. Connect only the secondary windings in series.
2. Perform the polarity test by connecting a voltmeter (0-600 V) across the secondary terminals. On
switching on the supply the voltmeter should read zero. In case the voltmeter reads 460 V (for 230 V
secondary) interchange the connections on one secondary winding.
3. Switch off the supply and complete the connections on the secondary sides as shown.
4. Switch on the primary supply. With the output voltage of the variac set to zero, switch on the secondary
supply. Increase the secondary voltage gradually till the rated (circulating) current flows through the
secondary.
5. Note all the instrument readings.

REPORT:
1. Deduce the expression for hysteresis and eddy-current losses.
2. Deduce the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer. From your experimental data find the
fraction of full load ‘’at which the efficiency will be maximum.
3. Calculate the efficiencies at different fractions of the rated and full load of the transformers and draw the
efficiency curve. Take power factors of 0.8 lagging and unity.

Experiment No. 9

TITLE: RETARDATION TEST ON A D.C. MACHINE

OBJECTIVE: To perform the Retardation test on a d.c. motor and separate the no-load losses and to
calculate the efficiency at various loads.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(Select instruments of appropriate type and range based on specification of the machine.)

LIST OF APPRATUS:

Sl.No. ITEM RANGE MAKER MAKER’S NO

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

THEORY:

When a DC motor is disconnected from its supply circuit, it will come to rest when the kinetic energy
stored in the moving part of the system to which it is coupled has been dissipated. This fact can be utilized to
measure and categorize the losses in the machine at any given speed.

If a motor is brought to speed and switch off, it will slow down as represented by the running down curve
shown in fig. 1. The retarding torque (T) is due to the friction and iron losses. The angular retardation at any
instant is directly proportional to the retarding torque at that instant and varies inversely with moment of
inertia (J) of the rotating parts.

Eqn. 1

At any speed n (represented by a point A of fig. 1), the power wasted is P and the retarding
torque. Therefore, the power wasted takes the form:

Eqn. 2

The angular retardation is directly proportional to the slope of the retardation curve. Hence, at the speed
represented by a point A of fig. 1 the retarding torque is proportional to the slope at A (slope=tanα):
 Or Eqn. 3

Where CD is the subnormal of AB. In order to determine K, the power loss per unit length of
the subnormal, it is necessary to determine the actual losses. (Iron + Friction) losses at any given speed n
and excitation current (no-load test) and readings of the current (I o) and power (Wo) to the armature have to
be recorded. The total iron and frictional losses (P) is obtained by subtracting the armature copper loss (I o2ra)
from the measured input power (Wo):

P = Wo – Io2ra Eqn. 4

Run the motor at rated speed with full excitation current. Open switch S 2 and take readings of speed at
regular time intervals. Draw the running- down curve and determine the subnormal (FG) which corresponds
to the friction and iron losses obtained from the no-load test. Then calculate K. Plot a curve showing the iron
and frictional losses vs the speed at full excitation. Repeat retardation test with field unexcited and plot a
curve of friction losses vs the speed N. Determine the friction and iron losses separately at different speed at
full excitation. Plot Wi/N against N with the aim to decompose the iron losses into components. Determine
the eddy current, hysteresis, and friction losses against speed for full excitation current.

Graph 1: Retardation or running down curve.

Step 1: At full excitation
Armature input = VIa, Armature Cu-loss = Ia2Ra
Iron/Core loss+ Friction and Windage loss W = VIa- Ia2Ra
Where V = Voltage across armature, Ia = Armature current, Ra = Armature resistance
In Graph 1, this loss is represented by the sub-tangent drawn at the starting point P of the full excitation
curve, i.e. S1G1 = W, from which power scale can be determined. Say K watts/divn. At a particular speed N 1,
The retarding power = K X S2G2 at full excitation
= K X S3G3 at partial excitation
= K X S4G4 at no excitation
Graph 2: Similarly determine the retarding powers at different speeds and draw ‘Retarding vs speed
power curves’.

Step 2: With no excitation, retardation is due to friction and windage only.

Core loss (Wi) = Core loss+ Friction and Windage loss - Friction and Windage loss at speed N1.
= K(S2G2 – S4G4) at full excitation
= K(S3G3 – S4G4) at partial excitation
Graph 3: Determine the core losses at different speeds and draw ‘core loss vs speed curves’.
Step 3: Separation of Hysteresis loss (Wh) and Eddy current loss (We)
Core loss (Wi) = Hysteresis loss (Wh) + Eddy current loss (We)
= KhN + KeN2 (Ref. text book for details)
Where Kh = Hysteresis loss constant
Ke = Eddy current loss constant
N = Speed in RPM
Or Wi/N = Kh + KeN
Graph 4: From Graph 3, find out the energy loss/revolution at different speeds ‘N’ and plot ‘Energy
loss/revolution vs speed curves’ at full and partial excitations.
From Graph 4, find the values of Kh and Ke at full and partial excitations.
At any speed N, Wh =KhN and We = KeN2

Step 4: Calculate the losses for both full and partial excitations at different speeds.
Graph 5: Hysteresis loss vs speed Graph 6: Eddy current loss vs speed

EFFICIENCY:
Constant loss WC = No-load input – Armature copper loss at no load

= (Ia+Ish)V – Ia2Ra where Ish is shunt field current (Ish constant, if V is constant)

Get the full-load input current Ifl from the machine specification. At a particular fraction ‘x’ of full- load.

Input current = xIfl

Armature current = xIfl -Ish

 Armature Cu- loss = (xIfl -Ish)2Ra

Total loss WT = WC + (xIfl -Ish)2Ra

Input power = xIfl V

Therefore, % efficiency
Similarly, find out the efficiencies at different fractions of the full load.
PROCEDURE:
• Without excitation: Both armature and field supply off.
Connect as shown. Keep switches S1 and S2 in closed position and Rh1 and Rh2 in zero positions.
Close switch S and start the motor. Open switch S 1 and adjust Rh1 to get rated speed. Record readings
of ammeters and voltmeters. Now open switch S and record speed against time at regular intervals (5
secs.) from the instant of the switch S is opened.
• Normal excitation: Armature supply off.
Keep switches S1 and S2 in closed position and Rh1 and Rh2 in zero positions. Close switch S and start
the motor. Open switch S1 and adjust Rh1 to get rated speed. Record readings of ammeters and
voltmeters. Now open switch S2 and record speed against time at same regular intervals from the
instant of the switch S2 is opened.
• Reduced excitation: Armature supply off.
Follow the same procedure for starting. Open switch S 1 and adjust both Rh1 and Rh2 in turn and get
normal speed at a field current of 80% of the value of the previous runs. Record readings of
ammeters and voltmeters. Now open switch S 2 and record speed against time at same regular
intervals from the instant of the switch S2 is opened.
Measure the ohmic resistance of the armature.
REPORTS:
1. Calculate the hysteresis and eddy current losses at different speeds and hence draw the loss vs speed
curves.
2. Calculate the efficiencies at different fractions of full-load and draw the load vs efficiencies.
3. If a low resistance of the order of say 20 ohms is connected across the armature at the instant of S 2 is
opened, what will the effect on the speed of the motor? Explain.
4. Explain how you will find the Moment of Inertia from the running- down curve.

EXPERIMENT NO.: 10

TITLE: HOPKINSON TEST (BACK-TO-BACK) ON TWO SIMILAR DC MACHINES

OBJECTIVE: To find the efficiency of a dc machine.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

APPARATUS: Select instruments of appropriate type and range after going through the specification of the
machines in which the experiments is to be performed.

LIST OF APPRATUS:

Sl.No. ITEM RANGE MAKER MAKER’S NO

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

THEORY:

With this method, full-load test can be carried out on two shunt machines, preferably identical
without wasting their outputs. The two machines are mechanically coupled and are so adjusted electrically
that one of them acts as a motor and the other as generator, while the electrical power developed in the
generator is utilised in the motor. Thus the two M/C of any sizes can be tested under full load condition and
the power taken from the supply will be that required to overcome the losses only. If there were no losses in
the machine then they would have run without any external power supply. But due to the losses of the
generator output is not sufficient to drive the motor and vice versa.

The electrical output of the generator plus the small power taken from the supply is taken by the motor and
is given out as mechanical power after simplifying the motor losses. Assuming first of all that the shunt
losses are the same in both machines and the armature copper losses and also the stray losses can be equally
divided between them.

Let,
 ILG = Generator output current

IAG = Generator armature current

IFG = Generator shunt field current

... ILG = IAG - IFG

ILM = Motor input current

IAM = Motor armature current

IFM = motor shunt field current

... ILM= IAM + IFM

V = supply voltage

Motor input = VILM

Generator output = VILG

... Current taken from the supply IS = ILM - ILG

Motor input = V (IS + ILG)

Motor Efficiency = η

... Output of the motor = η xMotor input = ηx V(IS + ILG) = Generator input.

When efficiencies of the motor and generator are equal.

Output of the generator = η x Generator input =η 2x V(IS + ILG)

VILG =η 2x V(IS + ILG)

Therefore, the efficiency of the Motor/ Generator:

η=

The above assumptions can be successfully applied to large machines where the armature current
are not very different and the differences in the excitations affect the iron losses very little. In case of small
machines the armature current and the excitations are very different in the two machines and the efficiencies
as calculated as above is far from accurate.

However in the following model equal division of stray losses is assumed and the losses for two
machines are calculated separately.Thus the efficiencies of the two machines are calculated separately.

Let RMand RG are the motor and generator resistances respectively.

Armature copper loss in motor=IAM2 RM
Armature copper loss in generator=IAG2 RG
Shunt field copper loss in the generator=VIFG
Shunt field copper loss in the motor=VIFM
But the total motor and generator losses are equal to the power supplied by the mains.
 Power drawn from the supply=VIS,
Where IS=supply current
Therefore, total stray losses for the set
VIS-(IAM2 RM+ IAG2 RG +VIFG + VIFM )=W(say)
As assumed stray losses per machine=W/2
For the generator,
Total losses= IAG2 RG +VIFG +W/2=Wg
Output of the generator=VILG
Efficiency of the Generator, ηg=output/(output+losses)= VILG/( VILG+ Wg)
For the motor,
Total losses= IAM2 RM+ VIFM +W/2=Wm
Input to the motor=VILM
Efficiency of the Motor, ηm=(Input-Losses)/Input= (VILM- Wm)/ VILM

PROCEDURE:

• Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

• With the coupling switch ‘S’ open, start the motor, bring it to rated speed by adjusting its field
regulator.

• The motor now drives the generator. Adjust the voltage of the generator with its field regulator until
voltmeter ‘V’ shows that thegenerator voltage is same in both polarity and magnitude as that of
supply.

• Closethe switch ‘S’ there by connecting the machines in parallel.

• Leave the motor field-regulator untouched. Increase the generator excitation to increase the load on
the two machines.At each step of the increase of load, note the instrument reading and the speed of
the machines.Increase the load upto the rated value of the generator.

• Measure the armature resistance of the two machines by voltage drop method.

OBSERVATION:

Sl.No. Line Voltage(V) Speed Motor side Generator side

current(IL) Volt in Field Armature Field Armature
Amps rpm current current current current
Amps Amps. Amps Amps.

REPORT:

1. Draw the efficiency curve for the two machines.(Efficiency Vs. Load current)
 2. Discuss the merits of the experiment with necessary precautions.

EXPERIMENT NO.: 11

TITLE: INDUCTION REGULATOR.

OBJECTIVE: To Study The Single-Phase And Three Phase Induction Regulator.

1. SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION REGULATOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

For construction and operation see any standard text book on Electrical machines.

APPARATUS LIST: Put in a tabular form. Write separately the specifications of the machine.

THEORY: The cross-section of a 2-pole, 1-phase induction voltage regulator and the connection diagram
are shown in the above figures. The primary rotor winding is connected across a 1-phase supply and the
secondary stator winding is connected in series with the supply lines. The two windings are linked by
alternating flux. The secondary voltage V S is either in phase or in phase opposition to primary voltage V 1
and magnitude of VS depends upon the magnetic coupling of the rotor coils (i.e. their relative positions).

V0 = V1 ± VS= V1±VSmaxcosθ

Where θ is the rotor displacement from the maximum boost position, +ve and –ve sign give maximum and
minimum values of the output voltage V0.

Graph showing the variation of the output voltage V0 with θ.

PROCEDURE:

• Connect as shown in the circuit diagram. Use one Voltmeter to measure the voltage.

• Determine the rotor positions for V0max(VS will be maximum) and V0min (VS will again maximum).
Measure V1, VS and V0 at intervals of 22.50 from 00 to 1800 (E).

• Calculate VS (=VSmax cosθ) and calculate the errors in VS and V0 for each set of readings.

• Tabulate the results and draw the corresponding phasor diagrams.

2. THREE PHASE REGULATOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY: The connection diagram of the 3 phase induction regulator is shown. The 1-phase primary/rotor
winding are connected across 3-phase supply in star(find out the reason) and the secondary/stator windings
are connected in series with the line as shown. Balanced 3-phase supply currents establish constant
amplitude rotating flux like in 3-phase 1Ms. This constant flux induces constant secondary voltages V S,
irrespective of relative positions of stator and rotor.

The voltage phasor diagram for one phase is.

As shown which shows that the magnitude of VS is constant but its locus is a circle.

V0 = V1 + VS

It is to be noted that the input and the output voltages will be in phase only in maximum boost and
maximum bulk positions.

PROCEDURE:

• Connect as shown in the circuit diagram.

• Rotate the rotor to get maximum voltage across any two output terminals. This gives phase angle
between primary phase voltage and secondary phase voltage equal to 0 0. Mark the position of the
pointer attached to the rotor on the dial.

• Rotate the rotor to get the minimum output voltage to get the 1800 (E) position. Mark the position.

• After marking the two positions find 450,900 and1350positions.

• Note down all voltages corresponding to 00, 450, 900, 1350 and 1800 (E) positions.

REPORT:

1. What is the function of the compensating winding in the 1-phase induction regulator?

2. Show the complete voltage phasor-diagram for the 3-phase regulator and mark the maximum boost
and the maximum bulk positions.
 3. Calculate the error in the output voltage for each set of readings from the instrument readings and the
calculated values. Draw also the phasor diagrams.

EXPERIMENT NO.: 12

TITLE: V-CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

OBJECTIVE: To determine the V-curves of a synchronous motor at various loads.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

APPARATUS: Put in tabular form. Also write the specification of the machines.

STARTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR:

A synchronous motor is not self-starting. But once it is brought up to synchronous speed by some
means it can develop torque.

A three phase synchronous motor is generally started by induction motor action for which a damper
winding over the pole faces is required. For starting, the field circuit is connected to motor exciter as shown
in the circuit diagram. The switch S is kept open and the rheostat R h1 is set for maximum resistance. A 3-
phase sub-normal voltage is applied to the motor armature circuit through a 3-phase auto transformer starter.
The rotating magnetic field set up at the air gap interlinks with the damper winding which behaves like a
squirrel cage rotor winding producing a starting torque. It does so like a 3 phase induction motor to rotate
the rotor in the same direction as that of the magnetic field. At full speed, the rated voltage is applied and
rotor rotates at slightly less than synchronous speed. The exciter voltage is set at 75volt by adjusting R h1 and
the switch S is closed. DC excited filed poles are set up which interlock with the poles of rotating field to
pull the rotor up to synchronous speed.

THEORY:

When a synchronous motor is connected to an infinite bus (voltage V constant) the current input to the stator
depends on shaft load and excitation (field current).

For constant shaft load (output)

Input = √3 VI cos φ=constant

As V is constant, I cos φ is constant.

When the excitation is changed, the power factor of the motor changes. When the field current is small, that
means the machine is under excited , the power factor is low and lagging and as the excitation is increased,
the power factor improves and for a certain current the power factor becomes unity . this corresponds to
normal excitation when V=E(induced emf), if the excitation is further increased , the machine will become
over excited drawing more line current and the power factor becomes leading and low. Thus if the field
current is changed keeping load and supply voltage constant, the armature current changes to make I cos φ =
constant. Because of their shape, the graphs of armature current versus field current are called the V curves,
if V curves at different loads are plotted and point on different curves having the same power factor are
connected, the resulting curves are known as compounding curves.
PROCEDURE:

• Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

• With zero excitation and zero load on the coupled dc generator, follow the starting procedure
described earlier and bring the motor to synchronous speed.
• The synchronous motor is loaded by loading the dc generator. Adjust the field rheostat R h2 to obtain a
generator voltage of 220 volt. Do not put load on the generator.
• Vary Rh1 to change motor field current from low to high values in regular steps and note the
corresponding armature currents. It will be observed that armature current reduces to minimum and
then increases again.
• Bring the excitation to a minimum value such that the armature current is somewhat below the rated
value.
• Put load on dc generator and adjust Rh2 to get about 2 ampere at 220 volt. Repeat steps 4 and 5.
• Increase load on the synchronous motor (by increasing load on dc generator) and for each loading
repeat step 4.

REPORT:

1. Plot V-curve for different values of load.

2. Draw the unity power factor compounding curve and mark the leading and lagging power factor
regions.
EXPERIMENT NO.13

TITLE: SLIP TEST ON AN ALTERNATOR

OBJECTIVE: To determine the direct axis and the quadrature axis reactances of a salient pole alternator by means of
slip test.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

APPARATUS LIST: Put in tabular form. Write separately the specifications of machines.

Alternator Motor Autotransformer

THEORY: The variation of synchronous impedance Zs with torque angle ψ is observed experimentally in salient pole
machines in the slip test. A subnormal voltage at rated frequency is applied at the armature terminals with field circuit
open and machine running slightly at different speed from synchronous speed.

The stator and rotor poles slip past one another. When pole axes are in line, the armature mmf acts through the main
magnetic circuit and at that instant the ratio of the rated applied armature voltage to armature current will be the direct
axis synchronous reactance (Xd). When the two sets of poles are in quadrature, the same ratio gives the quadrature axis
synchronous reactance(Xq,). Instead of instrument readings, oscillography records of armature voltage and current may
be taken.

Xd = maximum ratio of armature voltage to current.

Xq = minimum ratio of armature voltage to current.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the d.c. supply and start the motor. Adjust the speed of the motor by means of the field regulator to nearly
(slightly above or below) the synchronous speed of the alternator.

3. With the autotransformer output voltage set at zero, switch on the a.c. supply.

4. On increasing the autotransformer output voltage slowly, it will be seen that ammeter and voltmeter readings will
oscillate. This means that both rotor and stator magnetic fields are rotating in same direction. If no oscillation is
observed, switch off the a.c. supply and then inter change any two terminals and repeat the procedure.

5. Make a fine adjustment of the motor speed to obtain very slow oscillations of the instrument readings. Adjust
autotransformer output to make the ammeter reading oscillate around 50% of the rated current of the alternator.

6. Note maximum and minimum values of voltmeter and ammeter readings. Take three sets of readings by adjusting
slightly the autotransformer output.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:

Synchronous Speed of the Alternator: = RPM. Motor Speed: = RPM

Sl. Voltmeter reading (v) Ammeter reading Xd=Ω Xq=Ω Average Average
No. (A) Xd Ω Xq Ω
Max. Min. Max. Min.

EXPERIMENT NO: 14

OBJECTIVE: (i) Synchronization of two alternators (ii) Synchronization of an alternator with power supply
mains.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
LIST OF APPARATUS:

Name of instrument/equipment Serial no. Manufacturer/Maker

THEORY: Synchronization of Alternator. (i) 3 – Lamp Method (ii) Synchroscope Method (Refer Text
Book.)

PROCEDURE: (Synchronization of two alternators)

3 – Lamp Method:

• Connect circuit as shown in the diagram. Select Lamp Method by selector switch in the panel.

• Switch on d.c. power supply and start both the motors. Ensure that motors run in the same direction.

• Adjust the speed of the motors to run the alternators at their synchronous speed.

• Put the exciter voltage control at zero initially. Switch on the a.c. power of exciter of alternator 1.

• Put the voltmeter selector switch in alternator 1 position, then slowly increase the field current of alternator 1
by exciter control till the rated terminal voltage is obtained. Now, keep the selector switch in alternator 2
position, repeat the process.

• Check the phase sequence of both the alternators by phase sequence meter, one at a time with the help of the
selector switch in the panel. Ensure same phase sequence for both the alternators.

• Finally check the voltage of both the alternators. They must be same, if not, adjust. Slightly alter the speed of one
machine; Lamps L1, L2 and L3 will flicker alternately. Adjust the speed to slow down the flickering rate, and close
the synchronizing switch when L1 is dark and L2 , L3 are equally bright. The alternators are synchronized and lamps
stop flickering.

Synchoscope Method:

Put the selector switch in Synchroscope Method mode.

Repeat the above synchronizing process. Observe the synchroscope by pressing the synchroscope switch. Pointer on
the synchroscope dial will rotate slowly indicating whether the incoming machine is fast or slow. Close the
synchronizing switch when the pointer reaches the null position.

PROCEDURE: (Synchronization of an alternator with power supply mains)

• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram. (one motor-alternator set and power supply mains.

• Start the motor. Bring up the speed to synchronous speed of the alternator. Switch on the power supply mains
to the panel. Check power supply line voltage in the panel. Increase the alternator output voltage slowly till it
becomes equal to power supply line voltage. Check phase sequence of both the mains and the alternator,
correct if necessary.

• Check the voltages of the mains and the alternator, ensure that they are equal. Manipulate motor speed as
before for synchronization for both the cases of (a) 3-Lamp Method and (b) synchroscope Method.