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THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

MICHAEL. CHILUFYASATA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
2021/2022 SESSIONAL EXAMINATION

MBS330- MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY II

Student lD (Computer No.): 1252v 1

Program of Study
Duration of Examination 02hrs 30mins
Total Marks : 80 marks

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES

(READ CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU START TO
ANSWER)
" Write the STUDENT ID NUMBER
(SIN) on the space provided on all the sheets. The sheets
without SIN will not be considered for marking.
Read the instructions at the beginning of every
section (Section A and B). Mark allocations for
questions/subquestions Section are shown in brackets. No negative marking applies for
Wrong answers.
in B

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" No one shall allowed to leave during the first 30
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minutes from thc beginning of exam and the laet
 SIN
Question Code:B
SIN52u 7 Many

QUESTIONS (MCQS) CHOOSE ONLY O5

MULTIPLE CHOICE
SCTION - A:
ANSWER FOR EACH QUESTION AND CIRCL.E THE LETI B)

CORRET AND BEST 0UESTIONS. ALL QUESTIONS CARRY

EOL
ANSWVER ALL.,
IN FRONT OF T. MARKS).
WEIGITAGE (4OMCOs MARk 40
medications, and other foreign chemicals, can
individual taking xenobiotics, such as alcohol,
An which one of the following mechanisms?
increase their risk for free-radical iniury throueh
A; Próduction of ionizing radiation
9 Productien of hydrogen pcroxide in the
manufacturing process, such that hydrogen peroxide
is present in the ingested materials
C). Reaction of O; with CoQ
D» Induction of oxidases in peroxisomes
E) Induction of enzymes containing cvtochrome P450

2. Newly synthesized fatty acids are not immediately degraded because of which one ot the
following"
A). Newly synfhesized fatty acids cannot be converted to their CoA derivatives,
B. Translort of fatty acids into mitochondria is inhibited under conditions in which fatty acids
are being synthesized.
O1. Tissues that synthesize fatty acids do not contain the enzymes that degrade fatty acids.
D), High NADPH Ievels inhibit B-oxidation.
E), In the presence of insulin, the key fatty acid-degrading enzyme is not induced.

3. A patient trying to lose weight is taking an over-thc-counter "fat blocker that supposedly
blocks fat absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. If this supplement truly blocked fat
absorption, for which vitamin below could the patient potentially develop a deficiency?
A). Vitarfíin B6
B)_ Xitamin C
O Vitamin K
D). Vitamin Bi
E), Vilamin B3

4 An individual with a deficiency in the conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin would be

to experience a more detrimental efect on protein digestion than an expected
individual who was
defective in any of the other digestive proteases. This is a result of which of the following?
A), Trypsin activates enteropeptidase. which is needed to activate the other
pancreatic
B). Trypsin inhibits intestinal motility. so the substrates can be hydrolyzed for longer zymogens.
periods.
(C) Trypsin has a greater and wider range of substrates on which to act.
D). Trypsin activates pepsinogen, so digestion can begin in the
E) Trypsin activates the other zymogens that are
stomach.
secreted by the pancreas.

2
 Question Code:
SINssla0
in order to:
are osidi/cd hy cy tochromes P450

EDTUIAEL TER Mans xeobotics iCvogenous

A inerease their
substrales)
pharmacological activity
B). make them carcinogenic.
an aqucous environment.
(O inccáse their solubility in
tissue.
D). enhance their deposition in adipose
E all of the above
following?
6 Kwashiorkor can result from which one of the
deficient in proteins
A), Consuming a calorie-adequate diet that is
primarily proteins
B). Consuming a caloric-deficient diet that is deficient in protein
CConsuming a calorie-deficient dictthat is also
carbohydrates
.oysuming a calorie-adequae diet that is deficient in atty
in acids
E), Consuming a calorie-adequate diet that is deficient
7, Which one of these iS correct about the urca cycle?
A). It oceurs solek in the mitochondria
B), It oceurs so as to get rid of non-essential amino acids
C), It occuss in the cytosol
(D) Urináry urea is inereased by die rich in protein
E), Ufea is produced directly by hydrolysis of long chain proteins
latty
Vitamin B12 is a requirement in the complete oxidation of which one of the following
acids?
A), Very-long-chain
D. Odd-chain-length
C). Shot-chain
D). Medium-chain
E).Long-chain

A patient with diabhetes in ketoacidosis has a specific odor to the breath. Which one of the
following compounds is responsible this odor?
A). Acotyl-CoA
B). C0:
C). Acetoacetale
D). B-Hydroxybutyrate
Acetone

10 Which one of the following is involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue?
A). Lipeprolcin lipase (LPL) to catalyze the formation of ester bonds
B), Acetoacetyl-CoA as an obligatory
OFalty acids obtained from
intermediate
chylomierons and VLDL
D), Glycerol 3-phosphate derived from
E) 2-Monoacylplycerol as an obligatory
blood glycerol
intermediate

3
 Question Code.R
SIN5a A nC

U An idiv idual has been shown to have a deficicncy in n

Inlestinal epilhel1al cell amino
Iransport system for leucine, llowver, the individual shows no symploms of amino ac
deticiency. Ihis coull be because of which of the following?
A). Isoleucine takes the place of icucine in proteins.
B). Lcucine is net nocessary for bulk protein synthesis.
0 The body synthesizes leucine to compensate for the transport delect.
D) The kidncy rcabsorbs leucine and sends it to other tissues.
D There are multiple transport systems for leucine

1 Amolecule of' palmitic acid, attached to carbonI of the glycerol moiety of a triacylglycerol, is
ingested and digested. The fatty acid is stored in a fat cell and, ultimately. is oxidizcd to carbon
dioxide and water in a muscle cell, Choose the molecular complex in which the palmitate
residue is carricd from the lumen of the gut to the surface of the gut
A), Bile salt micelle
epithelial cell.
B). LDL
) VLDL.
D) Chylomicron
Faty acid-albumin complex
13. A patient with
kyperlipoproteinemia would be most likely to benefit fron a
diet if the lipóproteins that are clevated in blood are low-carbohvdrate
which of the following?
A). LDL
B). IDE
Chylomicrons
) . VLDL
E). HDL

14, What is theprimary product of ethanol metabolism by the alcohol

dehydrogenase system? dehydrogenase and aldehyde
). Oxalic acid
Formaldehvde
Formic acid
DAcetone
E,. Acetaldchyde
D. An infant has hepatosplenomegaly. hypoglycemia. hyperlipidemia, acidosis and normal
Siructured glycogen deposition in liver. What is the diagnosis?
A), Cori's disease
B). Anderson's disea_e
C). Pompes discaye
D Her's disc
Ovon Gierke'dicase

4
 S I N l s | 4 5a07 Question Code:

l6. A new patient, recently admitted to the lospital. has contracted diphtheria. Afamily history
indicates that the patient had never been vaccinated against this pathogen Protein synthesis in
the patient"'s ells is inhibited owing to which one of the following?
An inhibition o the assembly of the translation-initiation complex
B). An inhibition of the Iranslocation step of protein synthesis
C). An inhibition of the ermination of protein synthesis.
D). An inhibition ofR}A polymerase Il activity
E). An inhibition of peptidyltransferase activity
17. In a study with mice exhibiting hypercholesterolemia, cholesterol was allixed to double
stranded RNA. which targeted the dsRNA to enter cells through cholesterol diftusion through
the plasma membrane. The dsRNA was targeted to bind to mRNA that encoded the
apolipoprotein B gene and resulted in a lowering of circulating cholesterol levels. This result
occurs due to which of the following?
A). Inhibition of apolipoprotein B folding
B). Enhanced degradation of apolipoprotein B
C), RNA editing of the apolipoprotein B mRNA
D). Inhibition of apolipoproteinBtranscription
E) Inhibition of apolipoprotein Btranslation

18. A physician suspects an atypical pneumnonia from Mycoplasma pncumoniae based on the
symptoms of 3- to 4-weck history ofa nonproductive cough and a low-grade fever and decides
lo treat the patient with erythromycin. Which of the following best deseribes the mechanism of
action of erythromycin?
A), Binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of mRNA and prevents translation
B) Binds to and inhibits initiation factor IF-| from binding to the initiation complex
(C). Binds o the 5OS ribosomal subunit and blocks translocation during translution
D), Binds to the 5 cap of mRNA and prevents translation
E Binds to the 30S ritbosomal subunit and blocks peptidyl transferase activity

19, A23-year-old man prescnts to his family physician with a painless swelling of his testicles. An
ultrasound is suspicious for a necoplasm. and a biopsy confirns the presence of cancer. He is
refeed to an oncologist, who begins trcatment with the topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide. The
normal function of this enzyme is to do which of the following?
A). Break and rejoin the DNA helix during replication
B). Prevent the single strands of DNA from reannealing during replication
C), Synhesize RNA primers for DNA polymerase
D). Repair-muclear DNA in the event of DNA damage
( . Unwind the [DNA helix during replication
 Question Code:
SIN5a7
sensitive to fe.
fruclose L.6-bisphosphatase in Iver less 5

0. A genetic disorder
renders
following metabolic changes are observed in this
the
fructose 2.6-biphosphate. All of
except:
A). Less pyruvate is formed
B). Less ATP is generated
C), None of the above
normal
D). Level of frdctose 1,6-biphosphate is higher than
Level of fructose 1,6-biphosphate is lower than nornal
and has started to bite his lips and fingers
21. A 2-year-old boy is exhibiting developmental delay inability to metabolize which
Orange-colored "sand" is found in his diapers. This child has an
one of the following molecules?
A). Adenine
B). Uracil
O. Hypoxanthine
D). Uric acid
E). Thymipe

22. The key mechanistic failure in patients with eroderma Pigmentosum involves which one of the
following?
A), Mutation of one of the mismatch repair components
B). Inability to synthesize DNA across the dumaged region
C), Loss of proofrçading capacity
D). Mutation jrthe primase gene
(. Inabilitý to excise a section of the UV-damaged DNA

23 An intravenous (|V) drug user is tested, and found positive, for infection by
HIV. If the patient
is only placed on one antiviral medication, viral loads will
initially be reduced, but will then
rapidly increase. The resistance to the drug occurs due to which of the following?
AL Lack of DNA repair enzyme systems in HIV-infected cells
Incorpottion of uracil in the RNA genome of HIV
O Incorporition of thymine in the RNA genome of HIV
D Lack of error checking by DNApolymerase
E). Lack of error checking by RNA polymerase
24. It is reuired to distinguish between the cells that have taken up the vector and that have not. It
is done by using
sclectable marker
B), restriction _ie
C), multipléloning site
D). originof teplication
E), high copy humber
 Question Code:
25. To habies were om at the sume time in the hospital, but their
nametags may have bcen mixcd
up. DNA fingerprinting was done to determine the parentage of the children, using Southern
blots of restricted DNA and a specifie probe. The basis for seeing
differences between
individuals using this technique is which of the following?
A), Triplet repeat expansions
B) DNA methylation
C,Chromosomal deletiors
D), RFLPs
( . Chromosomal translocations

26. The region of DNA shown below is to be amplified by PCR. The appropriate pair of primers to
use is which of the following?

A B

A). B and D
B).C and D
OB and C
D). Aand D
E). A and C

27. The cell in which the recombinant molecules are propagated is termed as
A). carrier
(B) bioreactor
C). host
D). vector
E), plasmid

28. Some goats have been genetically modificd with a human gene hat codes for a blood
anti.
clotting factor. The anticlotting factor can then be extracted from the goat milk and used
during
surgery. To produce these genetically modified goats, scientists most likely:
A), Altered the nutritional requirements of newborn goats
B). Injccted the anticlotting factor parentally to the animals
C), Injected the antietotting factor into the milk-producing glands of the animals
D), Added mofied DNA into the milk of the animals
Insertt ihe human gene into the egg cells of goats
 SIN

has a laborat
29. You suspect the patient might have Huntington disease, and the hospital
carry o
cquipped to perform RFLP analyses. Which of the following lechniques is required to
RFLP analysis?
A). X-ray crystallography
B). Mass spectrometry
). Western blot
D). Northern blot
E), Southern blot

30. Nicotine addiction from cigarette smoking is related to rates of conversion of nicotine to
cotinine. carried out by a member of the cytochrome P450 enzyme family called P450PB
(formerly CYP2A3). Individuals with variant alleles of the enzyme are predisposed toward
nicotine addiction and the development of lung cancer. The P450 cytochromes are members of
which family of oxidoreductases?
A). Oxidase
B). Oxygenase
C). Dehydrogenase
D). Catalase
E), Hydroperoxidase

31. People with diabetes mellitus are prone to develop cataracts because their
glucose concentration:
elevated blood
A).Increases glycogen synthesis within the lens
(D. Allows aldose reductase to reduce glucose to sorbitol
C). Increases glycogen storage within the lens
D). Inhibits gluconcogenesis
E). Increases giycosylate hemoglobin
32. Essential pentosuria is due to metabolie defect in:
A). Uronic acid pathway
B). Glycogenolysis
9Glycogenesis
D Glycolysis
E), HMP-shunt

33. Oligomycin is a macrolide antibiotie (containing a large macrolide ring-like erythromyein or

azithromycin) that inhibits ATP synthase required for oxidative phosphorylation. Which of the
following options best explains the consequence of this inhibition?
A). Disruption of NADH entry into the respiratory chain
Disruption of proton flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane
C). Disruptiop of hepne oxygen action
D Selective efuptionof complex Il function
DisrujuiÑn o ubiquinone phosphorylation
8
 SIN1
50 Question Code: B
34 Indiv iduals with disotders of the respiratory chain are often placecd on
supplements contain1ng
ihotlavin and coenzvme 0 Which of the following is the role of cocnzvme 0 (ubiquinonc) in
the respiratory chain?
A) It links each of the cstochromes in the respiratory chain to one another
B) It is the first step in the respiratory cbaith.
C) It is a hydrogen receptor from ADH.
(D) I links flav oproteins to cytohromeb, the cytochrome of lowest redox potential.
E) It links NAD-dependent dehydrogenases to cytochrome b.

35. In the past. the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol was used as a weight-teducing drug until side
eflects such as fatiguc and breathlessness precluded its use. How could the use of this drug
result in weight loss?
( 2.4-dinitrophenol llows oxidation of fats in adipose tissuc without production of ATP. Fat
oxidation can thus proceed continuously and fat stores will bc used up.
B). 2.4-dinitrophenol causes AIP to be produced at a higher rate than normal. thus causing
weight loss.
C)24dinitrophenol causes ADP to decrease and tlhus to increase rates of oxidative
phosphory lation.
D) 2.4-dinitrophcnol is an allosteric activator of AIP snthase and thus increases the rale of lI
translocation and oxidation of fats and other fuels,
E). 2.4-dinitrophenol inhibits transport of pyruvate into the mitechondria Fats are therefore
metabolized to glycerol and subsequently to pyruv ate. depleting fat stores.

36. In a patient with galactosemia who is on a galactose tiee diet, the )-galactosc that is requured
for cell membrane and other biopolymers is formcd by
A). Epimerization ofUDP-glucosc
B) Epimerization of D-fructose
O. Ipimerization of glucose-6-plhosphate
D) Isomerization of glucose-1-phosphate
E) Epimerization of glucose-1-phosphate

37. Which of the following hest explains why fructose was fomerly recommended lor patients with
diabetes mellitus?
A) Fructose has a specitic kinase in liver that allows bypass of phosphofructokinase.
3) Fructose is phosphorylatcd and cleaved to triose phosphates, which cannot be used or
gluconeogenesis.
CO llexokinas: phosphory lates fructose in extrahepatie tissues, and its activity will not
aflccted hy high glucose concentrations in diahetes.
D) fructose is a better substrate for bexokinase.
E) Fructose stimulates residual insulin release.

9
 QuestionCode:B
SINsa5A1
important role in regulating blood glucose levels at
following enzymes plavs an
3S. Which of the
feeding?
A), Phosphofructokinase
B), Pyruvate kinase
C). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glucokinase
E. Glucose-6-phosphatasc
39, Cancer cells derive nutrition from:
A). Increase in mitochondria
B), From a fast food joint
C). Increased absorption in th small intestine
(D Glycolysis
E). Oxidative phokphorylation
glucose (hypoglycenmia). enlarged liver
40. A 3-month-old Caucasian girl presents with low blood (cherubic facies). A liver biopsy reveals
(hepatomnegaly), and excess fat deposition in the cheeks
enzymes best explains
excess glycogen in hepatocytes. Deficiency of which of the following
this phenotype?
-l4-glucosidase
B), a-1,4-galactosida_e
C). a-1.6-galacto_idase
D). a-1,1-glucosidase
E). a-l,1-galactosidase

10
 SIN
Question Code:D

SECTION - B (40 MARKS): DESCRIPTIVE TYPE/ SCENARIO BASED QUESTIONS.

OUTLINE THE RESPECTIVE STRUCTURE/ PATHWAY WHEREVER IT IS REQUIRED.
ANSW ER ALL OUESTIONS AND MARK ALLOCATIONS FOR QUESTIONS/
SU BOESTIONS ARE SHOWN IN BRACKETS.

Outline the urea evele. State the sources of nitrogen for the formation of urea in the urea cycle.
(2 marks)

AL.

Aratn

Outline key steps in the B-oxidation of fatty acids. Indicate the site of the oxidation, the
enzymes. the substrate and the product. (2 harks)
40/3w.1..:...9%w.
......Hchan..s. o..Auab,laA
....

11
 Question Code:5
|
SIN s o

What are the two main sources of falty açids? (I mark )

..Ali px..hi.

What are the three main steps involved in the oxidation of a long chain fatty acid? (1.5
marks)
.......
.sstt..0ai4aim.
.botrt:..4sbyat9n.

iii. What is the role of carnitine acyl transferase l enzyme? (0.5 mark)

es..ag!*:shing....NS.hn.NAe!..h5....it)...f...th. utilata
iv. What would be the consequences of carnitinc deficiency in a new bom baby?
Why would
this lead to hypoglycemia and rise in the levels of free fatty acids? (1 mark)

heng..4....hat. .tbss....!....b..LLAS..hegkon
.......h..lt4. .f.....F.A

12
SINIAls|a|ol 1 Question Code: B
Name one cofactor (present in the outer mitochondrial membrane) that is involved in the
activation of the fatty acids. (! mark)

In the adult human body. only 20% of amino acids formed from protein degradation are
catabolised to generate energy. The remaining 80% amino acids ure used for prolein
biosynthesis. Under normal conditions, umino acids supply about 5-10% of total body energy.
Amino acid catabolism is increased in starvation, diabetes and high protein diet and it occurs in
two stages.
(a) Outline the two stages of amino acid catabolism. (2 marks)
..IsADAaDins:en..uostian.

(b) Why is amino ucid catabolism increased in:

i. Starvation (1 mark)

..ahagai..guni.ohegd..4.19s....hsaly... simal
bot.sie..tasaha....saaeia...abs..5...eAys.4.
ht pruductin AT
shryaien
i. Diabetes mellitus (1 mark)
...us
.mlla..kM....H....s...t)sgienr
.......a...das.Js..inalia..Apsi...gs
eh...4w......*),
btakdo
 Question Code: R
SIN

ii. ligh protein diet (I mark)

4. Paramedics bring a patient to the emergency department because he was found unconscious in
40
an alley by passers by. The man was unshaven and disheveled, and appeared to be about
years old. Upon examination. he displayed nystagmus and ataxia. He was clinically depressed
and presented with noticcable swelling of the lower legs, increased heart rate, lung congestion.
and complaints of shortness of breath with virtually any activity. Blood alcohol levels were
found to be 0.25°% and blood glucose levels 32 mg/dl.. IV glucose was initiated. and this
enabled the man to regain consciousness, although he was still inebriated. While conscious. a
history revealed that the man was a chronic alcoholic, and us far as he could
remember. he had
been only drinking for the past 2 weeks, with nothing to cat. Analysis of liver
enzyme levels in
his blood revcaled normal readings.
(a) Assuming that his liver is still functioning normally, why is this patient
having reported
blood glucose level? (I mark)
..........asex.

(b) Name any two major enzymes of liver metabolism. (1 mark)

athghaphatt.as...bighthats...
(c) Describe how these enzymnes are affecled under high alcohol metabolism. (I mark)

phsphasx.....h.Saganti..ns..:..gusly

14
SIN Question Code: B
(d) Whal is the biochemical basis for the presented symptoms of nystagmus, ataxia, noticeable
Swelling of the lower legs, increased hcart rate, lung congestion. and complaints of shortness
of breathe? (2 marks)

(e) What would be the status of fuel metabolism in this patient?( mark)

() Which enzymes of fuel metabolism would display reduced activity in alcoholics' brain? 0
mark)

(g) Ethanol ingestion is incapable of supplying carbons for gluconeogenesis. Explain why? (1
mark)
.buaA......u.
.J.....st.
.D..b...natbad..ad
antgnosa.
5. A 7-vear-old girl. who lives on a farm, started to have shaking and
sweating episodes. Upon
nhysical examination, she was found to be hypoglycemic under fasting conditions
(fasting blood
glucose was 50 mg/dL.) and positive for ketones in her blood and urine. Her growth
curve ie
normal, Further analyses showed no other metabolic abnormalities. Probing further into her
history, in the absence of her parents, revealed that one of her chores was to
collect epos fro
the chicken coop every morning. and she had gotten into the habit of
cating one or two raw
every morning. This had been going on for the past 6 wecks or so. eggs
(a) What is the rcasonable explanation for her laboratory
results?(l mark)

............4....bd
SINysA7
her condtto
every morming WIs the Cause o!
cyus
eatin one or two raw
(h) 1 the habit of
responsible? (0.5 mark)
which mnoleculeeompound in the ra ere is

nomally inhibited by this molecule/compound? (0.5 mark)

(C) Which enzyme activity is
....

(d) Wrile down the reaction this enzvme catalvzes, (I mark)

(c) This reaction is a necessary step for which biochemical pathway? (0.5 mark)

() What is the range of normal fasting blood glucosc? (0.5 mark)

7mm.:..!Jo.
(g) What is the basis of reported fasting hypoglycemia in this case? (I mark)

hName the ketones. which would present in patient's blood and urine. (I mark)
gAsata...

() What is the basis of reported positive for ketones in her blood and urine? (I mark)

16
SIN61-52 Question Code:
and answer the following
Consider the double stranded DNA with a buhble shown hclow
questions.

5 A B

on the figure do the leading

(a) lf the above DNA is used for replication, in which labeled points
strand synthesis and lagging strund synthesis occur? (Imark)
-.lauslay.ahnd..stat.....s.....h.tm
A...4.y..h...m.] A . . . . .

(b) DNA ligase will be required to finish synthesis at which labeled points on the ligure?
(0.5mark)

(e If the above DNA is used for transcription, in which labeled points on the figure does RNA
synthesis occur? (0.5mark)
A

(d) Between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase, which enzyme requires primers for their
syntheses? (0.5mark )

(c) If pimers are used, which enzyme is required to synthestZe he pimers and whas is
nature (DNARNAprotein) of primers? (0.5murk)
NA
....h... la..... ....tn

. . e* * * * * * * *se ot
 Ouestion Lode:
SINI I254u1

trom the new DNA strand if primes

0 primers are RNA in nature, hou are they remosed
RNA strand? Name the enzye and
Are DNA in nature. how are thes removed from the new
mention the specific activity of the enzvme, which heins to renove the primers, (Tmark)

(g) the sequence of one of the template strands on the above DNA is the following:
$-ATTCGATTGCCCACGT-3, what will be the sequence of products of DNA to be
synthesized and RNA to be synthesized? (Imark)
ONA..=.s:ACa Ta4.64A..AT4..9AA..I.3"

7. The DNA sequence represented by the gel shown bclow.

which was generated using the
dideoxy sequencing technique. Sanger
A T

||
(a) What is the sequence of the
DNAthat is found in this analysis?
(Imark)

18
SIN25aU1 Question Code: B
(b) How are the DNA fragments svnthesized in the
Sanger dideoxy sequencing technique? 0
mark)

(c) What is the basis of using dideoxynucleotides in the Sanger dideoxy sequencing technique?
(Imark)

..fr...h..lchiay....NA.galy,.mAA.

(d) How do you extract DNA from biological samples for this analysis? (Imark)

(e) Which technique is uscd to separate the DNA fragments in this analysis and what
is the
principle of the technique? (1 mark)

Gn.slatahulesa..

() How could you localize the DNA fragments and what is the name of this blotting
technigue?
(Imark)

.Nathuo..uRok..
**END OF EXAMINATION**