Manual Grass Cutting Machine

Chapter 1 : Introduction

A grass cutter is machine that uses one or more revolving blades to cut the grass to an even height .
The blades may be powered either by hand pushing the mower forward to operate the mechanical blade.
Grass cutting machine employing a blade that’s rotate about a vertical axis are known as rotary mowers,
while those employing a blade assembly that’ rotate about a horizontal axis Many difference design have
been made each suited to a particular purpose.

A lawn is any area of grass, mostly tough grass which is neatly cut like in a private garden or a public
park. All the mowers have somewhat similar structure which includes a motor, rotating blade moving
around options and grass clippings dispenser.

Figure no.1 garss cutter machines

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

Chapter 2 : Literature Review

A lawn mower, altematively spelled lawn mower, is a device which by mean of one or more revolving
blades is used to cut grase or other plants to an even length Lawn mower employing a blade that’s rotate
about a vertical axe aro knows as rotary mowers, while those employing a blade assembly that rotate about a
horizontal axis are known as cylinder or reel mowers. Many difference design have been made each suited
to a particular purpose. The smallest types, pushed by a human, are suitable for small residential lawns.And
gardens, while larger, self-contained, nide on mowers are suited for large lawns, and the largest mulli speed
mowers pulled behind a tractor are design for large expansas of grass such as golf courses and municipal
parks.

2.1 : History
The first Lawn mower was invented by English engineer Edwin Beard Budding in 1827.
Budding’s mower was designed primarily to cut the lawn on sports grounds & expensive gardens as a
superior altermative to the scythe. His patent of 25 October 1830 described “a new combination and
application of machinery for the purpose of cropping or shearing the vegetable surfaces of lawns, grass
plates and pleasure ground. The patent went to state. “Country gentlemen may find in using my machines
themselves an amusing, useful and healthy. Exercise”. It took ten more years and further innovations to
create a machine 1that could be worked by donkey or horse power & 60 years before a steam powered lawn
mower was build. In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding dated May 18, 1830,
Ferrabee paid the cost of development, obtained latters of patent and acquired right to manufacture,
Sell and licensed to other manufacturers in the production of lawn mowers.
Manufacture of lawn mowers began in the 1950s. By 1862, Farage’s company was making eight models in
various roller sizes up to 900 mm (36inches). He manufactured over 5000 machines until production ceased
in 1863. Thomas green produced the first chain driven mower in 1859, named the Silence Mess ore. On May
9, 1899, an improved cylinder mower was patented in U.S. patent 624, 749, with the wheel placement
altered for better performance.
Mariah M. Hills went on to found the Archimedean Lawn Mowers Co. 1871. Around 1900, one of the best
known English was the ransoms Automation, available in chain or driven models. About this time, an
operator could ride behind animals that pulled the large machines. This were the first riding mowers.
Invention.

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

2.2 : Further improvement

It took ten more years and further innovations to create a machine that could be drawn by animals,
and sixty years before a steam-powered lawn mower was built. In the 1850s, Thomas Green & Son of Leeds
introduced a mower called the Silens Messor (meaning silent cutter), which used a chain to transmit power
from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder. These machines were lighter and quieter than the gear driven
machines that preceded them, although they were slightly more expensive. [3] The rise in popularity of lawn
sports helped prompt the spread of the invention. Lawn mowers became a more efficient alternative to the
scythe and domesticated grazing animals.The first United States patent for a reel lawn mower was granted to
Amariah Hills on January 12, 1868.15) In 1870, Elwood McGuire of Richmond, Indiana designed a human-
pushed lawn mower, which was very lightweight and a commercial

success. John Burr patented an improved rotary-blade lawn mower in 1899, with the wheel placement
altered for better performance. Amariah Hil went on to found the Archimedean Lawn Mower Co. in 1871.

Figure no.2 comercial lawn/grass cutter machines used in 1930

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

2.3 : Types of lawn/grass cutting machines

2.3.1 : Cylindrical and reel mower
A cylinder mower of reel mower carries a fixed, horizontal cutting blade at the desired
height of cut. Over this is a fast-spinning reel of blades which force the grass past the cutting bar. Each blade
in the blade cylinder forms a helix around the reel axis, and the set of spinning blades describes a cylinder.
The basic push mower mechanism is also used in gangs towed behind a tractor. The individual mowers are
arranged in a “V” behind the tractor with each mower’s track slightly overfapping that of the mower in front
of it. Gang mowers are used over large areas of turf such as sports fields or parks.

2.3.2 : Rotary mower

A rotary mower rotates about a vertical axis with the blade spinning at high speed
relying on impact to cut the grass. This tends to result in a rougher cut and bruises and shreds the grass leaf
resulting in discoloration of the leaf ends as the shredded portion dies. This is particularly prevalent if the
blades become clogged or blunt. Most rotary mowers need to be set a little higher than cylinder equivalents
to avoid scalping and gouging of slightly uneven lawns, although some modem rotaries are fitted with a rear
roller to provide a more formal siriped cut. These machines will also tend to cut lower (13 mm) than a
standard four-wheeled rotary.

2.3.3 : Gasoline ( Petrol )

Most rotary push mowers are powered by internal combustion engines. Such engines
are usually four-stroke engines, used for their greater torque. (Although a number of older models used two-
stroke engines), running on gasoline (petrol) or other liquid fuels. Intermal combustion engines used with
lawn mowers normally have only one cylinder. Power generally ranges from two to seven horsepower (1.5
to 6.75 kW). The engines usually have a carburetor and require a manual pull crank to start them, although a
starter offered on some models. Some mowers have a throttle control on the handlebar with which the
operator can adjust the engine speed.

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

Figure no. 3 The first gasoline grass cutting machine 1902

Other mowers have a fixed, pre-set engine speed. Gasoline mowers have the advantages over electric
mowers of greater power and distance range. They do create pollution due to the combustion in the engine,
(Fig. 5) and their engines require periodic maintenance such as cleaning or replacement of the spark plug
and air filter, and changing the engine oil.

2.3.4 : Electricity
Electric mowers are further subdivided into corded and cordless electric models. Both are
relatively quiet, typically producing less than 75 decibels, while a gasoline lawn mower can be as loud as 95
decibels or more.

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

Chapter 3 : Material and Methods

3.1 : Parts and material cost

Sr.no. Parts and material Quantity Cost

1. Bevel gear 2 1,900
2. Sprocket 2 500
3. Cycle chain 1 300
4. Wheels 3 550
5. Cutting blade 1 250
6. Bearing with housing 5 1400
7. Hollow iron pipe 15 feet 450
8. Iron rod 3 feet 200
9. Total cost 5550

3.1 : Parts

The main parts of cutting machine are:-

Blade :- Consist of blades that are attached to a vertically rotating shaft, to the downward
direction. The blades rotate, creating a cutting motion

Figure no.4 cutting blade

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

It’s important to cut lawn, with a sharp blade as blunt blades can rip or tear grass from the roots,
damaging our greenery and causing our lawn to become patchy over time.
Size:-13 inches, Metal-The blade is made of stainless Steel.

Body frame:- The main structural frame of the mower ordo which the other parts of the mower are
mounted.The frame is that provides a base unit that all of the components/subsystems are mounted on. The
hollow iron piped frame will be designed to provide adequate sectioning for the separate subsystems.
The Frame is to be composed of 1.5x2.5" Hollow iron pipe was chosen due to its strength and availability.

Wheels :- These help propel the mower in action. Generally, our lawn mowers have three wheels.
The diameter of the wheel is 8 inches and material is rubber.

Figure no. 5 wheel of cutting machine

A Base Frame with Four Wheels of the Lawn Mower The wheels having rubber gripped, for better moving
on grass. We are using wooden wheels for. reducing the cost of lawn mower.

Push Handle :- The “power source of a manually operated mower. This is a sturdy U-shaped handle
that is connected to the frame and wheel. The length of push handle is 36 inches.

Bevel gear :- used for right angle power transmission . And its vertical gear is attached blade with shaft
and horizontal bear is attached to pinion gear with shaft.the driven gear has 30 teeth and the driving gear has
10 teeth, the gear ratio is 30/10 = 3:1. In 90 degree

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

Figure no.6 bevel gear

Sprocket :- sprockets are used to transmit power and motion between two shafts.
It is commonly made up from carbon steel 34 mm.

Figure no.7 sprocket gear

Chain :- A chain, a crucial part of the drivetrain, transmits power from the pedals to the rear wheel,
enabling forward motion and allowing for gear shifting, which is essential for varying terrain.

Figure no. 8 chain

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

Bearings with bearing housings:- Bearings with housings are used to support rotating shafts and
distribute loads evenly. Cast iron housing with high carbon chromium steel,30 mm bore inner ball bearing,

Figure no.9 ball bearing with housing

3.2 : Assembly of grass cutting machine

1) First we are cut the iron pipe whose outer diameter is 1”, and then welded together at an
angle of 90 between each other. (1.5x2.5 feet’s, Base of the main frame).
2) Then the push Handle (3 feet’s) are welded at the rear wheels frame.
3) Now, three wheels are attached to the frame. The diameter of the wheels is 8” each.
4)one pinion gear attached to wheel and second pinion gear attached to frame horizontal
rotating shaft with help of bearing.
5) And both pinion gear connect with chain drive.
6) Second pinion gear connect with horizontal bevel gear.
And horizontal bevel gear mesh with vertical bevel gear.
7) cutting blade is attached with vertical bevel gear with rotating shaft , this shaft is adjustable
for grass cutting height.
8) Now grass cutter machines is testing on ground.

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

Figure no.10 assembling of chain sprocket

3.3 : Method of use

Place the machine on the edge of the grass/lawn. Slowly slowly push handle and walk
through the grass /lawn. When we stop the walking machine will stop cutting.

Area of cut:-
1)The area of cut depends on lawn conditions, grass density, moisture content, grass length
and height of cut.
2)To improve the area of cut it is recommended to cut more frequently, raise the cutting
height and walk at a normal pace

3.4 : Maintenance
Caution ! Before maintainance and cleaning.
1) Do not touch rotating blade.

2) Don’t push handle while in cleaning of gears.

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

1)Replacing the cutting blade:-

To replace the blade, proceed as follows:

1) Loosen the nut and washer please in the middle of the blade.
2) Remove the old blade and replace it with a new Cutting knife.
3) Place washer and then nut and tighten everything tight.
4) Check to see if the blade can rotate freely.

2)Cleaning blades :-
Grass collector and underbody should be cleaned after used each time. Use a piece of
wood and a cleaning rag. Caution! Wear gloves when doing this work. Never use water jet or high pressure
cleaning. Aggressive or corrosive cleaners should not be used.

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

Chapter 4 : Result and discussion

1) Results :-
1) The area of cut depends on lawn conditions, grass density moisture content, grass length and
height of cut.
2)To improve the area of cut it is recommended to cut more frequently, raise the cutting height
and walk at a normal pace.
3)The maximum cutting height is 3.5 inch.

2)Discussion:-
1) we are discussing about proper planing.

2) we discus the which component need to the project and their cost.

3) We are discussing about future improvement in our project:

1] Set battery operated motor in machine

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 Manual Grass Cutting Machine

Chapter 5: Reference

(1) Kinnander, Ola (October 25, 2012). "Rise of the Lawn-Cutting Machines". Bloomberg

Businessweek.

(2) Everett G., "Improvement in Lawn-Mowers", published 23 February 1869, see Page 1.

(3) The Old Lawnmower Club. "Mower History". Retrieved 2011-04-23.

(4) "The Hall & Duck Trust: Lawn Mower History Part 2". Hdtrust.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-23.

(5) www.wikipedia.com

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