CLASS 12 New Notes PHYSICRay Optics CLASS 12 Physics ght® Light fs a form of energy which produces sensabon o vision to Our eyes and mokes Objects Visible + Optics The bronch of physics which deals with the study oF nature of Ught » {fs Properties , effects and propagoton is known as optics. . Oplics ay or geomet) Opies This branch of optics deals with Propagation Ot Light in +orms of hays which are vatid , if stzes of obstacles Gre torge fn comparison with wavelength ot ght Cin nm range) Choracterfstics of Light o Light waves Cire electromagnetic waves» Whose natire ig trangverse+ . *The speed of Ught fy vacuum is 3x10 mis but it 's different in clifferent media- @ The speed ond wovelength of Light cho when it travels from one medfum to Gnother but its Frequency remaing Unchanged « Wave or Phyl optes Th& branch of optics deals with wave Phenomenon Uke interference » diffraction Ond polarisation:Objects The sages which emits its own light are Called rn Objects, &9 Sun, other stars, on ot lomp quae The objects which do not emit fts own Light but become visilole clue to the reflection of light Fatting on thun Gre Called non- luminous objecs- tq moon, table , chair , trees etc- A bundle Of the adjacent light is called a beam Oo i i" i Ught Ggnt at tye beam 4). Re The Imoge Obtained by the real meeting of Ught rays is called a real fm * Real fmoge Can be etotofned on Q Screen. © Real fmage *5 fnverted: 9. vivual nage The {mage obtained when Ught rays 0 are not really meeting “but appears to mest only, is Called & Virtual fmoge-Tne Sp egy When Uight sfifkes the Surface of on Object, some of the Ught f returned into the Seume med?um- Ths phenomend is Called reflections f= angle of incidence ae angle OF reflection Lows of Reflections i) The angle of tncidence is equat to the angle oF YeFlection. ii). The Incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point OL incidence and reflected roy Ue in the Seume Plone, Mivror A Smooth and. highly polfshedl reflecting surface & Called Q mirror. i). Plone Mirror A highly polished plane surtace fs Called O plane mirror. Different propenties of fmmoge formed by plane mirror Qre ofven below © Size of fmage = size Of Objeek meng eahia = Unity iediniieh @ Distance Of fmoge from the mirror be : ST theTr penne tunes seme pene brmoge+ eAman cee his fuu Image fn a mirror of half height oF man- as wens ie ; > { ectented meal ; we ae A --- oy! formation Oo} images by a Pione Mfror Notes To Hind the Location ot a GF an object from an inctfhect Plane mirror, you have to See the Perpendicular distance St r for the mirror formation 6] h by plone minor 6} a Vind Sogect- S= 180 Ct+r) $= 180-20 Plone Mirror $= 180- 2r The deviation ‘produced by reflection at two Mirrors inclinet to each Othe oF On angle O c $= 360-20Heian preewue nn repmeu teg coe ne ore Plane mirror i). for 0 gtuen Frxeck incident row , the the plane tfrror is rototed through Qn ongle 0 fn the plane OF eds the reflectecl roy turns through On ongle 22) oy P W.if @ plone Mfrror f rotated fn its Own plane , the Incident and the teflected tay remain at some Position . Multiple Images th_Plane!“tHfrrors Number Of images formect n= 360-| if 360°= een | if two plane mirrors oe 8 Gre poraliel to each Other , then infinite nember ot (mages witt A sphere sili f§ a part of 2 hollow Sphere, urhose one side iS reflecting and other Side is opaque: types OF spherical mirrors * Concave Métror C tonveging Mivor) © Conver Mitror ( Diverging Mfrror)wave cur UC wre coe ys - twwhose reflecting surface fs towards fg the centre O the Sphere of which [| ox the Mirror iS a past \ © Conver Mirror (_ Diverging Mérror) whose reflecting surface fs cw from the Centre of the Sphere sp tohich the mirror Is a paste Some_Deffnitions Siemon) oil 1).Pole ; The Middle potnt or centre Of the Spherical mirror F& Called vertex or pole Of the mirror: Gt fs. represented by P. PHYSI« 2). Centre Of Curvature ° The Centre Of Curvature ot spherical mirror fg the centre of the Sphere Of which the miror forme a. pout GI fs represented by C- 2). Radius of curvatures Raclus Of turvolure oF a spherfca) mitror is the radfus of the Sphere of which the mirror forms 0 pours gris repres 4 4} Pripal auls : Gti a shrafght Une Jointng the. pole CP) Gnd the Centre of curvature(C) extended On both Sides 5).Uneor Apertures The diameter MM. of the spherfeal mittor fs Collect the oputure or Unear aperture Of the Mirror.&: Hnguior mpenures ine angie TCM, » SWotentel OT G by te dfameter of the spherfcal mirror & called the cungular Operture Of the mirror. YD. Prinefpal focus Principal focus 's a point on the principal Gxis 6} the mirror at which the Ught rays coming Parallel to princtpat axts Actually meet after refiecbon Cor appears to meet). C, . F c 0}. Concave Mirror Convaging Mirror) Conver Mitror (dtveging rirvor) 2): focal length (ft The distance beriveen the pole ond focus Is “called focal tength (F)- ‘Sign Conventions, 1) All distances have tp be measured from the pole oF the mirror. 2), Distances measured fn the direction of incident Ught Qe Positive , and those measurecl in opposite direction Ore taken as positive. 3) Heights measured upwords Ond normal to the princtpal axis of the mirror are token a4 Posthve , while those measured downwaids are +oken 08 Neaative.(ene Ot Curvature at C -Then by delfritlon ‘pei andl Pret From Figure 2epc= t ZeBF=r Gienate cungle ZAnce Lear Shee t=» Zecr= ZFBC % Tangle CBF is isosceles So that (CF=FB . Since the aperture of the mirror is small, pofnt 6 is close to Point P end hence FR=PF fo CF=PF , Th’s means that F & the midpoint ot CP PEe1PC> lor) f=R 2 zZ Image formation in concave mirror for different positions of obje Position of the object | Position of the image _| Size of the image Nature of the image Atinfinity, At the focus F Highly diminished, point sized _| Real and inverted Beyond C Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted atc ALC Same size Real and inverted Between CandF | Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted ALE At infinity Highly Enlarged Real and inverted Between PandF —_| Behind the mirror Enlarged Virtual and erect Position of the object ition of the image __| Size of the image ‘Nature of the image Atinfinity At the focus F, behind | Highly diminished point | Virtual and Erect the mirror sized Between infinity and the | Between P and F, behind | Diminished Virtual and Erect pole P of the mirror the mirrorTUITVINEUTINUIUN 6 repre niuU Ue) KR UID & Of the Object from the mitror , the diistonce v of the h from the mirror end focal length £ of the mfrror. t=1 41 eThfs fs known os Mirror formula- f UV evaifa for both Concave & Convex titor. Derivation From pafr OF Simfiou Trlangles ABC Gnd Ale'c. AB = CB A's’ cB from another patr of Sfinflon Z tfangies A'B'F and EP'F. Ray dtagrem for fmage \ formation of Concave Pe = pr aut nell Bp! mirror fig’ BF ‘ B= oF AB = PE » PE=AB ae -@ Comparieg ao e® CB =PF => PR- PC = PF Ce! BF oc PR! pBLPF beat e f ° Focal length Unig “e Convention. ‘ y —UtR = —-f Convex oo —-R+V ~y+, 4 ‘ mF Positive Negate on toluing the equation tales ff uvTAAL Ee wemVEr Oe ie Vict vI aa e Spherical mitror fs the ratio of height oF fmage (x) formed by the mirror to the height Of the cect (o)- ie Uneor Magnificatfon m=i 0 iu In Similor triangles ABP & ABP Ag'=eP 5 -L=-v mer=-¥ AB BP OO mu 0 Refraction 9t fs the phenomena. ot bending ot ray of ght» when they Pass from One transparent medium to” another med?dm depending on their optical densities. lows of Refraction i) The incident ray, the refracted ra Qnd the normol to “the interface Ot the pofnt oF Mddence Gil ues fn Same plane fi). The rav’o ot the Sine ot the le OF fncidence to the Sfhe Of the Gngle OF refratvon is nstant+ Thhs Constant i¢ Called as “Refractive fndex ot Medium Sin? = constant| CRefrawve fhdex] ie [n Str a Na,= Refractive fhdex OF medium 2 ust medium | Hf omyrt te ret if ner terre Tay bends toward normal voy ~'bends away from norma medium ra Normal medium tacsent Normal io . Rarer t Denser\ ? T mediwn © Refracted mediwn Denser La | Rarer Noe irr , NK= # NK cos, using © and @ = KU= NK SinCi-1)9 KU -®Apporent Depth and Normal Shift when on object ts fn denser medium ond observer [ i Tater medium, then object QOppeors to be at lesser depth than “its actual depth Acc to Trei's Law ; n= sini sini tonf= AB sine AL & sihys tanr= AB AO n= AO AL AO= Actual dept AL= Apparent depth Normal Shift = AO-AL > a(t) REE Total tnternal Reflections When a ant roy travesling from denser nme hen towards a rarer medium is incident at the tnterfoce at On Gngie of Incidence. greater than critical gngle.s then Ught! roy totally ieee bock fnto the oer —— Tals “ pheno fs cetled TLR: rfl * . ce ou ngle al dog fncfetence fn a medium ‘ ! s ! denser Medium for which an ra tad p Mare the ce ngle 8 of refraction fn Yorer Medfum becomes 0° is Called critical angie te [=C when reac ° SINC = Urarer = sur = SihC N10 Uquse = Ay bugs u Co Thm ben eR) Muct travel from densee Meakism to Rarer mediem 2. The anble of fnadence must be greater than cefttead angle: Reactive inde eee ee ie Dense Mint glass 182 3731ye pplicauon or ih Totctlly veflecting Prism: *Prfsm are sight angled feosceles triangle whitch turn, the Ught Qo or 180°; The cl one C for motertal ot prism st be Less than 45% Prue for both Crown glass & dense Flint giass- 2). Diamond: The crftical cangie for dfomonad {& very smatt, therefore once Ugnt entérs o diamond , th fo “ver: kely to undergo total “fnternat Refit etvon tosiag Tks Due hist 01 diamond shines 2britifontiy- | c Cottier angle for dfamond air fnterface 3). Opt’cat i bres; These Febres are fabricated with high » compost gloss | uaete ‘ores: town : t each fibre ednetit eund uo . coal Suth thot refractive index a Corel? higher than that OF the in cohen Yo. st Sonat fn the foupiate ont High n ¥s drectes! dt One tne | ‘a Wore Ora sulranie aug tt undugou, repeatest internal refleuton mere ie, Ot the’ _FPbre ae Fin Come Out From other Thus, thue are ensPu ‘tq For twain Quictfo tnd video sfynals throug olfstoun ces » 9 Mfrages Qt & the phenomena h whith cn fnuertedt tm et avstance tale Objects Came optical thustor? OF wore and Efoeot metrogel pee ea winmon fa * On hot summa clays, the air Near the ground becomes hotter than the “bir Of higher levets w e Hotter wr fs tes ense » un hou {mouler refractive index Khon “the Coolar olf. ¢ ‘The optical density at different Loyers ot fr tncreaces with nt + Trus Ught from a. tat! Object , Passes through & medfum ushose Tefroutive index décreaies toward gtound: hus Ught pis Ss bends oway from the Normal end” Undeagoes totdl nok Refteckion.FF merracnon ot spnettcat ESUNROLD [Convex Warer to denser f « Object f& placed fn rarer medttum end fmage & formed fr densi mecdfume Ace to snetl's Low és ‘Denser. Maz sfnf = n Stnr tsintet sine ey} From figure f=a+~ 4 T=Y-B Refraction at a spherical wf t Ke se te - att é n@t)= rh (f: B) a" seporating two media. fom fale a=MN BEMN Y= My OM ME MC using ov Value th ia eC nf Mn n u Sih) Convention [ae +8 J a Mh Ma, sing. sipn ome-U MC=+R MEE+U SO We Get = a ! WN ~h Mm = N-h1 + vai, wre 7 ve Re for Rarer to denser NOTES A dive in water at O Oepth d sees the word Outside through a hortontal 5 fc Lens 2 A tenc fs a Uniform transparent meot?um bowndeel ‘ouwen two Sphefcal or one Spheifcal end one plane surface: LENS Circle oF radiu ted Convex_or Converging Lens or Convergin Concave or dfuerging Lene : or> ar {« coneavo- Double Convero ‘Comex a Concove Cincove ContoveSome QetfnTuions Relatecl to lens Optical Centres The optical Centre ie a pofnt within or oursPde the fs 5 Ot nteh fndent rays refract tilthout Meitakion ih fis paths ) O= optica! 7) Centres i S Ss Principal focus 1) Fire PrPnefpal focus " 2} Seeonal prine?pal_ focus. 9rd a point on the principal 9+ G1 & point on the principal axtc axfs ot Lens, the, rays startin at uohfeh the mays Coming parall From thto potnt fn Convex lene | to the princtpal aals conv . or rays directect to thPe point | Cconvex lenc) OF passing thrdugh it Th Concave Lene become parallel op ear to olfuet Cho ‘ave Lene) to principal axis. He etn after “yefracubn From the Notes Both the Fourt Of Conver, lens cire yea! , while oF a ee ee Giro virtuale we cuway¢ Use Lens Maker's oe y Refraction at Interface xXAY Now Refraction ot fnterface XBY- Rarer to clenser, woe get (Dense to Rarer] cat ait fe(¥, acs as object) —' } + 2 = N2-Ni ) _ 7 - a “Hee ye ©wuunny cpu wy rey wee -h 2 M2 y= Mem) — C=) ate ye Ry Ro 4 1 2 (-) (4-4) it Ux bef ECU)» (FO Thin Lens formula aLyeitedt uov + Magntffeation m= ske of the image, Sfze OF the object. m= g = ¥ m= -+ve for Convex m=—ve Oe ee Power of a lens 3 gt fs the, oot ba the. lens to dentate the t pa OF TO ra eo Yhrough tee 4 lens convege the m Porgtlel zie nena xf, Hepeaer 's cords aL! post tive a if Toys y tls power é& negabie eye eens Ot the focal length ora lens, when fr fs Measured metre Ie Catled Ypower ot a lense Power ofa lens P= 1 y THe unit t& dfoprer CD). flmetre) Combination ot thin Lenser tn contact _ oe. ‘he frst Lens pros es im ‘at I,* Stace fr alate Ser o vidtuas dejeck for ine second ics ude Gag ee pon uy . 1. d re : oe Wmoje Image formation by a tor the fmage formec by the Art combination of tw tin lenis tn contact Unt Ay we gt: Liisi © for the fmoge formed second lens B you fF, Led ~ % 2aaang YU bY weg Lota +4 ace to thin lence formula we get” ii and Power P=P,+P, or P=P+htP3_._. otal yank iste ™ tt Saute M= m,XmM,xm3 el dd the ee beet jhe the fi t Pi apne ponent ray 8 Irom tg $= § +8 —O f=§ +7, 9 S= t-7 t= S47 5 &= eR wenger S 8S fina ® +e s= (Prey — am) © equating W364 we ger A=" itt a at oor « um ae smh La n, das 2 $0 @ S™ buome os On = & A= D Te Ala Ace_to_SI e's Low A= stn (At Dn ay) Caliect a4 eo 2 We aa prfcm formula. + Angeatineiience So equation 2nd equal the ray on First {ace then deviat Ie §=Dm , fe which fmpiiea = e 2i-A > T= Diyth Zz eae Denser 42 \, Mesin B ¢ A ray of light passing through a triangular glass prism from, quadrilateral AQNR. A+ 90° + LONR + 40°= 360° ZA+ZQNR =180° — © from tangle QNR yr 1 fitangle, One 1s? —@- cungle, ot Emergence or ihe. r 129 oF Pn avon Yprocuuceel Pernt num: 60" 50) t 404 Any 60" 50)for smaw prism mt) ALD sina) sf = AtDm x2 > MA=44+Dm > Ue Noles Thfh prim do not devfate Ught much Dyy* Minkimum adwwiation Optical Instrument: Power Of accommodation: The ability ot eye to see near object as elt af far Objects "e Called ater a Qctommod onl Bethy &, viston; te mintmum dtstance for clear has ot an Calied least dfstance of distinct vPsion CD). sol" tant eye ints distance fs genera taken to be Sohn Ang| the, sfze mae fina: Prep on, fel” retina [s Tough ey Pe ortional a ne "Foe er ‘Sints Lunaie le. ot Visual Angle Magnifying Pou Power is the faig “dag which the fmage on the reno ing the mfcroceope Or telescope: Magnifutng Pi Ho x cng passe _tupar le formed by Final fmage: visual angie formed by the Object Kept at De Magni fufn Power 01 4 lescope ql a oe ial ar angie formed by final fmage visual Angie Formed by the Object Optical Tnstnieneab ~ Microscope Telescope 4t Is an fnstrwment wsecl to Relracting Telescope See. vary smal Orjett» Sfmple Microscope Reflecting Telescope Compound Mfero scope.ORO If IS Use FOT Cen MOgniticet inna OF Objeuss Tr Consists oF a conven ng Lens oF 'smatt focal lengin« PP, Convex lens Bye focussed on near point Angie Subtented by Object futng fo 8 Pe cn ty ae — Vitual angle formed by Object keptat De M=B =tan9 ~hxD = |M=D 6 tan6, koh re ope... hagnt freavion ‘ Manfimum magniftcauion 4 mfnfmiem magni featon. when fmage formes ar D when fase formes| at 20. Tek tes-p fetf ust peel Eee using thin lens formulas sot yl et DB lal aed oprah. Eh Uw Ff uf -u “-b = Lol J Bt Compound Microscope 34t Conststs ot two convex lenses Coaxfally Separated by some distances The lens Nearer to the Object is Called the Objective: The lens through whfeh the ffntt fmage io viewed t Chiled the ue pieces M= lan, 8 object piece | \eenee a lo h 1 meas DT , Ue xAB If / mp agh | Ye ae -_ | from thfn lens —_ Se de? AB iy » [FETED i Te wileual Anno bremed bu Abiset- else