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Physical 8

The document discusses buffered isotonic solutions and the principles of osmosis, highlighting the differences between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. It explains how isotonic solutions, like 0.9% NaCl, do not cause cell swelling or contraction, while hypertonic solutions cause cell shrinkage and hypotonic solutions lead to hemolysis. The document also distinguishes between iso-osmotic and isotonic solutions, emphasizing the importance of membrane permeability in determining tonicity.

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2 views

Physical 8

The document discusses buffered isotonic solutions and the principles of osmosis, highlighting the differences between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. It explains how isotonic solutions, like 0.9% NaCl, do not cause cell swelling or contraction, while hypertonic solutions cause cell shrinkage and hypotonic solutions lead to hemolysis. The document also distinguishes between iso-osmotic and isotonic solutions, emphasizing the importance of membrane permeability in determining tonicity.

Uploaded by

ahmedmohamedrmadan7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Buffered isotonic solutions

Osmosis
the process through which the solvent passes, through semipermeable
membrane, to dilute a solution having a higher osmotic pressure.

Semipermeable membrane
is that permits the passage of only the solvent molecules not the
solute molecules.
 mixing a small quantity of blood with aqueous sodium chloride
solutions of varying tonicity.
The isotonic solution:
(0.9% NaCl solution)

 Is the solution having the same


osmotic pressure of the
physiologic fluid and does not
cause swelling or contraction of
the tissues with which it comes in
contact,
 and produce no discomfort when
instilled in the eye, nasal tract,
blood or other body tissue.
Hypertonic Solution:
(2.0% NaCl solution)
 If the red blood cells are suspended
in a 2.0% NaCl solution
 the water within the cells passes
through the cell membrane in an
attempt to dilute the surrounding salt
solution until the salt concentrations
on both sides of the erythrocyte
membrane are identical.
 This outward passage of water causes
the cells to shrink and become
wrinkled.
Hypotonic Solution:
(0.2% NaCl solution)

 If the blood is mixed with 0.2%


NaCl solution or with distilled
water
 water enters the blood cells,
causing them to swell and finally
burst or rupture, with the liberation
of hemoglobin.
 This phenomenon is known as
hemolysis.
0.9% NaCl solution 0.1% NaCl solution 2% NaCl solution

Both hypertonic and hypotonic solutions are


called paratonic solutions.
Distinction between iso-osmotic and isotonic

 The terms of iso-osmotic and isotonic are not equivalent.

 It is possible that some substance used in an


injection dosage form can cause hemolysis of
red blood cells, even when their concentration
are such as to produce solutions theoretically
iso-osmotic with the cells?

 because the solutes diffuse through the


membrane of the cells.
The red blood cell membrane

 A 2.0% solution of boric acid has the same osmotic pressure as the
blood cell contents when determined by the freezing point method
and is therefore said to be iso-osmotic with blood.

 The molecules of boric acid pass freely through the erythrocyte


membrane, however, regardless of concentration.

 A solution containing a quantity of drug calculated to be iso-


osmotic with blood is isotonic only when the blood cells are
impermeable to the solute molecules and permeable to the
solvent, water.

 It is interesting to note that the mucous lining of the eye acts as a


true semipermeable membrane to boric acid in solution.
 For example, a 0.8% solution of urea has the same osmotic
pressure as a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride, but the former
solution produced hemolysis of red blood cells, obviously the urea
solution is not isotonic

 The red blood cell membrane is not a perfect semipermeable


membrane (Why).
 A 2.0% solution of boric acid causes rapid hemolysis (why)
 the mucous lining of the eye acts as a true semipermeable
membrane to boric acid in solution (why).
Measurement of Tonicity

1) The hemolytic method (a qualitative design) :


based on that a hypotonic solution liberates oxyhemoglobin in direct
proportion to the number of cells hemolyzed

2) Using the colligative properties:


based on a measurement of the slight temperature differences
arising from differences in the vapor pressure of thermally insulated
samples contained in constant humidity chambers.
 -0.52 °C is the freezing point of both human blood and lacrimal
fluid.
This temperature corresponds to the freezing point of a 0.9% NaCl
solution, which is therefore, considered to be isotonic with both
blood and lacrimal
fluid
THANKS

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