Short notes for revision

簡易温習筆記
Unit 2 (Bilingual version)
第 2 課（中英對照版）
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2.1 Changes in states of water (Book 1A, p. 80–91)

1 Water exists in three physical states:

• ice is in the solid state;
• water is in the liquid state;
• water vapour is in the gas state.

2 Melting is the change in state from a solid to a liquid. When ice is heated to 0 °C, it melts
and changes into water. This temperature is called the melting point of ice.

3 Freezing is the change in state from a liquid to a solid. When water is cooled to 0 °C, it
freezes and changes into ice. This temperature is called the freezing point of water.

4 Boiling is the change in state from a liquid to a gas. When water is heated to 100 °C, it
boils and changes into steam. This temperature is called the boiling point of water.

5 Water can also change from a liquid to a gas through evaporation. This takes place at a
temperature below its boiling point. When water evaporates, it changes into water vapour.

6 Condensation is the change in state from a gas to a liquid. When steam or water vapour
cools to or below its boiling point, it condenses and changes into water.

7 At the moment when water changes from one state to another,

● its temperature remains unchanged;
● it either absorbs energy from the surroundings, or releases energy to the surroundings.

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2.1 水的物態變化（第 1A 冊，p. 80–91）

1 水能夠以三種物態存在，包括：
• 固態的冰；
• 液態的水；
• 氣態的水汽。

2 熔化是物質由固態轉變成液態的過程。當冰加熱到 0 °C 時，會熔化成水，這個特定的
温度稱為冰的熔點。

3 凝固是物質由液態轉變成固態的過程。當水冷卻到 0 °C 時，會凝固成冰，這個特定的
温度稱為水的凝固點。

4 沸騰是物質由液態轉變成氣態的過程。當水加熱到 100 °C 時，會沸騰成蒸汽。這個特

定的温度稱為水的沸點。

5 除了沸騰外，水也可經蒸發的過程由液態轉變成氣態。與沸騰不同，水的蒸發可以在
低於沸點的温度發生。水蒸發時，會轉變成水汽。

6 凝結是物質由氣態轉變成液態的過程。當蒸汽或水汽冷卻至沸點或低於沸點的温度，
它便凝結成水。

7 水改變物態時，
• 它的温度維持不變。
• 它會從周圍環境吸收能量，或釋出能量到周圍環境中。

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8 Summary of the change in state of water:

water absorbs energy from the surroundings

Ice (solid) Water (liquid) Steam or

water vapour (gas)
melting boiling / evaporation

freezing condensation

water releases energy to the surroundings

2.2 Water cycle (Book 1A, p. 92–103)

1 In Nature, water keeps changing between liquid water and water vapour. The way water
circulates in Nature is called the water cycle.

2 The water cycle involves the following processes:

4 Precipitation
Precipitation forms in the clouds
when water vapour condenses
and forms bigger and bigger water
droplets. When the droplets are
heavy enough, they fall as rain.
2 Condensation
Water vapour cools down
and condenses to form small sun rain (fresh water)
water droplets, which then
join together to form clouds.
3 Transportation
clouds
(fresh water) Clouds may be carried to snow
other places by the wind. (fresh water)
1 Evaporation
Evaporation occurs when water
sunlight warms the surface vapour
of the water. Water
particles near the water
surface absorb energy and river
move more quickly. They (fresh water)
finally escape from the sea
water surface to become (salty water) lake (fresh water)
water vapour.

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8 以下總結了水的物態變化：

水從周圍環境吸收能量

冰（固態） 水（液態）
蒸汽或水汽（氣態）

熔化 沸騰／蒸發

凝固 凝結

水釋出能量到周圍環境中

2.2 水循環（第 1A 冊，p. 92–103）

1 在大自然，水蒸發成水汽及水汽凝結成水點的過程不斷地循環發生，水就這樣循環不
息地在陸地、空氣和海洋流動，形成水循環。

2 水循環涉及以下四個過程：

4 降 水
水汽冷卻成小水滴後，雲裏的
水滴積聚變重，最終降下成雨。

3 運 輸
風或會把雲帶到其他地方。
2 凝 結 太陽 雨（淡水）
高空的温度較低，水汽遇
冷凝結成小水滴。小水滴
聚集起來，形成雲。 雲（淡水）
雪（淡水）

1 蒸 發 水汽
水循環由太陽的能量帶
動。當太陽光照射到水面
時，水面的水粒子獲得更 河流（淡水）
多能量，加快運動，於是
從水面逃逸，成為水汽。
海洋（鹽水）
湖泊（淡水）

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E 3 The rate of evaporation of water is higher when

● the surface area exposed to air is larger;
● the humidity is lower;
● the temperature is higher;
● the air speed is higher.

2.3 Dissolving (Book 1A, p. 104–115)

1 When a substance dissolves in a liquid, a solution is formed.

sugar water sugar solution
(solute) (solvent) (solution)

water particle

+
sugar grain
dissolves in
sugar particle water into very
sugar grain tiny sugar particles

2 The substance that is dissolved is called a solute.

The liquid that is used to dissolve it is called a solvent.

3 Substances that can dissolve in water are described as soluble in water.

Substances that cannot dissolve in water are described as insoluble in water.

4 The rate of dissolving of a solute in water is higher when

● the water is stirred;
● the temperature of water is higher;
● the size of solute is smaller.

E 5 A saturated solution is formed when we keep adding solute to the solution until some solute
added remains undissolved.

E 6 Solubility of a substance refers to the amount of the substance that can be dissolved in a
fixed amount of solvent at a given temperature.

E 7 Different substances have different solubilities in water.

E 8 Solubility of a substance in water changes with temperature.

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E 3 在下列情況下，水的蒸發速率較高：
• 物體暴露在空氣中的表面面積較大；
• 空氣濕度較低；
• 温度較高；
• 空氣流動的速率較高。

2.3 溶 解（第 1A 冊，p. 104–115）

1 物質在液體中溶解，形成溶液。

糖 水 糖溶液
（溶質） （溶劑） （溶液）

水粒子

+
糖粒在水中
溶解，形成
糖粒子 十分微細的
糖粒 糖粒子

2 在液體中溶解的物質稱為溶質。
溶解該物質的液體稱為溶劑。

3 物質可分類為可溶於水和不可溶於水。

4 在下列情況下，溶質在水中的溶解速率一般較高：
• 水經攪拌；
• 水的温度較高；
• 溶質顆粒的體積較小。

E 5 當我們不斷把溶質加入溶液中，直到有些溶質不能溶解，溶液便達至飽和。

E 6 物質在水中的溶解度是指在特定温度下，在固定分量的水中，物質可溶解的分量。

E 7 不同物質在水中有不同的溶解度。

E 8 物質在水中的溶解度會隨温度而改變。

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2.4 Water purification (Book 1A, p. 116–132)

1 Natural water contains soluble impurities, insoluble impurities and microorganisms.

2 If we drink or use natural water directly, the impurities and microorganisms in the water
may harm our health.

3 Methods of water purification:

a Sedimentation
• During sedimentation, some insoluble
impurities in the water sink to the bottom
of the water and form a layer of
sediment.
• Adding alum helps remove some fine
solid impurities suspended in water. sediment

A beaker of muddy water after standing

b Filtration
• Filtration can help remove solid impurities from water by passing the water
through a filter.
• A filter is made up of materials that consists of many small pores. Only
substances smaller than the pores can pass through the filter.
• Filtration column and filter paper are filters commonly used in school
laboratories.
• The liquid which passes through the filter is called filtrate.
The solid which cannot pass through the filter is called residue.
• Microorganisms and soluble impurities in water are not removed by filtration.
residue (solid impurities)

filter funnel
fine sand
coarse sand filter paper
rock chips
small stones
cotton wool

filtrate

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2.4 水的淨化（第 1A 冊，p. 116–132）

1 天然水通常含有可溶的雜質、不可溶的雜質和微生物。

2 如果我們直接飲用天然水，水裏的雜質和微生物可能會損害我們的健康。

3 水的淨化方法：
a 沉積法
• 透過沉積法，可讓一些不可溶的雜質
沉到水底，形成一層沉積物。
• 在沉積過程中加入明礬，可幫助去除
懸浮在水中的細小固體雜質。

沉積物

靜置後的泥水
b 過濾法
• 我們可用過濾器去除水中的固體雜質，這個淨化水的方法稱為過濾法。
• 過濾器上有很多孔，只有體積較孔細小的顆粒可通過過濾器。
• 過濾柱和濾紙是實驗室裏常用的過濾器。
• 能通過過濾器的液體稱為濾液。
經過濾分隔出來的固體稱為殘餘物。
• 過濾法不能去除微生物和可溶的雜質。

幼沙

粗沙 濾紙
殘餘物
碎石
漏斗
石塊

棉花

濾液

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solid impurities

filter paper

filter funnel

filtrate

Key:
direction of water flow

 Filtration of muddy water using filter paper

c Distillation
• Distillation removes all the soluble impurities, insoluble impurities and
microorganisms in water.
• Process of distillation:

2 The steam goes into

the condenser.
alcohol 3 The steam cools down
thermometer and condenses to
become liquid water.

water out
condenser

2
round-bottom 3
flask 1
sea water
water in
4
distillate

1 During boiling, only water in the 4 Pure water is collected. The

sea water sample turns into steam. water obtained is called
Salts and other impurities are left distillate or distilled water.
behind in the sea water sample.

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固體雜質

濾紙

漏斗

濾液

圖示：
水流的方向

 用濾紙過濾泥水

c 蒸餾法
• 蒸餾法可以去除水中所有可溶的雜質、不可溶的雜質和微生物。
• 蒸餾法的過程：

2 蒸汽進入冷凝器。
3 在冷凝器內，蒸汽冷卻，
酒精温度計 凝結成液態水。

出水口 冷凝器

2
圓底燒瓶 3
1
海水
入水口
4
餾液

1 水沸騰，變成蒸汽。過程中，海 4 燒杯收集到純淨的水，這些水
水中只有水會變成蒸汽，鹽和 稱為餾液，也就是蒸餾水。
其他雜質會留在海水樣本中。

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2.5 Further treatment of drinking water (Book 1A, p. 133–138)

1 Methods to kill microorganisms:

Method Description
Adding chlorine • Chlorine is toxic to microorganisms.
• This method is commonly used in local water treatment works and
swimming pools.
• Chlorine may leave a pungent smell in water.
• Too much chlorine in water irritates our eyes and skin.
Adding ozone • Ozone is added in some swimming pools and water treatment works.
• It can cause chest pain and shortness of breath when inhaled.
• This does not leave a bad smell in water.
• It is more effective than chlorine in killing microorganisms.
Using • Ultraviolet light is used in water dispensers and fish tanks to kill
ultraviolet light microorganisms in water.
• It is used in some water treatment works and swimming pools.

2 Fluoride can strengthen the enamel of our teeth. Adding it to drinking water can help
prevent tooth decay. This addition of fluoride to water is called fluoridation.

E 3 In Hong Kong, drinking water is treated at water treatment works before being distributed to
us to make the water safe to drink and use.

E 4 The water treatment process in Hong Kong involves sedimentation, filtration, adding
chlorine and fluoridation.

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2.5 食水的進一步處理（第 1A 冊，p. 133–138）

1 殺死水中的微生物的方法：

方 法 描 述
加入氯 • 氯對微生物有毒。
• 濾水廠和大多數游泳池都會在水中加入氯來把水消毒。
• 加氯後水會帶輕微刺鼻的氣味。
• 如果水的氯含量過多，會刺激眼睛和皮膚。
加入臭氧 • 有些游泳池和濾水廠都是用臭氧把水消毒。
• 吸入過多臭氧可能會引致胸痛和氣促。
• 加入臭氧後水沒有刺鼻的氣味。
• 臭氧殺死微生物的效能較氯高。
使用紫外光 • 很多飲水機和水族箱都設有紫外光裝置，把水消毒。
• 有些游泳池也用紫外光來消毒池水。

2 氟化物可以鞏固牙齒的琺瑯質，在食水中加入氟化物有助防止蛀牙。濾水廠在食水中
加入氟化物的過程稱為加氟處理。

E 3 香港的食水都先經過濾水廠處理，才供給市民使用。

E 4 香港的食水處理過程涉及沉積法、過濾法、加氯和加氟處理。

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E 5 The general water treatment process in Hong Kong is shown below.

alum clarifier:
sedimentation filtration tank
rainwater
+
Dongjiang
water
screen rapid mix chamber
sludge

water pumping clear water fluoride chlorine

station tank

distribution system

2.6 Water conservation and pollution (Book 1A, p. 139–151)

1 Most fresh water on Earth is trapped in glaciers, ice caps and deep underground. Only a
very small part is on the Earth’s surface which is available for use.

2 The limited supply of fresh water is unevenly distributed across the Earth. A large proportion
of the world’s population are facing water shortages.

3 Possible problems caused by water shortages:

• Society: Dehydration of the body may occur. This can cause various health problems.
A lack of water may also lead to poor hygiene and inconvenience.
• Environment: Plants and animals may die from a dehydration.
• Economy: Without water, the productivity will drop. This lowers economic growth.

4 Fresh water is precious natural resource. It is important to conserve it. Below are some ways
we can save water at home:
• Turn off the tap while brushing your teeth.
• Take a shower instead of a bath and shorten your showering time.
• Wash a full load of clothes to reduce the number washes.
• Wash dishes and vegetables in a basin of water instead of under running water.
• Choose appliances that use water more efficiently.
• Reuse the water for rinsing vegetables for watering plants.

5 Water sources may become unsuitable for use because of water pollution, which has
harmful effects on our health and the environment

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E 5 下圖簡單介紹濾水廠處理食水的一般過程。
明礬 澄清池：
沉積法 過濾池
雨水
+
東江水
隔網 快速攪拌室
污泥

氟化物 氯
抽水站 清水池

分配系統

2.6 節約用水和水污染（第 1A 冊，p. 139–151）

1 地球上大部分的淡水都分佈在冰川、冰冠和地底深處，難以取用。較容易取用的河水
和湖水等水源，只佔地球淡水總存量的極小部分。

2 世界各地的淡水資源分佈並不平均。據估計，全球有大約三分之一的人口居住在淡水
供應短缺的地區，面臨嚴重的淡水短缺問題。

3 淡水短缺可能造成的負面影響：
• 社會：人攝取水分不足，身體可能會出現脫水情況，繼而導致各種健康問題。缺
水可能導致衞生問題和對日常生活造成不便。
• 環境：動植物攝取水分不足可能會脫水而死。
• 經濟：水供應不足會導致很多工業的生產力下降，阻礙經濟發展。

4 淡水是珍貴的自然資源，我們要節約用水，不應浪費。以下是家中節約用水的一些方
法：
• 刷牙時關上水龍頭。
• 以花灑淋浴代替浸浴，並縮短淋浴時間。
• 儲滿一機衣物才開動洗衣機，減少清洗次數。
• 用盆子盛水清洗蔬菜或碗碟，不要長開水龍頭。
• 購買洗衣機、沐浴花灑等設備時，選擇用水效益較高的產品。
• 用清洗蔬果後的水來灌溉植物。

5 如果污染物進入水源，便可能造成水污染，危害我們的健康和破壞環境。

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6 Some sources of water pollutants and their harmful effects:

Source Harmful effects

Waste water • Waste water from homes and farms may contain human and animal
waste, which may carry harmful microorganisms.
• If we eat seafood from waters polluted with harmful
microorganisms, we may get diseases such as cholera.
• If we swim in polluted water, we may get eye or skin diseases.
• Detergents and fertilizers in waste water from homes and farms may
contain nutrients that promote the growth of algae.
• If the population of algae increases rapidly, red tide may result. The
algae may use up the oxygen in water. Other living things in the
water may die because of a lack of oxygen.
• The algae may produce toxins that will kill sea animals. If we eat
seafood contaminated with toxins, we may get poisoned.
• Waste water from factories may contain toxic chemicals.
• If we eat seafood contaminated with these chemicals, the chemicals
may build up in our body and may cause health problems.
Solid waste • Animals may die if they eat the waste or get trapped in it.
• Plastics in the sea may break down into microplastics which can
harm or even kill them by blocking their digestive systems.
• These plastics will get into our body if we eat contaminated
seafood.
Oil spills • Oil may leak into the sea because of accidents. The spilled oil floats
on the surface of the water and blocks air from going into the water.
Sea animals may die due to a lack of oxygen.
• If the feathers of seabirds are covered with oil, the seabirds cannot
fly and hunt. They may die of hunger.

7 Ways for individuals to help control water pollution:

• Use less detergent when washing dishes.
• Do not throw rubbish into the sea or rivers.
• Do not pour waste water into the rainwater drains.
• Do not wash clothes or dishes in rivers or steams.

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6 水污染的常見原因和有害影響：

原 因 有害影響
污水 • 污水主要來自家居、農場和工廠。污水可能含有人類和禽畜的
排泄物，這些污染物可能帶有致病的微生物。
• 如果我們吃了來自受污染水域的水產，便可能患上疾病（例如
霍亂）。
• 要是在受污染的水中游泳，可能會引致眼睛或皮膚疾病。
• 清潔劑和肥料可能含有促進藻類生長的養分。
• 如果這些養分進入水中，便可能使藻類急速生長，引致紅潮。
當紅潮發生時，大量的藻類可能會把水中的氧耗盡，導致其他
水生生物因缺氧而死亡。
• 藻類也可能產生毒素，把水生生物殺死。如果我們吃了受毒素
污染的水產，便可能會中毒。
• 來自工廠的污水可能含有有毒化學品。
• 如果我們吃了受污染的水產，這些有毒化學品便可能在我們的
身體內累積，引致各種健康問題。
固體廢物 • 動物一旦吃了固體廢物或被它們纏着，便可能會死亡。
• 塑膠廢物可能會分解成微塑膠。海洋動物一旦吞下水中的微塑
膠，這些微塑膠便可能會堵塞牠們的消化道，影響健康，甚至
引致死亡。
• 如果我們吃了受污染的海產，微塑膠便會進入我們的身體，損
害健康。
油污 • 一旦運油輪發生意外，泄漏的油污覆蓋海面，會阻礙空氣進入
水中，使水生生物缺氧死亡。
• 如果海鳥的羽毛沾滿油污，牠們便無法飛行，失去覓食能力，
最終餓死。

7 在生活上減少水污染的方法：
• 洗碗碟時儘量減少使用清潔劑。
• 不要把垃圾丟入大海或河流。
• 不要把污水倒進雨水渠。
• 不要在河流或溪澗洗衣服或碗碟。

初中科學 基礎概念與技能
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 2 Water

E 8 In Hong Kong, waste water is treated in sewage treatment works before it is discharged
into the sea:

Screening Sedimentation
waste water

Disinfection Biological treatment

Treated waste water

is discharged into
the sea.

E 9 Waste water containing harmful chemicals is sent to the Chemical Waste Treatment Centre
for treatment before it is discharged into the sea.

Junior Secondary Science Mastering Concepts and Skills

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 2 水

E 8 在香港，大部分污水會經污水處理廠處理，去除當中的有害物質，然後才排入海中：

篩除 沉積
污水

消毒 生物處理

經處理的污水
會排入海中

9 含有有害化學廢料的污水會送到化學廢物處理中心處理。

初中科學 基礎概念與技能
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