THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF

BARODA
POLYTECHNIC
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

JOURNAL OF
AC ROTATING MACHINES
(ELE3514L)
FS TYDEE
NAME : _________________________________

CLASS : ______ DIVISION:__ GROUP : ___

ROLL NUMBER : _________________________________

PR NUMBER : _________________________________

EXAM NUMBER : _________________________________

 DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VISION

To emerge as a Centre of Excellence in Electrical Engineering education for Sustainable

Development to create societal impact.

MISSION

 To create a progressive learning environment for academic excellence and

professional competence in Electrical Engineering.

 To establish collaborations with local and global industries and institutes to

promote hands-on experience and skill development.

 To contribute towards holistic and sustainable development.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO-1: Prepare professionals to practice Electrical Engineering in various public/ private

sectors.
PEO-2: Be able to work individually and as a team member, exhibiting professionalism and
ethical attitude.
PEO-3: Inculcate attitude for lifelong learning to achieve career and organizational goals.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO 1: Use principles of basic sciences, engineering, laboratory skills, tools, and methodologies
for building, testing, operating, and maintaining Electrical Engineering Systems.
PSO 2: Analyze and design Electrical Engineering systems that are cost-effective, safe, and
sustainable.
THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA, VADODARA
POLYTECHNIC
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & IT

I SEMESTER TYDEE 2024-25

AC ROTATING MACHINES (ELE3514L)

COURSE OUTCOME:

CO1 Learn production of 3-phase rotating magnetic field.

Understand construction and working principle of Induction

CO2
Motor.

Acquire knowledge of various speed control methods of Induction

CO3
motor.

Explain the construction, working principle and application of AC

CO4
Generator.

Describe the construction, working principle and application of

CO5
synchronous motor.
 CERTIFICATE
Roll No.: Exam No.:
PRN :
This is to Certify that
........................................................................................................
of .................................................. class has Completed
.................. Practicals out of .................. Practicals in the Subject
"AC ROTATING MACHINES (ELE3514)"
during the academic year ....................... and has Submitted the
Laboratory Journal.

Faculty - in - charge Head - Elect. Engg. Deptt.

Date:
Remarks if any : Examiner's Sign
 The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
Polytechnic
Electrical Engineering Department

Class: I Semester of T.Y.D.E.E. Academic Year: 20 - 202

Subject: AC ROTATING MACHINES (ELE3514L)

Roll No. Exam No.

INDEX
Sr. Date Title Page Present/ Grade Sign Remarks
No. No. Absent
1 Study Of Ratings Of
Various Equipments And
Machines Used In AC
ROTATING MACHINES
Laboratory.
2 Observe The Cut Section of
Three Phase Induction
Motor Model.
3 Observe the Production of a
Rotating Magnetic Field.
4 Perform Load Test on a
Three Phase Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor To Find
Out Its Characteritics.
5 Study of Alternator.
6 Perform Open Circuit and
Short Circuit Test on a
Three Phase Star Connected
Alternator To Find Out Its
Regulation using
Synchronous Impedance
Method .
7 Perform Load Test On A
Three Phase Slip Ring
Induction Motor To Find
Out Its Characteristics.
8 Perform Voltage Variation
on a Three Phase Slip Ring
Induction Motor To
Observe Variation in Speed
9 Perform “V” And “Inverted
V” Curves of a Synchronous
Motor.
10 Study of Universal Motor.
 11 Perform No Load and Block
Rotor Test on a Three Phase
Slip Ring Induction Motor
To Plot Circle Diagram.
12 Study of Schrage Motor.
13 Perform Parallel Operatin
on Two Three Phase Star
Connected Alternator.

Remarks:

SUBMISSION

Name of the Student Signature of Student With Date

Name of the Lecturer Signature of Lecturer With Date

 EXPERIMENT NO.1

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER:

AIM: Study Of Ratings Of Various Equipments And Machines Used In AC

Rotating Machine Laboratory.

APPARATUS:

TABLE NO 1.
SR.
NO.
1. SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION SHUNT GENERATOR
MOTOR 3 KW.,230V , 13A
5 H.P.,230V, 13.2A 1425 RPM
1425 RPM.
2. SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR SHUNT GENERATOR
5 B.H.P.,230V,14.2A 4.8 KW.,230V , 13A
1420 RPM 1420 RPM
3. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR SHUNT MOTOR
5 KW.,230V,26A 3 KW.,230V , 26A
1200-1500 RPM 1500 RPM
4. ALTERNATOR SHUNT GENERATOR(EXCITER)
5KW.,230V, 12A, 0.33KW.,110V, 3A
1500RPM 1000RPM

Page 1 of 3
TABLE NO.2
SR. EQUIPEMENTS USED RANGE
NO.
1. AMMETERS(A.C AND D.C) 0-10A, 0-20A, 0-15A ,0-1.5A
2. VOLTMETERS(A.C AND D.C) 0-15V, 0-75V, 0-150V, 0-300V
3. WATTMETERS CURRENT COILS: 5A,10A
PRESSURE COILS: 75V,150V,300V
4. RHEOSTATS 53 OHM,10A
245 OHM, 2A
370 OHM, 1A
5. VARIAC 0-240V
6. LOAD RESISTIVE LOAD (LAMP LOAD)
7. TACHOMETER
8. STAR DELTA STARTER STARTING 5 H.P. SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR
9. ROTOR RESISTOR STARTER STARTING OF SLIP RING INDUCTION
MOTOR
10. AUTO TRANSFORMER
11. VIBRATING REED FREQUENCY 44-55HZ
METER

THEORY:
Various equipments listed above are used for performing the practicals which will be
performed throughout the Lab. Each of the devices listed above should be used as and when
required in the various practicals. Students are supposed to use only the required equipments with
the necessary range.

Care should be taken while handling the equipments. No damage should occur to any of
the equipments which are used.

Conclusion:

Page 2 of 3
Assignment/Questionnaire

Do as Directed.

1) A DC excitation is required by _____ motor but not by _____ motor.

2) Alternators operate on the same fundamental principles of _____ as DC
Generators.
3) The passage of current is always accompanied by generation of _____ .
4) A DC motor can be looked upon as DC generator with the power flow _____ .
a) Reduced b) reversed c) increased d) modified

5) As the load is increased, the speed of a DC shunt motor _____ slightly.

6) A DC machine when operating as a generator, it is driven by _____ machine

and it develops _____ .

7) A DC machine when operating as a motor, it is supplied by _____ and it

Develops _____ .

8) A shunt dc motor works on ac mains _____ .

a) unsatisfactorily b) satisfactorily c) not at all d) none of the above

9) The same DC machine can be used interchangeably as a generator or as a

motor. (True/False)

10) Constructionally, there is no basic difference between an alternator and a

synchronous motor. (True/ False)

Page 3 of 3
 EXPERIMENT NO. 02

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER:

AIM: To Observe The Cut Section of Three Phase Induction Motor.

THEORY:
With the almost universal adoption of AC system of distribution of electrical energy for light and
power, the field of application of AC motors has widened considerably during recent years. As a
result, motor manufacturers have tried, over the last few decades, to perfect various types of AC
motors suitable for all classes of industrial drives and for both single and three-phase AC supply.
This has given rise to bewildering multiplicity of types whose proper classification often offers
considerable difficulty. Different AC motors may, however, be classified and divided into various
groups from the following different points of view:

1. AS REGARDS THEIR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:

(A) Synchronous Motors

 Plain
 Super

(B) Asynchronous Motors

a. Induction Motors
 Squirrel Cage (Single and Double)
 Slip-ring (external resistance)

b. Commutator Motors
 Series (a) Single Phase and (b) Universal
 Compensated (a) Conductively and (b) Inductively
 Shunt (a) Simple and (b) Compensated
 Repulsion (a) Straight and (b) Compensated
 Repulsion-start induction
 Repulsion induction

Page 1 of 9
 2. AS REGARDS THE TYPE OF CURRENT:

 Single Phase
 Three Phase

3. AS REGARS THEIR SPEED:

 Constant Speed
 Variable Speed,
 Adjustable Speed

4. AS REGARDS THEIR STRUCTURAL FEATURES:

 Open
 Enclosed
 Semi-enclosed
 Ventilated
 Pipe-ventilated
 Riverted frame eye etc…

INDUCTION MOTOR: GENERAL PRINCIPLE

As a general rule, conversion of electrical power into mechanical power takes place in the
rotating part of an electric motor. In AC motors, the electric power in conducted ditectly to the
armature (i.e. rotating part) through brushes and commutator. Hence, in this sense, AC motors
can be called a conduction motor. However, in AC motors, the rotor does not receive electric
power by conduction but by induction in exactly the same way as the secondary of a 2-winding
transformer receives its power from the primary. That is why such motors are known as induction
motors. In facts, an induction motor can be treated as rotating transformer i.e. one in which
primary winding is stationery but the secondary is free to rotate.

ADVANTAGES
 It has very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable construction (especially
squirrel-cage type).
 Its cost is low and it is very reliable.
 It has sufficiently high efficiency. In normal running condition, no brushes are needed
hence frictional losses are reduced. It has a reasonably good power factory.
 It requires minimum of maintenance.
 It starts up from rest and needs no extra starting motor and has not be synchronized. Its
starting arrangement is simple especially for squirrel-cage type motor.

Page 2 of 9
DISADVANTAGES
 Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency.
 Just like a DC shunt motor, its speed decreases with increases in load.
 Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of a DC shunt motor.

Figure 2.1 shows the Cut Section of Induction Motor

Figure 2.1 Cut Section of Induction Motor

CONSTRUCTION
An induction motor consists essentially of two main parts:

(a) A Stator and (b) A Rotor

STATOR
The stator of an induction motor is, in principle, the same as that of synchronous motor or
generator. It is made up of a number of stampings, which are slotted to receive the windings. The
stator carries a 3-phase winding and is fed from a 3-phase supply. It is wound for a definite
number of poles, the exact number of poles being determined by the requirements of speed.
Greater the number of poles lesser the speed and vice versa. In the stator winding, when supplied
with 3-phase currents, produce a magnetic flux, produce a magnetic flux, which is of constant
magnitude but which revolves (or rotates) at synchronous speed (given by Ns = 120 f/P). This
revolving magnetic flux induces an e.m.f. in the rotor by mutual induction. Figure 2.2a and 2.2 b
shows stator and stator windings.

Page 3 of 9
 Figure2.2 (a) Stator of an Induction Motor

Figure2.2 (b) Stator Slots with Stator Windngs

ROTOR
i. Squirrel –cage Rotor: Motors employing this type of rotor are known as squirrel-cage
induction motors.

ii. Phase-wound or wound Rotor: Motors employing this type of rotor are variously know
as ‘Phase-wound’ motors or ‘wound’ motors or as ‘slip-ring’ motors.

i. SQUIRREL-CAGE ROTOR:
Almost 90 per cent of induction motors are squirrel-cage type, because this type of rotor
has the simplest and most rugged construction imaginable and is almost indestructible. The rotor
consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for carrying the rotor conductors which,
it should be noted clearly, are not wires but consist of heavy bars of copper, aluminum or alloys.
One bar is placed in each slot, rather the bars are inserted from the end when semi-closed slots are
used. The rotor bars are brazed or electrically welded or bolted to two heavy and stout short-
circuiting end-rings, thus giving us, what is so picturesquely called, a squirrel-case construction.
Figure 2.3 shows detailed construction of Squirrel Cage Type Rotor.

Page 4 of 9
 Fig 2.3 Squirrel Cage Rotor

It should be noted that the rotor bars are permanently shortshort-circuited

circuited on themselves, hence it is
not possible to add any external resistance in series with the rotor circuit for starting purposes.

The rotor slots are usually not quite parallel to the sh

shaft
aft but are purposely given a slight
skew. This is useful in two ways:

a. It helps to make the motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum and

b. It helps in reducing the locking tendency of the rotor i.e. the tendency of the rotor teeth to
remain under the stator teeth due to direct magnetic attraction between the two. Skewed
Rotor is as shown
wn in Figure 2.
2.4

Figure 2.
2.4 Skewed Rotor for Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Page 5 of 9
In small motors, another method of construction is used. It consists of placing the entire rotor core
in a mould and casting all the bar and end-rings in one piece. The metal commonly used is an
aluminium alloy.

Another form of rotor consists of a solid cylinder of steel without any conductors or slots at all.
The motor operation depends upon the production of eddy currents in the steel rotor.

ii. PHASE-WOUND ROTOR:

This type of rotor is provided with 3-phase, double-layer, distributed winding
consisting of coils as used in alternators. The rotors is wound for as many poles as the number of
stator poles and is always wound 3-phase even when the stator is wound two-phase.

The three phases are started internally. The other three winding terminals are
brought out and connected to three insulated slip-rings mounted on the shaft with brushes resting
on them. These three brushes are further externally connected to a 3-phase star-connected
rheostat. This makes possible the introduction of additional resistance in the rotor circuit during
the starting period for increasing the starting torque of the motor and for changing its speed-
torque / current characteristics. When running under normal conditions, the slip-rings are
automatically short-circuited by means of a metal collar, which is pushed along the shaft and
connects all the rings together. Next, the brushes are automatically lifted from the slip-rings to
reduce the frictional losses and the wear and tear. Hence, it is seen that under normal running
conditions, the wound rotor is short-circuited on itself just like the squirrel-case rotor. Detailed
construction of Phase Wound type motor is as shown in Figure 2.5

Page 6 of 9
Figure 2.5 (a) Detailed Construction of Phase Wound Type Induction Motor.

Figure 2.5 (b) Slip Ring Induction Motor

Page 7 of 9
Figure2.6 shows the longitudinal section of a slip-ring motor, whose structural details are as
under:

Figure 2.6 Longitudinal Cross Section of Induction Motor

 Frame: Made of close-grained alloy cast iron.

 Stator and Rotor Core: Built from high-quality low-loss silicon steel laminations and flash-
enamelled on both sides.

 Stator and Rotor Windings: Have moisture proof tropical insulation embodying mica and
high quality varnishes. Are carefully spaced for most effective air circulation and are
rigidly braced to withstand centrifugal forces and any short-circuit stresses.

 Air-gap: The stator rabbets and bore are machined carefully to ensure uniformity of air-
gap.

 Shaft and Bearings: Ball and roller bearings are used to suit heavy duty, trouble-free
running and for enhanced service life.

 Fans: Light aluminum fans are used for adequate circulation of cooling air and are
securely keyed onto the rotor shaft.
Page 8 of 9
 Slip-Rings and Slip-Ring Enclosures: Slip-rings are made of high quality phosphor-bronze
and are of moulded construction.

CONCLUSION:

Assignment/Questionnaire

Fill in the blanks.

1) In DC motors, the rotor receives electrical power by __________, where as in

AC motors, the rotor receives electrical power by __________.

2) Rotor bars are permanently short circuited on themselves in case of

______________ type induction motor.

3) The exact number of poles in an Induction motor depends on ____________.

4) During starting period, ___________type of induction motor has good starting

torque as compared to ___________ type of induction motor.

5) The principal of operation of a 3- phase induction motor is most similar to

that of ___________.

6) External resistance can be added to the rotor circuit for starting purpose in
case of __________ type induction motor.

7) Slip rings are usually made up of ______________.

8) An induction motor works with

a) DC only b) AC only c) both AC & DC d) None of this

9) The stator core of 3-phase induction motor is laminated in order to reduce

____________.

10) The squirrel cage rotor slots are skewed to ____________ the locking
tendency of the rotor and magnetic humming.
Page 9 of 9
 EXPERIMENT NO.3

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE

E OF LECTURER:
LECTURER

AIM: To Observe the Production of Rotating Magnetic Field.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 1 of 6
 APPARATUS:
SR.NO. EQUIPMENT/DEVICE/ SPECIFICATION/ QTY.
QT PURPOSE/
INSTRUMENT RANGE REMARKS
1.

2.

THEORY:
In DC machine, the field is stationery and armature winding is rotating. In induction
motor the magnetic field is rotating when a 3 phase AC supply is given to the 3 phase induction
motor, stator winding thee rotating magnetic field is produced. It rotates at synchronous speed
which is given by Ns = 120 Fs / P where Ns= Synchronous speed in RPM Fs = Frequency of
supply, P = Number of poles.

The poles are not similar to DC motor but the poles in the ir iron
on core of stator are produced
by the flow of current through the windings of stator. The stator winding is having three coils
situated at 120 degree (electrical) from each other. The magnetic field due to current carrying
conductor is shown below when a ccurrent
urrent is flowing through conductor as shown in the coil and a
magnetic needle is placed below it, the deflection is shown in figure 3.1
Direction of
Rotation

Coil

Figure 3.1 Direction of rotation of coil and magnetic field.

If the direction of the current
rrent is reversed the needle will deflect in the opposite direction. The field
produced is perpendicular to the plane of the coil. When the three coils of starter winding are
connected to the phase supply when the rotating field producing by the three phasephas can be studied
by considering the instantaneous values of current flowing through the coil. Three phase current
waveforms are shown below in figure 3.2

Page 2 of 6
 Figure 3.2 Waveforms for Three Phase Current.
The magnetic field produced by the phase “A” is zero w while
hile other two phases B and C are
producing the magnetic field. Their magnetic fields are represented in figure as Φb Φc. The
resultant field Φr is 1.5 Φm where Φm is maximum flux.

Now consider the magnitude and direction of current at 60 degree for three phase. The phase
phas “A”
is +ve. The phase B is –ve.
ve. The phase C is zero. The resultant magnetic field is also related in
clockwise at 60 degree from X--axis.
axis. Thus the magnetic field produced by the 3 phase is rotating in
nature.

The magnetic field produced by the 33-phase supply

pply has the same nature of supply.

Let, ΦA, ΦB, ΦC are the instantaneous values of the fluxes, if θ=space angle,

ΦA = ΦM Sin θ

ΦB = ΦM Sin (θ – 120)

ΦC = ΦM Sin (θ – 240)

Resolving each of the field in two components on X

X-axis and Y-axis.

Horizontal component is given by

) (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝟎) + 𝚽𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎)𝐗 (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝟎)) = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝚽𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝛉)

𝚽 𝐗 = 𝚽𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎)𝐗

Vertical component is given by

=1.5 Φm cos (θ).

) (− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎) + 𝚽𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎)𝐗 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎)=1.5
𝚽𝐲 = 𝟎 − 𝚽𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎)𝑿

Hence the resultant

esultant field at any instant is

Φ = (Φx + Φy) 0.5= {(1.5 Φm sin θ)2 + (1.5 Φm cos θ.)2}0.5 = 1.5 Φm

The above mentioned theory can also be proved by showing following vectors as depicted in figure
4.3

Page 3 of 6
 Figure 3.3 Vector Representation of Maximum Flux
EXPLANATION
PLANATION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Three phase 4 wire supply is given to the step down transformer. A low voltage is developed on to
the secondary side of the transformer which is fed to the kit for observing the production of
rotating magnetic field. The three coils connected produces rotating magnetic field as in the way
explained above. The magnitude being low, only a needle can rotate. Various types of supply is
given to the kit and is observed.

Page 4 of 6
 STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE:
1. Collect equipments/ devices/ instruments with the help of lab assistant & peon.
2. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Get the connected circuit checked by Lecturer/ TL.
4. Make the supply on only in the presence of Lecturer/ TL.
5. Make the connections as in the circuit diagram.
6. As Shown in the circuit diagram connect terminals A,B,C and N of supply to A,B,C and N
to the primary of Step Down Transformer.
7. Connect the Six Secondary Terminals of Transformer to the Kit where Rotating Magnetic
Field is to be developed.
8. The terminals are marked on the Transformer and the Kit. Make the respective
Connections.
9. Take the necessary observations as mentioned in the observation table.

SAFETY RULES FOR STUDENTS:

1. Students are supposed to SWITCH ON the Circuit only and only in presence of the
Lecturer/TL.
2. No students is supposed to touch any of the LIVE WIRE or any EQUIPMENT while the
supply is ON.
3. Apart from this if possible students are supposed to wear Shoes in Laboratory.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.No. Type Of Input Supply Type Of Magnetic Direction Of Rotation
Field Developed Of Needle
1. Three Phase Supply.

2. Three Phase Supply, Phase Sequence

Interchanged.
3. Single Phasing.

4. Single Phase Supply.

CONCLUSION:

Page 5 of 6
Assignment/Questionnaire

Fill in the blanks.

1) The speed at which a rotating magnetic field revolves is called _____ .

2) In an Induction motor, the frequency of the induced emf is the same as the _____
frequency.
3) The difference between synchronous speed Ns and actual speed N of the rotor is
known as _____ .
4) The equation of slip speed is _____ .
5) If the phase sequence of supply currents are reversed, then the direction of the
resultant MMF (Ampere-turns) wave will _____ .
a) Be reversed b) Remains Unchanged

c) Cannot be determined d) None of the above

6) If a 4 pole, 50 Hz induction motor runs at 1400 rpm, then slip will be _____ .

7) An induction motor works with _____ .

a) DC only b) AC only c) Both AC and DC d) None of the above

8) Uneven air gap in an induction motor is likely to cause _____ .

a) Heating of the motor

b) Unbalancing of motor shaft
c) Both a and b are correct
d) None of the above

9) If two phase supply is given to induction motor, the resultant flux produced will be

Փr = _____ .

a) 1.5 Փm b) Փm c) 2 Փm d) 3 Փm

10) The relative motion of the rotor with respect to the stator is _____ .

Page 6 of 6
 EXPERIMENT NO.4

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER:

AIM: To Perform Load Test on a Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor to
find out its Characteristics.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 1 of 7
APPARATUS:
SR.NO. EQUIPMENT/DEVICE/ SPECIFICATION/ QTY. PURPOSE/
INSTRUMENT RANGE REMARKS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

THEORY:
A poly phase induction motor may be treated a form of a transformer, whose magnetic
circuit has been cut into two parts. These parts are circulars. The primary winding is
stationary called the stator is connected to supply mains. The secondary winding, which is free
to rotate and short-circuited is called rotor. There is a small air gap between stator and rotor
and this causes the no load current to be greater than that of the transformer. The motor
differs from other types of motors in that the current induced in the rotor by magnetic action
of the current in stator.

The stator has a poly phase insulated winding laid in slots and practically identical with
the armature of any AC generator of the stationary armature type, and is wound for any
number of poles.

The rotors are of two types (a) Squirrel cage (b) Wound rotor

Page 2 of 7
 A squirrel cage rotor consists of heavy insulated copper bars laid in slots and is
laminated and leads brought out to the end-rings.

When poly phase supply is given to poly phase winding a rotating magnetic field is
developed and this rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors and set up currents in
them in such a direction as to produce a torque and causes the rotor to revolve in the same
direction i.e. in the direction of rotating magnetic field. The speed depends upon the frequency
and no. of poles.

Ns =Synchronous speed in R.P.M.

𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝒇𝒔
=
𝑷
Where,

fs = Frequency of AC supply in hertz

P = Number of poles

The induction motor runs at synchronous speed, the currents are not induced in the
rotor conductor and therefore rotor is not produce on rotary i.e. rotor is not rotating. So rotor
must rotate at slightly less speed than synchronous speed.

𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵𝒂
𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 =
𝑵𝒔
Ns = Synchronous speed

Na = Actual speed

When the motor is unloaded then the rotor will revolve at nearly the same speed as the
stator flux. This is called the synchronous speed of motor. At starting the slip is unity. At no
load the induction motor runs at a low power factor i.e. less than 0.5 (lag).

As the load is increased the p.f. of the motor is also increased. At normal voltage and
frequency, the air gap or stator flux may be considered as practically constant it from no load
to full load. As load is increased the speed gradually decreases. From no load to full load , drop
in speed is not too much. Therefore this motor has a constant speed characteristics i.e. just as
DC shunt motor. The point of maximum torque at which the motor stalls is called the pull out
torque. It generally occurs at 1.5 times the full load torque. The starting current of the squirrel
cage motor is high being 3.5 to 10 times the full load value if started at normal voltage. The
starting power factor of this motor is low. The starting torque of this motor is also low.

The efficiency of the squirrel cage motor at full load is comparatively more than that of
slip ring and DC motor of same rating. Small standard motors below 5.0 H.P. may be started
directly but above this horsepower, these motors are started by star delta or auto transformer
starter.

Page 3 of 7
EXPLANATION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The load test of a motor is carried out to study the behavior of machine when loaded.
There are different methods of taking the load test of a motor. The motor may be provided
with the brake or an absorption type dynamometer or may be directly coupled to generator.
This method is convenient and more prevalent in laboratories. The generator output may be
measured by means of a voltmeter and ammeter in the output circuit of the generator. The
product of the voltmeter and ammeter readings will give generator output.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE

1. Collect equipments/ devices/ instruments with the help of lab assistant & peon.
2. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Get the connected circuit checked by lecturer/ TL.
4. Make the supply on only in the presence of lecturer/ TL.
5. Make the connections as in the circuit diagram.
6. As shown in the circuit diagram connect terminals of Motor through a Star Delta
starter to limit the starting current.
7. The setup is made ready. The reading for No Load is to be taken by adjusting the speed
to 1500 rpm and generator voltage to 230V.
8. A wattmeter is connected on to the input side to measure input power.
9. The Squirrel cage motor is loaded through a DC shunt generator.
10. Voltage of a DC Shunt generator is to be maintained to 230 V constant for every
reading
11. The DC shunt generator is to be connected to a switching load.
12. By varying the switching load, load on DC Shunt generator is varied and so is the load
on the Motor. Readings for current and voltage are to be noted down.
13. Take the necessary observations as mentioned in the observation table.
14. Plot the Graph for BHP on X axis and Efficiency, Torque, Slip, Speed on Y axis.

SAFETY RULES FOR STUDENTS

1. Students are supposed to SWITCH ON the Circuit only and only in presence of the
Lecturer/TL.
2. No students is supposed to touch any of the LIVE WIRE or any EQUIPMENT while the
supply is ON.
3. Apart from this if possible students are supposed to wear Shoes in Laboratory.

Page 4 of 7
OBSERVATION TABL

Sr. Observation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 Input to Motor
(W1+W2) = Y watts

2 Voltage of Generator.
Vg(volts)

3 Current of Generator.
Ig(amps)

4 Output of
Generator=VgIg(watts)

5 Input of Generator
𝑽𝒈 𝑰𝒈
𝑿= 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎 (watts)
%𝒏

6 BHP of Motor =
𝑿
𝟕𝟑𝟔

7 a. Speed Syn.
Speed Ns(rpm)

b. Actual Speed
Na(rpm)

8 Voltage of Motor =
Vm(volts)

9 Current of Motor =
Im(amps)

10 % Eff. =
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑿
𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒀

11 % Slip =
𝑵𝒔 𝑵𝒂
𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵𝒔

12 Cos Φ = p.f.=
(𝑾𝟏 𝑾𝟐)
√𝟑𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎

13 Torque in N-m.

𝑿 𝒙 𝟔𝟎
𝑻𝒎 =
𝟐𝝅 𝑵𝒂

Page 5 of 7
FORMULAE TO BE USED

Output of the motor or input of the generator

𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
=
𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚

The input power to the motor is measured by 2 wattmeter method or by a 3-phase wattmeter
i.e. total power = WT = W1 + W2…………….watts.
Input to motor = WT
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓
%𝒏 = 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝒑. 𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 = = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ∅
√𝟑𝑿 𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝑳
VL = Line voltage
IL = Line current
𝐍𝐬 𝐍𝐚
% slip of motor = 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐍𝐬

Where Ns = Synchronous speed in r.p.m.

Na = Actual speed in r.p.m.

𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬

B.H.P. of motor =
𝟕𝟒𝟔

𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐗 𝟔𝟎
Torque in N-m. =
𝟐𝛑𝐍𝐚

𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐍.𝐦.
T in Kg. m. =
𝟗.𝟖𝟏

GRAPH

Page 6 of 7
CONCLUSION :

Assignment/Questionnaire

1) __________ rotor consists of heavy insulated copper bars.

2) The synchronous speed depends upon __________ and __________ .

3) When the motor is unloaded, the rotor will revolve at nearly the same
speed as the __________ .

4) At no load, the induction motor runs at __________ power factor which is

less than __________ .

5) The point of maximum torque at which rotor stalls is called __________ .

6) The starting current of squirrel cage induction motor is high being

__________ times the full load value if started at normal voltage.

7) The efficiency of the squirrel cage motor at full load is comparatively

__________ than that of slip ring & DC motor of same rating.

8) In load test of squirrel cage Induction Motor, the no load reading can be
obtained by adjusting the __________ of the motor.

9) In squirrel cage induction motor, the rotor slots are usually given slight
skew in order to __________ .
a) reduce windage losses
b) reduce eddy currents
c) to eliminate magnetic locking between stator and rotor
d) none of above

10) __________ starter is ideally suited for squirrel cage induction motor.

Page 7 of 7
 EXPERIMENT NO. 05

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER:

AIM:To Study Three Phase Alternator.

THEORY:
BASIC PRINCIPLE

AC generator or alternators (as they are usually called) operate on the same
fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction as DC generators. They also consist of an
armature winding and a magnetic field. But there is one important difference between the two.
Whereas in DC generators, the armature rotates and the field system is stationary, the
arrangement in alternators is just the reverse of it. In their case, standard construction
consists of armature winding mounted on a stationery element called stator and field windings
on a rotating element called rotor. The details of construction are shown in figure 5.1

Figure 5.1 Constructional Details of Alternator.

The stator consists of a cast-iron frame, which supports the armature core,
having slots on its inner periphery for housing the armature conductors. The rotor is like a
flywheel having alternate N and S poles fixed to its outer rim. The magnetic poles are excited

Page 1 of 6
(or magnetized) from direct current supplied by a DC source at 125 to 600 volts. In most cases,
necessary exciting (or magnetizing) current is obtained from a small DC shunt generator which
is belted or mounted on the shaft of the alternator itself. Because the field magnets are rotating,
this current is supplied through two slip-rings. As the exciting voltage is relatively small, the
slip-rings and brush gear are of light construction. Recently, brushless excitation systems have
been developed in which a 3-phase AC exciter and a group of rectifiers supply DC to the
alternator. Hence, brushes, slip-rings and commutator are eliminated.

When the rotor rotates, the stator conductors (being stationery) are cut by the
magnetic flux, hence they have induced e.m.f. produced in them. Because the magnetic poles
are alternately N and S, they induce an e. m. f. and hence current in armature conductors,
which first flows in one direction and then in the other. Hence, an alternating e.m.f. is
produced in the stator conductors (i) whose frequency depends on the number of N and S poles
moving past a conductor in one second and (ii) whose direction is given by Fleming’s right-
hand rule.

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION:

1. STATOR FRAME:
In DC machines, the outer frame (or yoke) serves to carry the magnetic flux but in
altenators, it is not meant for that purpose. Here, it is used for holding the armaturestampings
and windings in position. Low-speed large-diameter of ease of manufacturer, are cast in
sections. Ventilation is maintained with the help of holes cast in the frame itself. The provision
of radial ventilating spaces in the stampings assists in cooling the machine.

But, these days, instead of using castings, frames are generally fabricated from mild
steel plates welded together in such a way as to form a frame having a box type section.

Figure 5.2 Section of Alternator shown from the top of the Alternator.

2. STATOR CORE:
The armature core is supported by the stator frame and is built up of laminations of
special magnetic iron or steel alloy. The core is laminated to minimize loss due to eddy
currents. The laminations are stamped out in complete rings (for smaller machine) or in

Page 2 of 6
segments (for larger machines). The laminations are insulated from each other and have spaces
between them for allowing the cooling air to pass through. The slots for housing the armature
conductors lie along the inner periphery of the core and are stamped out at the same time
when laminations are formed. Different shapes of the armature slots are shown in figure.

The wide-open type slot (also used in DC machine) has the advantage of permitting easy
installation of form-wound coils and their easy removal in case of repair. But it has the
disadvantage of distributing the air-gap flux into bunches or tufts, that produce ripples in the
wave of the generated e.m.f. The semi-closed type slots are better in this respect, but do not
allow the use of form-wound coils. The wholly-closed type slots or tunnels do not disturb the
air-gap flux but (i) they tend to increase the inductance of the windings (ii) the armature
conductors have to be threaded through, thereby increasing initial labour and cost of winding
and (iii) they present a complicated problem of end-connections. Hence, they are rarely used.
Figure 5.3 shows various types of slots used.

Figure 5.3 Slots Used in Alternators

3. ROTOR:
Two types of rotors are used in alternators (i) salient-pole type and (ii) smooth-
cyndrical type.

(i) SALIENT (OR PROJECTING) POLE TYPE:

It is used in low and medium speed (engine driven) alternators. It has a

large number of projecting (salient) poles, having their cores bolted or dovetailed onto a heavy
magnetic wheel of cast-iron, or steel of good magnetic quality. Such generators are
characterized by their large diameters and short axial lengths. The poles and pole-shoes (which
cover 2/3 of pole-pitch) are laminated to minimize heating due to eddy currents. In large
machines, field windings consist of rectangular copper strip wound on edge. Figure 5.4 shows
the Salient pole type rotor used.

Page 3 of 6
 Figure 5.4 Salient or Projecting Pole Type Rotor

(ii) SMOOTH CYLINDRICAL TYPE:

It is used for steam turbine-driven alternators i.e. turbo-alternators, which run

at very high speeds. The rotor consists of a smooth solid forged steel cylinder, having a number
of slots milled out at intervals along the outer periphery (and parallel to the shaft) for
accommodating field coils. Such rotors are designed mostly for 2-pole (or 4-pole) turbo-
generators running at 3600 r.p.m. (or 1800 r.p.m.) Two (or four) regions corresponding to the
central polar areas left unslotted, as shown in figure 5.5.

Figure 5.5 Smooth Cylindrical Rotor

The central polar areas are surrounded by the field windings placed in slots. The
field coils are so arranged around these polar areas that flux density is maximum on the polar
central line and gradually falls away on either side. It should be noted that in this case, poles
are non-salient i.e. they do not project out from the surface of the rotor. To avoid excessive
peripheral velocity, such rotors have very small diameters (about 1 meter or so). Hence, turbo-
generators are characterized by small diameters and very long axial (or rotor) length. The

Page 4 of 6
cylindrical construction of the rotor gives better balance and quieter-operation and also less
winding losses.

4. DAMPER WINDINGS:

Most of the alternators have their pole-shoes slotted for receiving copper bars of a grid
or damper winding (also known as squirrel-case winding). The copper bars are short-circuited
at both ends by heavy copper rings. These dampers are useful in preventing the hunting
(momentary speed fluctuations) in generators and are needed in synchronous motors to
provide the starting torque. Turbo-generators usually do not have these damper windings
(except in special case to assist in synchronizing) because the solid field poles themselves act as
efficient dampers. It should be clearly understood that under normal running conditions,
damper winding does not carry any current because rotor runs at synchronous speed. Figure
5.6 shows Placement of Damper Windings.

Figure 5.6 Damper Windings

5. ARMATURE WINDINGS:

The armature windings in alternators are different from those used in DC machines.
The DC machines have closed circuit windings but alternator windings are open, in the sense
that there is no closed path for the armature currents in the winding itself. One end of the
winding is joined to the neutral point and the other is brought out (for a star-connected
armature).

The two types of armature windings most commonly used for 3-phase alternators are:

(i) Single-layer Winding

(ii) Double-layer Winding

Page 5 of 6
CONCLUSION:

Assignment/Questionnaire

Fill in the blanks.

1) Alternators operate on the principle of ____________________.

2) In DC generators, the ________ rotates and ________ is stationary and In

Alternators, the ________ rotates and ________is stationary.

3) A Salient pole rotor is used in _______ and _______ speed alternators.

4) A Salient pole rotor is characterized by their _______ diameters and

_______ axial length.

5) A Cylindrical pole rotor is used in _______ speed alternators.

6) A Cylindrical pole rotor is characterized by their _______ diameters and

_______ axial length.

7) Damper windings are useful in preventing the _______ in alternator and in

synchronous motors to provide high _______.

8) In an alternator, the stator frame is made up of ___________.

9) The magnetic poles of rotor are excited from __________supply.

10) In DC machine, the outer frame (yoke) serves to carry_________________

but in case of alternator the outer frame is used for holding the

__________________.

Page 6 of 6
 EXPERIMENT NO.6

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER/ TTA:

AIM: To Perform Open Circuit Test and Shot Circuit Test on a Three Phase Star
connected Alternator to find out its Regulation using Synchronous Impedance
Method.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 1 of 6
APPARATUS:
SR.NO. EQUIPMENT/DEVICE/ SPECIFICATION/ QTY. PURPOSE/
INSTRUMENT RANGE REMARKS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

THEORY:
The voltage regulation of alternator is defined as “the rise in terminal voltage when full
load voltage is thrown off, the field excitation and speed remaining constant. The regulation is
always stated for full load and in percent of terminal voltage on full load. Moreover the p.f.
must be stated, since the value of regulation varies with the p.f. If the no load terminal voltage
is “E0” and “V” is the full load terminal voltage then

−
% =

The obvious method of obtaining the voltage regulation of an alternator is to put an

external load on it, the p.f. of which can be controlled. This is not difficult with machines of
small KVA capacity. But it is very difficult very difficult for large & generally impossible to
obtain a balanced load alternator at the desired p.f. besides, such type of tests uses large
amount of power & the expense is prohibitive. For such alternators, several methods have been
used to complete the regulation either from the design date before the machine is built or from
no load tests consuming the little power. All of these methods give results, which are more or
less accurate approximation of the actual performance of the machine.

Page 2 of 6
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
This test is performed to determine the Open Circuit Characteristics of the alternator. As in
d.c. machines, this is plotted by running the machine on no-load and by noting the values of
induced voltage and field excitation current. It is just like the B-H curve.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

This test is performed to determine the Short Circuit Characteristics of the alternator. It is
obtained by short-circuiting the armature (i.e. stator) windings through a low-resistance
ammeter. The excitation is so adjusted as to give 1.5 to 2 times the value of full-load current.
During this test, the speed which is not necessarily synchronous, is kept constant.

DETERMINATION OF SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDENCE FROM OC AND SC

TESTS:
Following procedural steps are involved in this method:

1. O.C.C is plotted from the Open Circuit test Data.

2. Similarly, S.C.C. is drawn from the data given by the short-circuit test. It is a straight line
passing through the origin. Both these curves are drawn on a common field-current base.
Consider a field current If. The O.C. voltage corresponding to this field current is E1. When
winding is short-circuited, the terminal voltage is zero. Hence, it may be assumed that the
whole of this voltage E1 is being used to circulate the armature short-circuit current I1 against
the synchronous impedance Zs.
E1 = I 1 Zs

Zs = Open Circuit Voltage/Short Circuit Current

3. Since the value of Ra be given, hence value of Xs can be calculated by using formula:

Xs =( Zs2 - Ra2)1/2 ohms.

Knowing value of Ra and Xs, vector diagram can be plotted for any load and power factor as
shown in figure6.1

Figure 6.1 Vector diagram for an Alternator.

Page 3 of 6
Here OD = E0

∴ E0 = (OB2 + BD2)1/2

Regulation = E – Vp / Vp X 100

This method gives the poor regulation i.e. value of regulation is more.

EXPLANATION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

As shown in the circuit diagram, the alternator is made to run by using a prime mover. The D
C shunt generator acts as an exciter. Excitation is provided to run the alternator. Speed is
adjusted by varying the shunt regulator. On adjusting the speed, readings for open circuit test
is to be taken by varying the excitation using alternator field regulator. Readings are noted
down. Similarly the stator terminals are shorted through an ammeter while performing the
short circuit test. Again the field current is varied and readings are noted down.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE:

1. Collect equipments/ devices/ instruments with the help of lab assistant & peon.
2. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Get the connected circuit checked by Lecturer/ TL.
4. Make the supply on only in the presence of Lecturer/ TL.
5. Make the connections as in the circuit diagram.
6. As shown in the circuit diagram, keep the alternator terminals open for performing O C
test..
7. On the alternator, by using a D C shunt motor which acts as a prime mover. Switch on
the excitation..
8. Adjust the Alternator frequency to 50 hz by using shunt regulator.
9. Once the speed is adjusted, start varying field current through shunt field regulator
starting from 0.4 A. take readings in step of 0.1 A till rated voltage which in this case is
230 V is achieved.
10. Reduce the excitation, Short the stator terminals by shorting the TPST switch, for
performing Short Circuit test through an ammeter.
11. Again vary the field current in step of 0.1 A starting from 0.4 A till rated current which
in this case is 12 A, after that vary the short circuit current till 1.5 times the rated
current whch I this case will be 18A..
12. Plot OCC and SCC AS MENTIONED ABOVE.
13. Plot vector diagrams for different loads at different power factors.

SAFETY RULES FOR STUDENTS:

1. Students are supposed to SWITCH ON the Circuit only and only in presence of the
Lecturer/TL.
2. No students is supposed to touch any of the LIVE WIRE or any EQUIPMENT while the
supply is ON.
3. Apart from this if possible students are supposed to wear Shoes in Laboratory.

Page 4 of 6
OBSERVATION TABLE:

OBSERVATION TABLE NO. 1

OC TEST SC TEST
Sr. Field Current in Terminal voltage in volts Field SC Current
No. Amp. If current in in Amp.
Amp.
VL Vp=VL/√3 If Isc.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

OBSERVATION TABLE NO. 2

Sr. % Load Induced voltage in volts % Regulation

No. Load Current Unity 0.8 0.8 Unity 0.8 Lag. 0.8 Lead.
in Amp. P.F. Lag. Lead P.F.
1 25
2 50
3 75
4 100

FORMULAE TO BE USED:
−
% =

Xs =( Zs2 - Ra2)1/2 ohms

Page 5 of 6
GRAPH:

CONCLUSION:

Assignment/Questionnaire

Fill in the blanks

1) Open circuit test of an alternator is performed to determine the __________of

alternator.

2) Short circuit test is obtained by short circuiting the armature windings

through a ___________.

3) During short circuit test __________ is kept constant.

4) After adjusting the speed, the readings for the OC test is obtained by varying
the excitation using __________.

5) Open circuit test and short circuit test are performed on synchronous machine
to find out _______________ for large machines.

6) Short circuit characteristics is linear up to ___________.

7) The short circuit test provides information about the ___________ capabilities
of a synchronous generator.

8) The graph of an open circuit characteristics is drawn between ___________ &

____________.

9) The graph of short circuit characteristics is drawn between short circuit

__________ & ___________.

10) The equation of synchronous reactance is ________________.

Page 6 of 6
 EXPERIMENT NO.7

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER/ TTA:

AIM: To Perform Load Test on a Three Phase Slip Ring Induction Motor to find
out its Characteristics.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 1 of 7
APPARATUS:
SR.NO. EQUIPMENT/DEVICE/ SPECIFICATION/ QTY. PURPOSE/
INSTRUMENT RANGE REMARKS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

THEORY:
A poly phase induction motor may be treated a form of a transformer, whose magnetic
circuit has been cut into two parts. These parts are circulars. The primary winding is
stationary called the stator is connected to supply mains. The secondary winding, which is free
to rotate and short-circuited is called rotor. There is a small air gap between stator and rotor
and this causes the no load current to be greater than that of the transformer. The motor
differs from other types of motors in that the current induced in the rotor by magnetic action
of the current in stator.

The stator has a poly phase insulated winding laid in slots and practically identical with
the armature of any AC generator of the stationary armature type, and is wound for any
number of poles.

The rotors are of two types (a) Squirrel cage (b) Wound rotor

Page 2 of 7
 A squirrel cage rotor consists of heavy insulated copper bars laid in slots and is
laminated and leads brought out to the end-rings.

When poly phase supply is given to poly phase winding a rotating magnetic field is
developed and this rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors and set up currents in
them in such a direction as to produce a torque and causes the rotor to revolve in the same
direction i.e. in the direction of rotating magnetic field. The speed depends upon the frequency
and no. of poles.

Ns =Synchronous speed in R.P.M.

𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝒇𝒔
=
𝑷
Where,

fs = Frequency of AC supply in hertz

P = Number of poles

The induction motor runs at synchronous speed, the currents are not induced in the
rotor conductor and therefore rotor is not produce on rotary i.e. rotor is not rotating. So rotor
must rotate at slightly less speed than synchronous speed.

𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵𝒂
𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 =
𝑵𝒔
Ns = Synchronous speed

Na = Actual speed

When the motor is unloaded then the rotor will revolve at nearly the same speed as the
stator flux. This is called the synchronous speed of motor. At starting the slip is unity. At no
load the induction motor runs at a low power factor i.e. less than 0.5 (lag).

As the load is increased the p.f. of the motor is also increased. At normal voltage and
frequency, the air gap or stator flux may be considered as practically constant it from no load
to full load. As load is increased the speed gradually decreases. From no load to full load , drop
in speed is not too much. Therefore this motor has a constant speed characteristics i.e. just as
DC shunt motor. The point of maximum torque at which the motor stalls is called the pull out
torque. It generally occurs at 1.5 times the full load torque. The starting current of the squirrel
cage motor is high being 3.5 to 10 times the full load value if started at normal voltage. The
starting power factor of this motor is low. The starting torque of this motor is also low.

The efficiency of the squirrel cage motor at full load is comparatively more than that of
slip ring and DC motor of same rating. In order to start a Slip Ring Motor, Rotor Resisitance
starter is used.

Page 3 of 7
EXPLANATION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The load test of a motor is carried out to study the behavior of machine when loaded.
There are different methods of taking the load test of a motor. The motor may be provided
with the brake or an absorption type dynamometer or may be directly coupled to generator.
This method is convenient and more prevalent in laboratories. The generator output may be
measured by means of a voltmeter and ammeter in the output circuit of the generator. The
product of the voltmeter and ammeter readings will give generator output.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE

1. Collect equipments/ devices/ instruments with the help of lab assistant & peon.
2. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Get the connected circuit checked by lecturer/ TL.
4. Make the supply on only in the presence of lecturer/ TL.
5. Make the connections as in the circuit diagram.
6. As shown in the circuit diagram connect terminals of Motor through a Rotor Resistance
starter to limit the starting current.
7. An Auto transformer is connected to vary the voltage across the terminals of the motor.
The motor voltage is to be adjusted to 230 Volts.
8. A wattmeter is connected on to the input side to measure input power. Two wattmeter
method is used to measure three phase power.
9. An ammeter is connected on to the input side of the motor in any one phase.
10. The Slip Ring motor is loaded through a DC shunt generator.
11. Voltage of a DC Shunt generator is to be maintained to 230 V constant for every
reading
12. The DC shunt generator is to be connected to a switching load.
13. By varying the switching load, load on DC Shunt generator is varied and so is the load
on the Motor. Readings for current and voltage are to be noted down.
14. Take the necessary observations as mentioned in the observation table.
15. Plot the Graph for BHP on X axis and Efficiency, Torque, Slip, Speed on Y axis.

SAFETY RULES FOR STUDENTS

1. Students are supposed to SWITCH ON the Circuit only and only in presence of the
Lecturer/TL.
2. No students is supposed to touch any of the LIVE WIRE or any EQUIPMENT while the
supply is ON.
3. Apart from this if possible students are supposed to wear Shoes in Laboratory.

Page 4 of 7
OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr. Observation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 Input to Motor
(W1+W2) = Y watts

2 Voltage of Generator.
Vg(volts)

3 Current of Generator.
Ig(amps)

4 Output of
Generator=VgIg(watts)

5 Input of Generator
𝑽𝒈 𝑰𝒈
𝑿= 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟎 (watts)
%𝒏

6 BHP of Motor =
𝑿
𝟕𝟑𝟔

7 a. Speed Syn.
Speed Ns(rpm)

b. Actual Speed
Na(rpm)

8 Voltage of Motor =
Vm(volts)

9 Current of Motor =
Im(amps)

10 % Eff. =
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑿
𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒀

11 % Slip =
𝑵𝒔 𝑵𝒂
𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵𝒔

12 Cos Φ = p.f.=
(𝑾𝟏 𝑾𝟐)
√𝟑𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎

13 Torque in N-m.

𝑿 𝒙 𝟔𝟎
𝑻𝒎 =
𝟐𝝅 𝑵𝒂

Page 5 of 7
FORMULAE TO BE USED

Output of the motor or input of the generator

𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
=
𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚

The input power to the motor is measured by 2 wattmeter method or by a 3-phase wattmeter
i.e. total power = WT = W1 + W2…………….watts.
Input to motor = WT
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓
%𝒏 = 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝒑. 𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 = = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ∅
√𝟑𝑿 𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝑳
VL = Line voltage
IL = Line current
𝐍𝐬 𝐍𝐚
% slip of motor = 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐍𝐬

Where Ns = Synchronous speed in r.p.m.

Na = Actual speed in r.p.m.

𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬

B.H.P. of motor =
𝟕𝟒𝟔

𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐗 𝟔𝟎
Torque in N-m. =
𝟐𝛑𝐍𝐚

𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐍.𝐦.
T in Kg. m. =
𝟗.𝟖𝟏

GRAPH

Page 6 of 7
CONCLUSION

Assignment/Questionnaire

Fill in the blanks

1) When the motor is unloaded then the rotor will revolve at nearly the same
Speed as the __________.

2) At no load the induction motor runs at a ________________ which is less than

__________.

3) In an induction motor with increase in load the power factor of the motor
__________.

4) In an induction motor from no load to full load drop in speed is not too much
therefore this motor has a _________________ characteristics.

5) The point of maximum torque at which the motor stalls is called the
____________.

6) In an induction motor pull out torque is ___________ times the full load
torque.

7) The efficiency of the squirrel cage induction motor at full load is comparatively
___________ than that of slip ring and DC motor of same rating.

8) In order to start a slip ring motor, ___________starter is used.

9) In case of a slip ring induction motor, external resistors are connected in the
rotor circuit to __________ the starting torque and to _________ the starting
current from the supply.

10) The maximum speed of an induction motor can not be _________.

a) 3000 rpm
b) 1440 rpm
c) 960 rpm
d) 500 rpm

Page 7 of 7
 EXPERIMENT NO.8

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER/ TL:

AIM: To Perform Voltage Variation on a Three Phase Slip Ring Induction Motor
to Observe Variation in Speed.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 1 of 8
APPARATUS:
SR.NO. EQUIPMENT/DEVICE/ SPECIFICATION/ QTY. PURPOSE/
INSTRUMENT RANGE REMARKS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

THEORY:
A poly phase induction motor may be treated a form of a transformer, whose magnetic
circuit has been cut into two parts. These parts are circulars. The primary winding is
stationary called the stator is connected to supply mains. The secondary winding, which is free
to rotate and short-circuited is called rotor. There is a small air gap between stator and rotor
and this causes the no load current to be greater than that of the transformer. The motor
differs from other types of motors in that the current induced in the rotor by magnetic action
of the current in stator.

The stator has a poly phase insulated winding laid in slots and practically identical with
the armature of any AC generator of the stationary armature type, and is wound for any
number of poles.

The rotors are of two types (a) Squirrel cage (b) Wound rotor

A squirrel cage rotor consists of heavy insulated copper bars laid in slots and is
laminated and leads brought out to the end-rings.

When poly phase supply is given to poly phase winding a rotating magnetic field is
developed and this rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors and set up currents in
them in such a direction as to produce a torque and causes the rotor to revolve in the same
direction i.e. in the direction of rotating magnetic field. The speed depends upon the frequency
and no. of poles.

Page 2 of 8
Ns =Synchronous speed in R.P.M.

𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐱 𝐟𝐬
=
𝐏
Where,

fs = Frequency of AC supply in hertz

P = No of poles.

When motor running, the rotor never succeed to catch up with the stator field. If the speed
become equal there would not be any relative speed between stator and rotor hence no emf on
rotor and also current so no torque will be produced. That is why the rotor run at a speed
which is always less than synchronous speed. The difference between the synchronous sped
(Ns) and the actual speed (Na) of the rotor is known as slip.

𝐍𝐬 − 𝐍𝐚
% 𝐒𝐥𝐢𝐩 = 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐍𝐬
Ns – Na = Slip speed

Rotor speed = Ns (1-S)

There are three method for the measurement of Slip:

1. By actual measurement of motor speed:

This method require measurement of actual speed Na and calculation of synchronous speed Ns.
Na is measure with the help of tachometer and Ns calculated form the supply frequency and
the number of poles of the motor.

𝐍𝐬 − 𝐍𝐚
% 𝐒𝐥𝐢𝐩 = 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐍𝐬
2. By comparing Rotor and Stator supply frequency:

In the case of slip ring induction motor, the leads of millivoltmeter are lightly pressed against
the adjacent slip ring. So as they revolve usually, there is sufficient voltage drop in the brushes
and their short circuiting strap to provide an indication on the milli-voltmeter. The current in
all the mili-voltmeter follows the variation of the rotor current and hence the pointer oscillates
about its mean zero position. The number of complete cycles made by the pointer per second
can be easily counted.

3. StroboscopeMethod:

In this method a circular metallic disc is taken and painted with alternately black and white
segments. The number of segments their will be equal. The painted disc is mounted on the
shaft and is illuminated by means of the neon filled stroboscopic lamp, which may be supplied
preferably with a combined AC and DC supply although only ac supply will do.

Page 3 of 8
If the disc were rotate at synchronous speed, it would appear stationary. Since, in actual
practice,its speed is slightly less than the synchronous speed, it appears to rotate slowly back
ward.

By counting the number of lines passing and fixed point in a minute and dividing by the
number of lines seen the apparent backward speed in RPM can be found. The slip may be
found from the relation.

𝐍𝐬 − 𝐍𝐚
% 𝐒𝐥𝐢𝐩 = 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐍𝐬
𝐱
% 𝐒𝐥𝐢𝐩 = 𝐗𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐭
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐞𝐠𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬
% 𝐒𝐥𝐢𝐩 =
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐠𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬

Speed of an Induction motor can be controlled by various methods which are as

follows:
1. CONTROL FROM STATOR SIDE

a) By changing the applied voltage

b) By changing the applied frequency

c) By changing the number of stator poles

2. CONTROL FROM ROTOR SIDE

d) Rotor rheostat control

e) By operating two motors in concatenation or cascade

f) By injecting an emf in the rotor circuit

Amongst all these methods mentioned above, effect of voltage variation is to be studied in the
laboratory experiment whose explanation is as under:

This method, though cheapest and the easiest, is rarely used because a large change in voltage
is required for a relatively small change in speed and this large change in voltage would result
in a large change in the flux density thereby seriously disturbing the magnetic conditions of the
motor.

Page 4 of 8
EXPLANATION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
In this method, as shown in the circuit diagram, the motor is started through a Rotor resistor
starter, which in turn is connected to an Auto transformer. The output of the auto transformer
is connected to a switch. On losing the switch voltage through auto transformer appears across
the terminals of the motor. An ammeter is connected to measure the current, voltmeter helps
in measuring the voltage. The wattmeter measures three phase power. The actual speed is
measure through a tachometer. Readings up to 230 V is taken.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE:

1. Collect equipments/ devices/ instruments with the help of lab assistant & peon.
2. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Get the connected circuit checked by Lecturer/ TL.
4. Make the supply on only in the presence of Lecturer/ TL.
5. Make the connections as in the circuit diagram.
6. As shown in the circuit diagram connect terminals of Motor through a Rotor Resistance
starter to limit the starting current.
7. An Auto transformer is connected to vary the voltage across the terminals of the motor.
The motor voltage is to be adjusted to 230 Volts in step of 20 V starting from 60 V.
8. A wattmeter is connected on to the input side to measure input power. Two wattmeter
method is used to measure three phase power.
9. An ammeter is connected on to the input side of the motor in any one phase.
10. Speed N measured for every reading through a tachometer.
11. Take the necessary observations as mentioned in the observation table.
12. Plot the Graph for voltage on X axis and Slip, Speed on Y axis.

SAFETY RULES FOR STUDENTS

1. Students are supposed to SWITCH ON the Circuit only and only in presence of the
Lecturer/TL.
2. No students is supposed to touch any of the LIVE WIRE or any EQUIPMENT while the
supply is ON.
3. Apart from this if possible students are supposed to wear Shoes in Laboratory.

Page 5 of 8
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.No Voltage Current W1 W2 W(kw) Speed Cos Φ % Slip
(V) I (Amp.) (kw) (kw) (Na)
(W1+W2) rpm

10

FORMULAE TO BE USED:
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫
𝐩. 𝐟. 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 = = 𝐂𝐨𝐬 ∅
√𝟑𝐗 𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐋
VL = Line voltage
IL = Line current

𝐍𝐬 𝐍𝐚
% slip of motor = 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐍𝐬

Where Ns = Synchronous speed in r.p.m.

Na = Actual speed in r.p.m.

Page 6 of 8
GRAPH:

CONCLUSION:

Assignment/Questionnaire

Fill in the blanks

1) The Secondary winding of 3 phase induction motor, which is free to rotate and
short-circuited is called __________ winding .

2) If the rotor speed of an induction motor becomes equal to that of stator filed,
there would not be any __________ between stator and rotor.

3) In stroboscope method of measurement of slip, the painted disc mounted on

the shaft and is illuminated by means of the __________.

4) Formula of % slip obtained from stroboscopic method is

% slip= ______________________.

5) __________________ is not a speed control method of an induction motor.

a) by changing applied voltage
b) rotor rheostat control
c) comparing rotor and stator supply frequency.
d) none of the above

6) __________ wattmeter method is used to measure 3 phase power of an

induction motor.

7) __________ is not a method for the measurement of slip.

a) actual measurement of motor speed

b) comparing rotor and stator supply frequency
c) stroboscope method
d) injection of an emf in rotor circuit.

Page 7 of 8
8) The speed regulation of an induction motor is usually less than __________ %
at full load.

9) __________________ speed control method is easily applicable to squirrel-

cage motors.

10) __________________ speed control method is applicable to slip ring motor

Alone.

Page 8 of 8
 EXPERIMENT NO.9

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER/TL:

AIM: To Perform “V” and “Inverted V” Curves of a Synchronous Motor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 1 of 7
APPARATUS:
SR.NO. EQUIPMENT/DEVICE/ SPECIFICATION/ QTY. PURPOSE/
INSTRUMENT RANGE REMARKS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

THEORY:
The construction of a Synchronous motor is similar to that of an alternator, when the
stator winding is connected to 3-Ø supply, a rotating magnetic field is produced which rotates
in the air gap at synchronous speed.

The rotor (which is as yet un-excited) is speeded upto near synchronous speed by some
arrangement and then excited by the d.c. source. The moment this (near) synchronously
rotating rotor is excited ,it is magnetically locked into position with the stator i.e. ,the rotor
poles are engaged with the stator poles and both run synchronously in the same direction. It is
because of this interlocking of stator and rotor poles that the motor has either to run
synchronously or not at all. The synchronous speed is given by the usual relation NS = 120 f / P.

However, it is important to understand that the arrangement between the stator and rotor
poles is not an absolutely rigid one .As the load on the motor is increased ,the rotor
progressively tends to fall back in phase (but not in speed as in d.c.motors ) by some angle but
it still continues to run synchronously. Mostly all syn. Motors are provided with damper

Page 2 of 7
windings on the rotor to start the motor. By providing damper winding the hunting effect of
the synchronous motor is removed.

“V” curves shows the relation between exciting current and, (a) The stator current or line
current (b) Power factor of the motor.

At very low excitation the voltage induced in the stator winding is small the vector diagram is
shown as below:

Where,
E = Induced e.m.f. in the stator
V = Supply voltage
I = Motor line current
ὰ = Load angle
ө = Impedance angle
Φ = p.f. angle
Er = Resultant of V & E

The Current drawn by the motor is more, the power factor is more lagging as the
excitation is increased the induced emf will increase the current drawn by the motor will
decrease the power factor will increase. The vector diagram is shown as below:

At unity power factor the current drawn by the motor is minimum. If the motor is over
excited the vector diagram is shown as below:

Page 3 of 7
At leading power factor the current drawn by the motor is more. If the motor is over excited
the vector diagram is shown as below:

The induced voltage is more than the supply voltage. The current taken by the motor
will increase .

The relation between exciting current and line current is plotted, the shape of the curve
is just like the letter “V” that is why it is known as “V” curve of synchronous motor, also the
relation between exciting current and p.f. is plotted and it is an inverted “V” curve. Curves at
different line current and power factor are plotted against field current and is as shown below
in figure 9.1:

Figure 9.1 V and Inverted V Curves

EXPLANATION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
This practical is performed to determine V and Inverted V curves of a synchronous motor.
Initially the motor is started as an Induction motor through a DOL starter. Once the motor is
speeded up near to synchronous speed, exciter is made on. Excitation is provided to the motor.
Now the motor behaves as a Synchronous Motor. Power factor meter is connected in between
in any one phase of a three phase synchronous motor. Ammeter is connected in any one line to

Page 4 of 7
measure current. Field current is varied by varying the shunt field regulator, and readings for
power factor and armature current is noted.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE:

1. Collect equipments/ devices/ instruments with the help of lab assistant & peon.
2. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Get the connected circuit checked by Lecturer/ TL.
4. Make the supply on only in the presence of Lecturer/ TL.
5. Make the connections as in the circuit diagram.
6. Excitation is provided to the Motor.
7. Excitation is varied by using 490 ohm 2 A rheostat in steps and values of power factor
and armature current is noted.
8. Plot the graph for field current on X axis, and armature current and power factor on Y
axis.

SAFETY RULES FOR STUDENTS:

1. Students are supposed to SWITCH ON the Circuit only and only in presence of the
Lecturer/TL.
2. No students is supposed to touch any of the LIVE WIRE or any EQUIPMENT while the
supply is ON.
3. Apart from this if possible students are supposed to wear Shoes in Laboratory.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Terminal Field Current in Power Factor Line current in
No. Voltage in volts Amps. Amps.
V I Cos Φ IL
1

10

Page 5 of 7
GRAPH:

CONCLUSION:

Assignment/Questionnaire

Fill in the blanks

1) Synchronous motor are provided with __________ windings on the rotor to

start the motor.

2) By providing damper winding the __________ effect of the synchronous motor

is removed.

3) “V” curve shows the relation between __________, __________ and

__________ .

4) At unity power factor the current drawn by the motor is __________.

Page 6 of 7
5) At leading power factor the current drawn by the motor is __________ .

6) In case of synchronous motor , once the motor is speed up near to

synchronous speed, __________ is made on.

7) At very low excitation the voltage induced in the stator winding is __________.

8) The power factor of a normally excited synchronous motor ____________ if

the load is increased.

9) When the synchronous motor is over excited, the drawn power factor current

will be __________________ .

10) For synchronous motors, inverted V-curves are the plots of power factor

versus __________________.

Page 7 of 7
 EXPERIMENT NO.10

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER/ TL:

AIM: To Study Universal Motor.

THEORY:
A universal motor is defined as a motor which may be operated either on direct or single-
phase a.c. supply at approximately the same speed and output.
In fact, it is a smaller version (5 to 150 W) of the a.c. series motor. Being a
series-wound motor, it has high starting torque and a variable speed characteristic. It runs at
dangerously high speed on no-load . Generally, universal motors are manufactured in two
types:

1. concentrated-pole, non-compensated type (low power rating)

2. distributed-field compensated type (high power rating)

The non-compensated motor has two salient poles and is just like a 2-pole series d.c. motor
except that whole of its magnetic path is laminated. The laminated stator is necessary because
the flux is alternating when motor is operated from a.c. supply. The armature is of wound
type and similar to that of a small d.c. motor. It consists essentially of a laminated core having
either straight or skewed slots and a commutator to which the leads of the armature winding
high speed on no-load. That is why such motors are usually built into the device they drive.

The distributed-field compensated type motor has a stator core similar to that of a split-phase
motor and a wound armature similar to that of a small d.c. motor. The compensating winding
is used to reduce the reactance voltage present in the armature when motor runs on a.c.
supply. This voltage is caused by the alternating flux by transformer action. In a 2-pole non-
compensated motor, the voltage induced by transformer action in a coil during its
commutation period is not sufficient to cause any serious commutation trouble. Moreover,
high-resistance brushes are used to aid commutation.

Page 1 of 4
 Figure 10.1 Constructional Details of Universal Motor

OPERATION:

Such motors develop unidirectional torque, regardless of whether they operate on d.c. or a.c.
supply. The production of unidirectional torque, when the motor runs on a.c. supply. The
motor works on the same principle as a d.c. motor i.e. force between the main pole flux and
the current-carrying armature conductors. This is true regardless of whether the current is
alternating or direct.

SPEED/LOAD CHARACTERISTIC:

The speed of a universal motor varies just like that of a d.c. series motor i.e. low at full-load
and high on no-load (about 20,000 r.p.m. in some cases). In fact, on no-load the speed is
limited only by its own friction and windage load. Usually, gear trains are used to reduce the
actual load speeds to proper values.

Figure 10.2. Characteristics of Universal Motor

Page 2 of 4
APPLICATIONS:

Universal motors are used in vacuum cleaners where actual motor speed is the load speed.
Other applications where motor speed is reduced by a gear train are : drink and food mixers,
portable drills and domestic sewing machine etc.

REVERSAL OF ROTATION:

The concentrated-pole (or salient-pole) type universal motor may be reversed by reversing the
flow of current through either the armature or field windings. The usual method is to
interchange the leads on the brush holder. The distributed-field compensated type universal
motor may be reversed by interchanging either the armature or field leads and shifting the
brushes against the direction in which the motor will rotate. The extent of brush shift usually
amounts to several commutator bars.

CONCLUSION:

Assignment/Questionnaire
1) Universal motors are used in __________, __________, __________,
__________, __________, & __________.

a) Lift b) Table fans c) Hair dryers d) Portable drill machines

e) Polishers f) Blowers g) Submersible pump h) Electric vehicles

2) A universal motor develops __________ torque, regardless of whether they

operate on dc or ac supply.

3) The speed of universal motor is __________ at full load and __________

on no load.

4) The two types of universal motors are __________ and __________.

5) The concentrated pole type universal motor may be reversed by reversing

the flow of __________ through either armature or field windings.

6) The universal motor is best suited for an application where __________

speed and __________ torque is required.

7) At full load, the power factor of a universal motor is about __________.

a) 0.8 b) 0.7 c) 0.9 d) 0.5
Page 3 of 4
 8) For a given applied voltage and current the speed of a universal motor will
be.
a) higher in dc excitation than in ac excitation.
b) higher in ac excitation than in dc excitation.
c) same in both dc and ac excitation
d) dangerously high in dc excitation

9) The drive motor used in mixer-grinder is

a) a universal motor

b) a synchronous motor

c) an induction motor

d) a dc motor

10) The speed of the universal motor is over __________ RPM .

a) 200 rpm

b) 500 rpm

c) 1000 rpm

d) 3500 rpm

Page 4 of 4
 EXPERIMENT NO.11

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER:

AIM: Perform No Load and Block Rotor Test on a Three Phase Slip Ring

Induction Motor to Plot Circle Diagram.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR NO LOAD AND BLOCK ROTOR TEST ON A SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

Page 1 of 7
APPARATUS:
SR.NO. EQUIPMENT/DEVICE/ SPECIFICATION/ QTY. PURPOSE/
INSTRUMENT RANGE REMARKS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

THEORY:
The complete performance of the induction motor can be determined without actually
loading it from the circle diagram drawn from the data obtained from
(1) No load test & (2) Blocked Rotor test of the induction motor

(1) NO LOAD TEST:

The motor is to be run without any load on it and normal (rated) voltage is to be applied
and the input power and no load current (Io) {line value} are to be measured.

(2) BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

The rotor is to be locked by means of an iron rod or by any means and it is not to be
allowed to rotate. Very reduced voltage is to be supplied such that the full-load current
flows in the stator winding. The input power and voltage supplied are to be noted.

CONSTRUCTION OF A CIRCLE DIAGRAM:

Circle diagram of an induction motor can be drawn by using the data obtained from (1) no
load (2) short-circuit test.

STEP 1: From no load test, vector for I0 can be laid off lagging Ø0 behind the applied voltage
V.
STEP 2: From blocked rotor test Isn and Øsc are found. The vector OA represents Isn in
magnitude and phase.Vector O’A represents rotor current I2’ as referred to stator. Two points
O’ and A lie on the required circle. For finding centre C of this circle chord O’A is bisected at
Page 2 of 7
right angles-the bisector point being C. The diameter O’D is drawn perpendicular to the
voltage vector. With centre C ,the circle is drawn. The line O’A is known as output line.

The vertical component O’P of no load current OO’ represents the no load input which
supplies the core loss,friction and windage loss. Similarly the vertical component AG of short
circuit current OA is proportional to the motor input on short circuit or may be said to equal
power input.

STEP 3: TORQUE LINE separates the stator and rotor copper losses. Power supplied goes to
meet core losses and copper losses in stator and rotor windings.out of this,FG=O’P represents
fixed losses. AF represents stator and rotor cu.loss

𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒖.𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝑨𝑬
𝑬𝑭
=
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒖.𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔

Line O’E is known as torque line.

Let us assume that the motor is running and taking current OL. Then the perpendicular JK
represents fixed losses, JN is stator cu.loss, NL is the rotor input, NM is rotor cu.loss, ML is
rotor output and LK is total motor input.
So from the relations between the various quantities we can write:

√3VL(LK)= motor input

√3VL (JN)=stator cu.loss
√3VL (MK)=total loss
√3VL(JK)=fixed loss
√3VL (MN)=rotor cu.loss
√3VL(ML)=mechanical output
√3VL(NL)=rotor input=torque

𝑴𝑳 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
1) = = efficiency
𝑳𝑲 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑴𝑵 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒖.𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
2) = = slip (s )
𝑵𝑳 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑴𝑳 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑵 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
3) = = 1-s = =
𝑵𝑳 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑵𝒔 𝒔𝒚𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
𝑳𝑲
4) = power factor
𝑶𝑳

Page 3 of 7
 Figure 11.1 Shows All The Step Followed For Drawing The Circle Diagram.
D

Figure 11.1 Circle diagram drawn with all the basic details provided by No Load and Block Rotor test.

STEP4:
Maximum Output: It occurs at point M where the tangent is parallel to output line O’A. Point
M may be located by drawing line CM from point C such that it is perpendicular to the output
line O’A. Maximum output is represented by the vertical MP.
Maximum Torque or Rotor Input: It occurs at point N where the tangent is parallel to torque
lineO’E. Again point N may be found by drawing CN perpendicular to the torque line. Its
value is shown by NQ.
Maximum Input Power:: It occurs at highest point of the circle.i.e.point R where the tangent to
the circle is horizontal. It is proportional to RS.
Figure 11.2 shows all the Maximum Quantities.

Figure 11.2 Maximum Quantities represented on the circle diagram.

Page 4 of 7
EXPLANATION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The motor is started with the help of a rotor resistance starter. Full Voltage will be made
available to the motor through an auto transformer. A switch is connected which on closing
will connect the motor to the full supply. The motor is not loaded. Full voltage appears across
the terminals of motor when the auto transformer is tapped to 230 V. reading must be taken at
rated voltage while performing No Load Test. After this the Rotor is shorted, i.e. it is not
allowed to rotate by connecting an iron rod. Full load current is applied which is 14.2 A is
applied while performing the Blocked rotor test.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE

1. Collect equipments/ devices/ instruments with the help of lab assistant & peon.
2. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Get the connected circuit checked by lecturer/ tl.
4. Make the supply on only in the presence of lecturer/ tl.
5. Make the connections as in the circuit diagram.
6. As shown in the circuit diagram connect terminals of Motor through a Rotor Resistance
starter to limit the starting current.
7. An Auto transformer is connected to vary the voltage across the terminals of the motor.
The motor voltage is to be adjusted to 230 Volts.
8. A wattmeter is connected on to the input side to measure input power. Two wattmeter
method is used to measure three phase power.
9. An ammeter is connected on to the input side of the motor in any one phase.
10. The readings for No Load test is taken as in the observation table..
11. For Block Rotor test, the Rotor is blocked with the help of an iron rod.
12. Full load current which in this case is 14.2 A as on the name plate, is adjusted with the
help of the auto transfomer.
13. Readings for Short Circuit voltage, Current and Power is noted as in the observation
table..
14. Take the necessary observations as mentioned in the observation table.
15. Plot the circle diagram with the above data.

SAFETY RULES FOR STUDENTS

1. Students are supposed to SWITCH ON the Circuit only and only in presence of the
Lecturer/TL.
2. No students is supposed to touch any of the LIVE WIRE or any EQUIPMENT while the
supply is ON.
3. Apart from this if possible students are supposed to wear Shoes in Laboratory.

Page 5 of 7
OBSERVATION TABLE
FOR NO LOAD TEST:

Sr. Voltage Current Watt Watt Total Power factor Angle Φo

in Volts in meter meter power of Cos Φ0 =
Amps. reading reading motor in 𝒌𝑾 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
in KW in KW watts =
√𝟑𝑽𝒐𝑰𝒐
KW
Vo Io W1 W2 (W1+W2) Cos Φo Φo

FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

Sr. Voltage Current Watt Watt Total Power factor Angle Φsc
in Volts in meter meter power of Cos Φsc =
Amps. reading reading motor in 𝒌𝑾 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
in KW in KW KW =
√𝟑𝑽𝒔𝒄𝑰𝒔𝒄
Vsc Isc W1 W2 (W1+W2) Cos Φsc Φsc

GRAPH

Page 6 of 7
CONCLUSION:

Assignment/Questionnaire

1) The speed of the wound rotor or slip ring induction motor can be
controlled by varying the __________ in rotor circuit.

2) Slip rings is an device __________ that is used to transmit power or

electrical signals from stationary to rotating parts.

3) The complete performance of the induction motor can be determined

(without actually loading it) from the circle diagram drawn from the data
obtained from __________ and __________ tests.

4) For no load test, the motor must run without any load at __________
voltage.

5) In blocked rotor test, __________ current flows in the stator winding.

6) __________ lines separate the rotor and stator copper losses.

7) What can be obtained at a point where tangent is parallel to torque line in

the circle diagram ?

a) Maximum torque b) Maximum output

c) Maximum input power d) Fixed losses

8) Which of the following parameter can be obtained from the circle

diagram?

a) Motor input b) Rotor Copper loss

c) stator copper loss d) All of the above

9) The vertical component of no load current represents the no load input

which supplies __________.

10) The first step in constructing the circle diagram is to plot the vector I0
obtained from __________.

Page 7 of 7
 EXPERIMENT NO.12

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER/ TTA:

AIM:To Study Schrage Motor.

THEORY:
It is a rotor-fed, shunt-type, brush-shifting, 3-phase commutator induction motor which has built
in arrangement both for speed control and power factor improvement. In fact, it is an induction
motor with a built-in slip-regulator. It has three windings: two in rotor and one in stator as shown
in Figure 12.1. The three windings are as under

Figure 12.1 Constructional Diagram of Schrage Motor

Page 1 of 4
(i) Primary Winding.
It is housed in the lower part of the rotor slots (not stator) and is supplied through slip-rings and
brushes at line frequency. It generates the working flux in the machine.

(ii) Regulating winding.

It is variously known as compensating winding or tertiary winding. It is also housed in rotor slots
(in the upper part) and is connected to the commutator in a manner similar to the armature of a
d.c. motor.

(iii) Secondary Winding.

It is contained in the stator slots, but end of each phase winding is connected to one of the pair of
brushes arranged on the commutator. These brushes are mounted on two separate brush rockers,
which are designed to move in opposite directions relative to the centre line of the corresponding
stator phase (usually by a rack and pinion mechanism). Brushes A1, B1, and C1 move together
and are 120 electrical degrees apart. Similarly, brushes A2, B2 and C2 move together and are also
120 electrical degrees apart. A sectional drawing of the motor is shown.

WORKING

When primary is supplied at line frequency, there is transformer action between primary and
regulating winding and normal induction motor action between primary and secondary winding.
Hence, voltage at line frequency is induced in the regulating winding by transformer action. The
commutator, acting as a frequency changer, converts this line-frequency voltage of the regulating
winding to the slip frequency for feeding it into the secondary winding on the stator. The voltage
across brush pairs A1A2, B1B2 and C1C2 increases as brushes are separated. In fact, magnitude
of the voltage injected into the secondary winding depends on the angle of separation of the
brushes A1 and A2, B1 and B2 and C1 and C2. How slip-frequency e.m.f. is induced in secondary
winding is detailed below:
When 3-φ power is connected to slip-rings, synchronously rotating field is set up in the rotor
core. Let us suppose that this field revolves in the clockwise direction. Let us further suppose that
brush pairs are on one commutator segment, which means that secondary is short-circuited. With
rotor still at rest, this field cuts the secondary winding, thereby inducing voltage and so producing
currents in it which react with the field to produce clockwise (CW) torque in the stator. Since
stator cannot rotate, as a reaction, it makes the rotor rotate in the counterclockwise (CCW)
direction. Suppose that the rotor speed is N rpm. Then
1. Rotor flux is still revolving with synchronous speed relative to the primary and regulating
winding.
2. However, this rotor flux will rotate at slip speed (Ns - N) relative to the stator. It means that
the revolving rotor flux will rotate at slip speed in space.
3. If rotor could rotate at synchronous speed i.e. if N = Ns, then flux would be stationary in space
(i.e. relative to stator) so that there would be no cutting of the secondary winding by the flux
and, consequently, no torque would be developed in it. As seen from above, in a Schrage motor,

Page 2 of 4
 the flux rotates at synchronous speed, relative to rotor but with slip speed relative to space (i.e.
stator), whereas in a normal induction motor, flux rotates synchronously relative to stator (i.e.
space) but with slip speed relative to the rotor. Another point worth noting is that since at
synchronous speed, magnetic field is stationary in space, the regulating winding acts as a d.c.
armature and the direct current taken from the commutator flows in the secondary winding.
Hence, Schrage motor then operates like a synchronous motor.

CONCLUSION:

Assignment/Questionnaire

Fill in the blanks

1) Schrage motor is an induction motor with a built-in __________.

2) Schrage motor has __________ windings, __________ in rotor and __________ in

stator.

3) Primary winding is housed in the __________ of rotor slots and is supplied

through __________ and __________ at the line frequency.

4) Primary winding generates the __________ in the machine.

5) Regulating winding is also known as ______________ winding or __________

winding.

6) Regulating winding is housed in __________ slots whereas secondary winding is

placed in __________ slots.

Page 3 of 4
7) Magnitude of the voltage injected into the secondary winding depends on the

_______________ of the brushes.

8) When 3 phase power is connected to slip-rings synchronously rotating field is set

up in the __________.

9) In a Schrage motor, the flux rotates at synchronous speed, relative to __________

but with slip speed relative to __________

10) In Schrage motor, the transformer action takes place between __________ and

__________.

Page 4 of 4
 EXPERIMENT NO.13

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER/TL:

AIM: To Perform Parallel Operation on two three phase Star connected

Alternator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 1 of 7
APPARATUS:
SR.NO. EQUIPMENT/DEVICE/ SPECIFICATION/ QTY. PURPOSE/
INSTRUMENT RANGE REMARKS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

THEORY:
In generating station, usually there are several alternators that are operated single
station parallel combination to supply a common load, Alternators are run in parallel to
contain the maximum efficiency, a continuity of power and to carry out periodic inspections
and overhauling or machines. Finally, additional machines can be installed from time to time
as the load is increased due to expansion of service.

The process of connecting an alternator is connected in parallel with the another

alternators or the process on line in an alternator with already running machines without
interrupting the service is called “SYNCHRONISING”.

Before a three phase alternator is connected in parallel with running alternator, the
following conditions must be fulfilled:

Page 2 of 7
 1. The emf of the incoming machine must be approximately equal to that of the bus bars.

2. The frequency of the incoming machine must be equal to that the bus bars.

3. The phase sequence of the incoming machine must be same as that of the bus bars.

4. With condition 3 fulfilled, it is necessary that at the instant of closing the main switch of
the incoming alternator its voltage must be in phase opposition to the bus bars voltage.

The methods used for synchronizing are as follows:

1. Dark Lamp Method

2. Bright Lamp Method

3. Dark and bright lamp method

The various methods employed for bringing the two voltages in phase are (1) Dark lamp
method (2) Two bright lamp and dark lamp method (3) Synchroscope.

Dark Lamp Method:

In this method three lamps are connected to corresponding terminals of the alternator and the
bus bars to which they will be connected. The p.d. across these lamps is the difference
(vectorial) between these of the alternator and bus bars. If these latter two voltages are equal,
the lamp p.d. have value near zero, when the two are in phase and double the normal voltage
when two are exactly opposite in phases. The frequency of the incoming machine is kept
slightly different than that of the bus bars and therefore the r.m.s. value of the lamp p.d. will
fluctuate between maximum and zero and the lamps will be alternately bright and dark as
shown in figure 13.1.

Figure 13.1 All Lamp Dark Method

Page 3 of 7
 Figure 13.2 Different Connections For All Lamp Dark Method.
In the above figure R, Y, B represents the bus bars voltage and R’, Y’ B’ the voltage of the
incoming machine. The lengths BB’, YY’ and RR’ represents the potential difference across
each of the lamp. If the frequency of the incoming alternator and the bus bar are equal, the
lengths RR’ etc. will remain constant in magnitude as OR and Or’ move with the same speed.
Under the circumstances the lamps will give a steady light and hence it is necessary that the
two voltages should have same frequency. The frequency of either can be controlled by varying
the resistance in the field circuit of the primemovers. If the frequency of the alternator is made
different that of the busbar. These vectors (OR & OR’) will move different speed and RR’ will
varying in length from zero to twice OR or OR’. The number or times per second that the
lamp became bright is equal to the difference between the frequency of the alternator and bus
bar.

Thus the fluctuations in the light from the lamps shown the difference between the
actual speed and so enable that formal to be adjusted closely to the proper value. When this
has been done as indicated by the slow brightening and dimming of the lamps. The switch is
closed when the lamps are completely dark as this indicates phase equality.

However a serious disadvantages of this method is the possibility of the lamp remaining
dark through there is a small difference of when a small p.d. exists across the lamps. In
improvement under this method is the two bright lamps and one dark lamp method.

Another disadvantage of the above method is that no information is available as regards

the speed of the alternator and correct speed.

It is necessary that the speed of the incoming unit should be greater than the correct
speed. Otherwise alternator will take power from the bus-bars and work as a synchronous
motor. Thus instead of sharing the load from the system, it will cause further increase on the
load. Both the disadvantages are suitable overcome by this two bright and dark lamp method.
One lamp is connected between one terminal of the alternator and bus-bar to which it will be
connected. But the other two are cross-connected.
Page 4 of 7
 The arrangement is as shown in the figure. The vector OR, OY, OB represent the bus-
bars voltage and OR’, OY’, OB’ the alternator voltage. When the alternator voltage are in
phase with the busbar voltage RR’ vanishes and R’Y and BY’ becomes equal length. Due to
this the lamp (1) will be of and lamps (2) and (3) will be equally bright. This method thus
provides two test of phase equality.

More important is the effect produced by departure of the alternator speed from that
corresponding to bus-bars frequency.

EXPLANATION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

This practical is performed to operate the two alternators in parallel with each other. Before
operating in parallel all the conditions mentioned above must be satisfied. All Dark Lamp
Method is used to check the conditions. All the Lamps are connected in same phase.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE:

1. Collect equipments/ devices/ instruments with the help of lab assistant & peon.
2. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Get the connected circuit checked by Lecturer/ TL.
4. Make the supply on only in the presence of Lecturer/ TL.
5. Make the connections as in the circuit diagram.
6. Start on the D C Shunt Motor with help of a three point starter and give excitation to
Alternator 1.
7. Set the frequency to 50 Hz and voltage to 230V of alternator1.
8. Similarly follow the same procedure for alternator 2.
9. When all the Lamps are dark and Synchroscope is in centre position close the switch.

SAFETY RULES FOR STUDENTS:

1. Students are supposed to SWITCH ON the Circuit only and only in presence of the
Lecturer/TL.
2. No students is supposed to touch any of the LIVE WIRE or any EQUIPMENT while the
supply is ON.
3. Apart from this if possible students are supposed to wear Shoes in Laboratory.

CONCLUSION:

Page 5 of 7
Assignment/Questionnaire

Fill in the blanks

1) The process of connecting an alternator in parallel with the other alternator (

which is already in running condition ) without interrupting the service is

called _____________.

2) While connecting an alternator in parallel with running alternator, the emf of

incoming machine must be approximately equal to that of ____________.

3) Which method is used for synchronizing the alternators?. _______________

a) Dark lamp method

b) Bright lamp method

c) Dark and bright lamp method

d) All of this

4) Parallel operation of an alternator is required to

a) Maintain continuity of service

b) provide uninterrupted power supply

c) provide increasing load demand.

d) All of the above.

5) Several alternators operating in parallel can supply a larger load than a single

Alternator. ( True/False)

Page 6 of 7
6) The operating cost and cost of energy generated are __________ when several

alternators are operated in parallel.

7) In dark lamp method, the number or times per second that the lamp became

bright is equal to the difference between the __________ of the alternator and

busbar.

8) In case of parallel operation, improper matching of frequency results in high

acceleration and deceleration in prime mover that increases the transient

torque.(True/False).

9) In dark lamp method, the speed of the incoming alternator should be

__________ than the correct speed. Otherwise the alternator will take power

from the bus bars and work as a ___________.

10) Two bright and one dark lamp method is useful in finding whether the

alternator __________ is lower or higher than the bus bar frequency.

Page 7 of 7