1

SCREENING

SCREENING – separates a mixture of various sizes of particles into two  TYPES OF TESTING SIEVES
or more portions, each of which is more uniform in size
1. Tyler Standard Sieve Series – series of screens based upon a 200-mesh
of particle than the original mixture.
screen with wire 0.0021 in thick and with an opening of 0.0029 in
– passing a material over a surface provided with openings
of the desired size. (0.0074 cm). The other sizes vary by a fixed ratio of √2. The mesh is
only up to 400.
 SCREENING METHODS 2. United States Sieve Series – introduced by the National Bureau of
Standards from the Tyler Series being based on a 1-mm opening (No.
A. Dry Screening – the treatment of a material containing a natural 4
18 mesh) and varying by √2.
amount of moisture or a material that has been dried before 3. International Test Sieve Series – similar to both but the wires have
screening. different gauges.
B. Wet Screening – an operation when water is added to the material
being treated for the purpose of washing the fine material through  PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIUTION CONVETIONS
the screen.
FIRST SECOND THIRD
 IMPORTANCE OF SCREENING 1 1 1
Oversize, in + in + in
4 4 4
1. Means of preparing a product for sale or for subsequent operation Oversize, 20 mesh + 20 mesh + 20 mesh
(as in marketing of coal where the size is the basis for its classification Through 10 mesh on 20 mesh - 10 + 20 - 10/20
for sale) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Through in on in - + - /
2. Means of analysis, either to control or gauge the effectiveness of 4 8 4 8 4 8
another operation such as crushing or grinding (to control the rates Undersize, 200 mesh -200 -200
of reactions involving solids)
3. To determine the value of a product for some specific application
 INDUSTRIAL SCREENING EQUIPMENT
 TERMINOLOGIES 1. Grizzlies – widely used for screening large sizes, particularly of 1 inch
and over.
 Mesh – number of apertures per linear inch
2. Stationary Screens – made of punched metal plates or woven wire
Example: A 10-mesh screen will have 10 openings per inch
mesh, usually set at an angle with the horizontal up to about 60 ͦ.
 Screen Aperture – clear space between the individual wires of the Suitable for small scale operation such as screening sand, gravel or
screen coal.
1
Aperture Size = - D (in) 3. Vibrated Screens – used where large tonnages are to be treated. Most
N
of these screens have intense, high speed (1500 to 7200
where N = mesh number vibrations/min).
D = wire diameter (in) 4. Oscillating Screens – characterized by low-speed (300 to 400 rpm)
 Undersize – particles which oscillations. Screens in this group are usually used from ½ inch to 60-
pass through the screen mesh. Silk cloth are often used.
openings 5. Reciprocating Screens – used extensively and are standard equipment
 Oversize – particles which do in many chemical and processing plants for handling fine separations
not pass through screen even down to 300-mesh.
openings 6. Trommels or Revolving Screens – consist of a cylindrical screen
 Screen Interval – relationship rotating about its axis. Revolves at very low speed of 15 to 20 rpm.
between the successive sizes of Efficiency is relatively low.
screen openings in a series 7. Gyratory Screens – box-like machines either round or square with a
 Cut sharpness – characterizes series of screen cloths nested atop one another.
the quality of the sieving into
individual fractions
 Sieving Loss – difference in
weight between the original
sample and the sum of the
recovered fractions
 Stratification – a phenomenon
occurs as vibration is passed Grizzly Trommel
through a bed of material. This
causes coarse (larger) materials
 TESTING SIEVE SHAKERS
to rise and finer (smaller)
materials to descend within the 1. Ro-Tap Testing Sieve Shaker
bed. 2. End-Strak Testing Sieve Shaker
3. Dynamic Sieve Shaker

This study source was downloaded by 100000810032966 from CourseHero.com on 04-05-2022 21:33:15 GMT -05:00
craledesma

https://www.coursehero.com/file/88251110/SCREENING-FINALpdf/
 2

 MEAN DIAMETERS  RECOVERY

For a particle of any shape, mass fraction x in the solid mixture is: Recovery is the fraction of the desired material recovered.

x1 = kn1 d13 where k = constant depending on PxP

If the desired material is the undersize: Recovery =
the shape of the particle FxF

Mass Mean Diameter Mean Mass Diameter RxR

If the desired material is the oversize: Recovery =
FxF
∑ n1 d 4
1 1 3 ∑ n1 d 3
dV =
∑ n1 d 3
= ∫0 d1 dx d′V = √ 1
= 3√
1
1 ∑ n1 1dx
∫0 3  REJECTION
d 1
Rejection is the fraction undesired material rejected.
Surface Mean Diameter Mean Surface Diameter
P(1−xP )
If the desired material is the undersize: Rejection = 1 -
∑ n1 d 3
1 1 1dx F(1−xF )
dS =
∑ n1 d 2
= 1dx ∑ n1 d 2 ∫0 d
1 ∫0 3
d
d′S =√ 1
=√ 1dx
1
1 ∑ n1 ∫0 3
d1 R(1−xR )
If the desired material is the oversize: Rejection = 1 -
F (1−xF)
Length Mean Diameter Mean Length Diameter

∑ n1 d 1
1dx
∫0 d ∫0 2
1dx  EFFECTIVENESS OR EFFICIENCY OF SCREEN
1 ∑ n1 d 1 d
dL =
∑ n1
= 1dx d′L = = 1
1dx
∫0 2
d1
∑ n1 ∫0 3 Effectiveness = (Recovery)(Rejection)
d1

PxP P(1−xP )
Effectiveness = ( ) [1 − ] or
FxF F(1−xF )
 OVERALL MATERIAL BALANCE AND SIZE BALANCE
Let x = mass fraction of the desired material
RxR R(1−xR )
Effectiveness = ( ) [1 − ]
CASE 1: THREE-STREAMS SCREENING FxF F(1−xF )

Note: Screen effectiveness is independent whether the desired

material is the undersize or oversize.

 SCREENING CAPACITY
The capacity of a screen is measured by the mass of material that
can be fed per unit time to a unit area of the screen.

F
Capacity =
At
 Overall Material Balance: F=R+P
Note: Capacity and effectiveness are opposing factors. To obtain
 Size Balance: FxF = RxR + PxP maximum effectiveness, the capacity must be small.
P x −x R x −x
From Size Balance: = xF −xR and = x F −xU where xU = xP  US SIEVE SERIES AND TYLER EQUIVALENTS
F P R F R U

CASE 2: FOUR-STREAMS SCREENING

 Overall Material Balance: F=R+U+P

 Size Balance: FxF = RxR + UxU + PxP

This study source was downloaded by 100000810032966 from CourseHero.com on 04-05-2022 21:33:15 GMT -05:00
craledesma

https://www.coursehero.com/file/88251110/SCREENING-FINALpdf/
 3

PROBLEMS

1. What is the clear opening of a 200-mesh screen in the Tyler 6. The separation of comminuted sphalerite ore occurs in parallel -60
Standard screen series? US Standard sieve screens. There are 8 screens with size 8’ x 24’.
Solution: The analysis of the fractions are
From Table 19.6 (PHB 7th Edition):
Mesh Feed Size Oversize Undersize
Aperture Size(200-mesh) = 0.074 mm
-10 + 20 0.032 0.285 0.094
-20 + 40 0.234 0.254 0.103
2. What is the wire diameter of a 14-mesh screen (Tyler Standard)?
-40 + 60 0.356 0.251 0.203
Solution:
-60 + 80 0.234 0.171 0.242
From Table 19.6 (PHB 7th Edition): -80 + 100 0.086 0.039 0.206
Wire diameter(14-mesh) = 0.0256 inch -100 + 120 0.04 - 0.134
-120 0.018 - 0.018
3. What is the wire diameter of a 10-mesh screen whose aperture is
0.065 inch?
Solution: Calculate the following:
a) The effectiveness of the screening operation
1 1
Aperture Size = - D → 0.065 = –D b) The capacity of the process in ton/day-ft 2 if 450 000 l/h of
N 10
product is produced
D = 0.035 inch Solution:

4. If the total percentage of particles larger than the screen opening For 60-mesh below:
in the feed, product and undersize are 36%, 89%, and 3%, Mesh Feed Size Oversize Undersize
respectively, calculate the effectiveness of the screen. -60 + 80 0.234 0.171 0.242
Solution: -80 + 100 0.086 0.039 0.206
-100 + 120 0.04 - 0.134
In terms of undersize mass fractions: -120 0.018 - 0.018
xF = 1 – 0.36 = 0.64 Sum 0.378 0.21 0.6
xR = 1 – 0.89 = 0.11
xP = 1 – 0.03 = 0.97 P x −x 0.378−0.21
= xF −xR = = 0.43
F P R 0.6−0.21
P xF −xR 0.64−0.11
=x = 0.97−0.11 = 0.616
F P −xR a) Effectiveness of the screening operation
PxP P(1−xP ) PxP P(1−xP )
Effectiveness = ( ) [1 – ](100) Effectiveness = ( ) [1 – ](100)
FxF F(1−xF ) FxF F(1−xF )
0.97 0.616(1−0.97) 0.6 0.43(1−0.6)
= (0.616)( ) [1 – ](100) = (0.43)( ) [1 – ](100)
0.64 1−0.64 0.378 1−0.378
Effectiveness = 88.6 % Effectiveness = 49.4 %

5. It is desired to separate a mixture of sugar crystals into two b) Capacity of the process
fractions, a coarse fraction retained on an 8-mesh screen, and a fine
Total Area = (8)(8 ft)(24 ft) = 1536 ft 2
fraction passing through it. Screen analysis of feed, coarse and fine
450 000
fractions show F= = 1 046 512 lb/h
0.43
Mass fraction of +8 particles in feed = 0.46 F
Mass fraction of +8 particles in coarse fraction = 0.88 Capacity =
At
Mass fraction of +8 particles in fine fraction = 0.32 1 046 512 lb/h 1 ton 24 h
=
(1536 ft2 )
(2200 lb) (1 day)
Calculate the overall effectiveness of the screen used for the
Capacity = 7.4 ton/day-𝐟𝐭 𝟐
separation purpose per 100 kg of feed.
Solution: 7. The ore containing bauxite is fed in a 20/28 vibrating screen such that
the product is scraped from the 28-mesh screen. The oversize
In terms of undersize mass fractions:
comprises 42% of the ore fed. The analysis of each fractions are as
xF = 1 – 0.46 = 0.54 follows:
xR = 1 – 0.88 = 0.12
xP = 1 – 0.32 = 0.68 Mesh Feed Size Oversize Undersize Product
P xF −xR 0.54−0.12 8/10 0.124 0.563 - 0.013
=x = 0.68−0.12 = 0.75
F P −xR 10/14 0.276 0.357 - 0.148
PxP P(1−xP ) 20/28 0.231 0.025 0.145 0.453
Effectiveness = ( ) [1 – ](100)
FxF F(1−xF ) 28/35 0.106 0.055 0.242 0.247
0.68 0.75(1−0.68) 48/65 0.158 - 0.457 0.139
= (0.75)( ) [1 – ](100)
0.54 1−0.54 65/110 0.105 - 0.161 -
Effectiveness = 45.17 %
Calculate the recovery of the 20/28 product.

This study source was downloaded by 100000810032966 from CourseHero.com on 04-05-2022 21:33:15 GMT -05:00
craledesma

https://www.coursehero.com/file/88251110/SCREENING-FINALpdf/
 4

Solution: b) Number of vibrating screens

From the analysis: xF = 0.231 ; xR = 0.025 ; xU = 0.145 ; xP = 0.453 8 tons/day 1 day 1h 2 200 lbs
F= ( ) (60 min) ( ) = 90.5 lbs/min
0.6485 5h 1 ton
Basis: F = 100
OMB: Size Balance: 90.5
No. of vibrating screens = = 3.62 ≈ 4 vibrating screens
F=R+U+P FxF = RxR + UxU + PxP 25
100 = 42 + U + P 0.231(100) = 0.025(42) + 0.145U + 0.453P
U + P = 58 22.05 = 0.145U + 0.453P 9. Alluvia (ore of gold) is crushed and classified in parallel -80+120 mesh
(Eq. 1) (Eq. 2) vibrating screens each with capacity of 15 lbs/min. Test analysis for
the four streams gives the following data:
Solving Eqs. 1 & 2 simultaneously for U and P:
U = 13.7 and P = 44.29 Mesh Feed Size Undersize Oversize Product
PxP 44.29(0.453) + 25 0.001 - 0.032 -
Recovery = = x 100 = 86.8 %
FxF 100(0.231) - 25 + 42 0.012 - 0.075 0.073
8. Dried cod liver is crushed and classified in parallel -20+60 mesh - 42 + 65 0.053 - 0.210 0.130
vibrating screens each with capacity of 25 lbs/min. Test analysis for - 65 + 80 0.092 0.032 0.432 0.190
the sour streams gives the following data: - 80 + 100 0.185 0.082 0.210 0.250
- 100 + 120 0.234 0.213 0.030 0.245
Mesh Feed Size Undersize Oversize Product - 120 + 140 0.301 0.453 0.011 0.080
+ 10 0.04 - 0.173 0.004 - 140 + 200 0.122 0.220 - 0.032
- 10 + 15 0.095 - 0.378 0.054
- 15 + 20 0.112 0.001 0.230 0.104 Calculate the following:
- 20 + 35 0.267 0.054 0.123 0.240 a) The effectiveness of the vibrating screen if 5 % of the feed is in
- 35 - 42 0.287 0.083 0.061 0.393 the undersize
b) The number of vibrating screens required to obtain 13.6 tons/day
- 42 + 60 0.073 0.183 0.022 0.178
of product. Assume 6 operating hours per day.
-60 + 80 0.066 0.353 0.013 0.020
Solution:
- 80 - 120 0.05 0.213 - 0.007
- 120 + 150 0.01 0.113 - - For -80+120 mesh:
Mesh Feed Size Undersize Oversize Product
Calculate the following:
- 80 + 100 0.185 0.082 0.210 0.250
a) The effectiveness of the vibrating screen if 10 % of the feed is
- 100 + 120 0.234 0.213 0.030 0.245
in the oversize
Sum 0.419 0.295 0.240 0.495
b) The number of vibrating screens required to obtain 8 tons/day
of product. Assume 5 operating hours per day.
Solution: Basis: F = 100
OMB: Size Balance:
For - 20 + 60 mesh: F=R+U+P FxF = RxR + UxU + Px P
Mesh Feed Size Undersize Oversize Product 100 = R + 5 + P 100(0.419) = 0.240R + 0.295(5) + 0.495P
- 20 + 35 0.267 0.054 0.123 0.240 R + P = 95 40.425 = 0.240R + 0.495P
- 35 - 42 0.287 0.083 0.061 0.393 (Eq. 1) (Eq. 2)
- 42 + 60 0.073 0.183 0.022 0.178
Sum 0.627 0.32 0.206 0.811 Solving Eqs. 1 & 2 simultaneously for R and P:
R = 25.88 and P = 69.12
Basis: F = 100 P 69.12
= = 0.6912
OMB: Size Balance: F 100
F=R+U+P FxF = RxR + UxU + PxP a) Effectiveness of the vibrating screen
100 = 10 + U + P 100(0.627) = 10(0.206) + 0.32U + 0.811P PxP P(1−xP )
U + P = 90 60.64 = 0.32U + 0.811P Effectiveness = ( ) [1 – ](100)
FxF F(1−xF )
(Eq. 1) (Eq. 2) 0.495 0.6912(1−0.495)
= (0.6912)( ) [1 – ](100)
0.419 1−0.419
Solving Eqs. 1 & 2 simultaneously for U and P: Effectiveness = 32.60 %
U = 25.15 and P = 64.85 b) Number of vibrating screens
P 64.85 13.6 tons/day 1 day 1h 2 200 lbs
= = 0.6485 F= ( ) (60 min) ( ) = 120.2 lbs/min
F 100 0.6912 6h 1 ton
a) Effectiveness of the vibrating screen 120.2
PxP P(1−xP ) No. of vibrating screens = = 8.01 ≈ 8 vibrating screens
Effectiveness = ( ) [1 – )
](100) 15
FxF F(1−xF
0.811 0.6485(1−0.811)
= (0.6485)( ) [1 – ](100)
0.627 1−0.627
Effectiveness = 56.32 %

This study source was downloaded by 100000810032966 from CourseHero.com on 04-05-2022 21:33:15 GMT -05:00
craledesma

https://www.coursehero.com/file/88251110/SCREENING-FINALpdf/
 5

10. Limestone is crushed by six units operating parallel and the Mesh Feed Size Oversize Product Undersize
products separated by six 35-mesh screens also in parallel, into 10/14 to 0.2821 0.5855 0.3385 0.00453
two fractions. The effective dimensions of each screen is 6’ by 28/35
20’. The common undersize from the screen comes out at the 35/48 0.2580 0.3370 0.3220 0.00360
total rate of 50 short tons/hr. Assume no losses. 48/65 0.2810 0.0660 0.5260 0.34400
65/100 0.0910 0.0050 0.0670 0.29900
Mesh Feed Size Oversize Undersize 100/150 to 0.0870 0.0060 0.0260 0.35300
6/8 0.075 0.080 0.020 150/200
8/10 0.125 0.145 0.055
10/20 0.100 0.170 0.090 Solution:
20/28 0.125 0.150 0.085
From the analysis: xF = 0.281 ; xR = 0.066 ; xU = 0.344 ; xP = 0.526
28/35 0.125 0.280 0.10
35/48 0.175 0.175 0.150 Since R:P:U = 4:3:2 → P = 3/4 R = 0.75R ; U = 2/4 R = 0.5R
48/65 0.225 - 0.150 OMB: F=R+U+P
65/100 0.050 - 0.250 1500 = R + 0.5R + 0.75R
100/150 - - 0.100 R = 666.67 lbs/h
P = 0.75R = 0.75(666.67) = 500 lbs/h
Calculate the following:
P 500
a) The efficiency of screening operation = 1500 = = 0.333
F
b) The capacity of each screen in lb/24 hour per sq. ft.
Solution: PxP P(1−xP )
Effectiveness = (
FxF
) [1 – F(1−xF )
](100)
For 35-mesh below: 0.526 0.333(1−0.526)
= (0.333)( ) [1 – ](100)
0.281 1−0.281
Mesh Feed Size Oversize Undersize
Effectiveness = 48.6 %
35/48 0.175 0.175 0.150
48/65 0.225 - 0.150 12. Analysis of crushed dolomite sample is depicted on the table
65/100 0.050 - 0.250 including the analysis of oversize and undersize portions from
100/150 - - 0.100 screening with Mesh 20.
Sum 0.45 0.175 0.65
Mesh Feed Undersize Oversize
10 0.32 0 0.19
P x −x 0.45−0.175
= xF −xR = 0.65−0.175 = 0.579 12 0.11 0 0.17
F P R
14 0.05 0 0.13
a) Effectiveness of the screening operation 16 0.13 0.1 0.11
PxP P(1−xP ) 20 0.05 0.05 0.26
Effectiveness = ( ) [1 – ](100)
FxF F(1−xF ) 28 0.15 0.15 0.03
0.65 0.579(1−0.65) 32 0.05 0.2 0.11
= (0.579)( ) [1 – ](100)
0.45 1−0.45 35 0.05 0.3 0
Effectiveness = 52.82 %
60 0.08 0.2 0
b) Capacity of each screen
Calculate the % recovery, % rejection of the desired material
Area of each screen = (6 ft)(20 ft) = 120 ft 2 which is the oversize.
For each screen: P = 50/6 = 8.333 short tons/h Solution:
8.883 short tons/h 2 000 lbs
F= (1 short ton) = 28 784 lb/h Mesh Feed Undersize Oversize
0.579
10 0.32 0 0.19
F
Capacity of each screen = 12 0.11 0 0.17
At
28 784 lb/h
14 0.05 0 0.13
= (24 h) 16 0.13 0.1 0.11
(120 ft2 )
Capacity of each screen = 5757 lbs/𝐟𝐭 𝟐 20 0.05 0.05 0.26
Sum 0.66 0.15 0.86
11. Fine silica is fed at 1500 lbs/h to a double deck vibrating screen
R x −x 0.66−0.15
combination to obtain a 48/65 mesh (Tyler) product. The silica = x F −xU = 0.86−0.15 = 0.718
F R U
feed is introduced into the upper screen of the 48 mesh and the
product is discharged off the surface of the lower screen of 65 RxR 0.718(0.86)
% Recovery = x100 = x 100 = 93.6 %
mesh. During the screening operation, the ratio of oversize to FxF 0.66
R(1−xR ) 0.718(1−0.86)
product to undersize is 4:3:2. Calculate the effectiveness of the % Rejection = [1 − ] x100 = [1 − ] x 100 = 70.4%
F(1−xF ) 1−0.66
screening equipment. Laboratory analysis of the different
fractions:

This study source was downloaded by 100000810032966 from CourseHero.com on 04-05-2022 21:33:15 GMT -05:00
craledesma

https://www.coursehero.com/file/88251110/SCREENING-FINALpdf/
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)