DATA

MANAGEMENT
SHARON T. ILLAG-LICTAO, LPT
FACULTY, CTE
Essential Question?
ü Why is data gathering
important in our daily lives?
ü Why is data gathering
significant in your future
profession?
ü What are the key roles of data
Data Collection

Refers to the systematic

process of collecting and
evaluating information from
various sources to address
questions or problems.
Data Collection Tools
devices used by researchers to gather data

Example:
A questionnaire is a device
used by researchers to gather
data from a set of population
or sample.
Common Data Collection Tools
devices used by researchers to gather data

A. Primary Data
Interview Guide
Observation Guide
Experiment
Survey Questionnaire
Test Questionnaire
B. Secondary Data
Primary data
can be collected by personal investigation, hiring
trained investigators, using questionnaires,
conducting surveys, or doing personal interviews

Example:

The data directly gathered by a field

researcher of a government is an example
of primary data.
 Secondary data
can be collected by reading the research of other
researchers, studies of research organizations, or articles from
journals and newspapers, which are basically secondhand
information already collected by someone and used for a
particular purpose

Example:

The data released by the government like the

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) is an example
of secondary data.
 Types of Data Collection Tools
QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Data are usually collected through observation,

focus-group discussions, interviews, and open-
ended questions.
§ Open-ended questions allow participants to
answer in their own words, providing richer,
qualitative data rather than simple yes/no or
multiple-choice responses.
Common Data Collection Tools
1. Observation

§ Observation involves
systematically watching
and recording behaviors or
events in their natural
environment without
interference.
 Data Gathering Instruments/Tools
2. Focus group discussion

§ Focus group discussions are

guided conversations with a
small group of participants,
facilitated by a moderator, to
gather insights on a specific
topic or issue.
Data Gathering Instruments/Tools
3. Interviews

§ Interviews are structured,

semi-structured, or
unstructured conversations
between a researcher and a
participant, aimed at
gathering detailed information.
 Types of Data Gathering Instruments/Tools
QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION METHOD
Data are usually collected using
close-ended questions. This method
uses surveys and questionnaires as a
form to collect information.
Close-ended questions are types of survey or questionnaire questions
that provide respondents with specific options to choose from (e.g.,
yes/no, multiple-choice, or rating scales). These questions limit
responses and are designed for easier analysis and quantification.
 Types of Data Gathering Instruments/Tools
Survey Questionnaire
•Purpose: Designed to gather information about
opinions, attitudes, behaviors, or demographics from
respondents.
•Content: Usually consists of a variety of question
types (e.g., multiple-choice, Likert scale, open-ended)
aimed at exploring subjective experiences or
preferences.
•Examples: Customer satisfaction surveys, opinion
polls, and market research questionnaires.
 Data Gathering Instruments/Tools
Sample Survey Questionnaire

a specific tool used in

surveys that consists of a
series of questions
designed to collect
information from
respondents. It can include
various types of questions,
including open-ended,
close-ended, multiple-
choice, and rating scales.
 Types of Data Gathering Instruments/Tools
Test Questionnaire
•Purpose: Designed to assess knowledge, skills, or
abilities in a specific area or subject.
•Content: Often contains standardized questions
(e.g., multiple-choice, true/false) focused on
measuring performance or understanding of the
material.
•Examples: Academic tests, psychological
assessments, and certification exams.
Data Gathering Instruments/Tools
Sample Close-ended Survey Questionnaire
Data Gathering Instruments/Tools
Sample Survey Questionnaire
COLLECTION OF DATA
Statistical Instruments

• Observation- it focuses in determining the changes

in the attitude, characteristics and behavior of
people or other subjects. This technique includes
watching and recording actions and behaviors. The
person who gathers the data is called an investigator
while the person being observed is called the subject.
• Interviews- oral or verbal communication where the
interviewer asks questions in any mode (face to face,
telephone, or virtual) to an interviewee.
COLLECTION OF DATA
Statistical Instruments

• Questionnaire- gathered through a set of question that is mailed

or handed to respondents who are expected to read and
understand them.
• Survey –if you have big number of samples, it is the most practical
way to use. in a national level, surveys are usually covered by the
government and other forms of surveying organization such as
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).
• Experiment Method – this method is used when the objective is to
determine the cause and effect relationship of a certain
phenomenon under controlled condition.
ORGANIZING
DATA
•Data refers to information that is
collected and recorded. It can be in
numbers, words, measurement and
much more.
•Grouped data is the type of data which
is classified into groups after collection.
•Ungrouped data which is also known as
raw data that has not been placed in
any group or category after collection.
•When data are presented as graph, they
are easily interpreted, and compared.
•FOR UNGROUPED DATA
•Data in an ungrouped frequency distribution
can be presented graphically to give a
better picture of the distribution.
•Some forms of graphs for ungrouped
frequency distribution are pie chart, bar
graph and line graph.
 Data Organization
1. Textual Presentation

Data are presented in text or paragraphs

and sentences. This type of presentation
highlights the most important characteristics
and significant figures of the data.
 Data Organization
2. Tabular Presentation

It is a systematic and logical

arrangement of data in the form of rows
and columns with respect of the
characteristics of the data .
 Data Organization
2. Tabular Presentation
ONE WAY TABLE presents data categorized under
a single variable, making it straightforward to
understand.
TWO WAY TABLE Otherwise known as cross-
tabulation table. Tables presented in this manner
use two categorical variables.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION is a way to organize
data to show how often each value or category
occurs. It can be presented in table forms.
 Data Organization
2. Tabular Presentation – ONE WAY TABLE
Distribution of Students across Different Department
DEPARTMENT FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
CCJE 1933 43%
CHE 1206 27%
COA 230 5%
CBEA 303 7%
CSW 244 5%
CTE 304 7%
COL 260 6%
TOTAL 4, 480 100%
 Data Organization
2. Tabular Presentation –TWO WAY TABLE
Distribution of Colleges across Gender
DEPARTMENT GENDER
MALE FEMALE
CCJE 1800 133
CHE 106 1100
COA 180 50
CBEA 203 100
CSW 44 200
CTE 104 200
COL 130 130
TOTAL 2567 1913
 2. Tabular Presentation – FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
• Example: Below are the results of a survey about the favorite social
media app of 15 students in a freshman class. What social media app
is the most utilized by the students and the least used social media
app?

SOCIAL MEDIA APP TALLY FREQUENCY

Instagram
Facebook
Tiktok
Telegram
Messenger
Twitter
 2. Tabular Presentation – FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
• Example: Below are the results of a survey about the favorite
social media app of 15 students in a freshman class. What social
media app is the most utilized by the students and the least used
social media app?

SOCIAL MEDIA APP TALLY FREQUENCY

Instagram II 2
Facebook IIIII 5
Tiktok III 6
Telegram I 1
Messenger III 3
Twitter I 1
TOTAL 15
Data Organization
3. Graphical Presentation

Graphs are easier to understand because it show

categories using bars, line charts, and others.
Ø Pie Chart
Ø Bar Graph
Ø Line Graph
 • A pie graph or pie
chart is used to show
how all the parts of
something are related
to the whole. It is
represented by a circle
divided into slices or
sectors of various sizes
that show each part’s
relationship to the
whole and to other
PIE CHART parts of the circle.
 Bar graph
A bar graph uses rectangles (or
bars) of uniform width to There are two types of bar graphs: the
vertical bar graph, which is sometimes
represent data, particularly the
called a column chart, and the
nominal or categorical type of horizontal bar graph. A vertical bar
data. The height of the rectangle graph is used to show the changes in
denotes the frequency of the the numerical value of a variable over a
variable. period of time.
 • A line graph is used to represent changes in data over a period
of time. Data like changes in temperature, income, population,
Line graph and the like can be represented by a line graph. Data are
represented by points and are joined by line segments. A line
graph may be curved, broken, or straight.
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

• Frequency – the number of occurrences of a data

• Frequency table – is a table that lists items and shows the
number of times the items occur.
• Steps in constructing a frequency table (for ungrouped
data)
• Step 1: Make three columns. Arrange the data in order in
the first column.
• Step 2: Make a tally.
• Step 3: Count the tallies then write the frequencies
• Step 4: Total all the frequencies
• Example: Below are the results of a survey about the favorite
social media app of 15 students in a freshman class. What social
media app is the most utilized by the students and the least used
social media app?

SOCIAL MEDIA APP TALLY FREQUENCY

Instagram
Facebook
Tiktok
Telegram
Messenger
Twitter
• Example: What social media app is the most utilized by the
students and the least used social media app?

SOCIAL MEDIA APP TALLY FREQUENCY

Instagram II 2
Facebook IIIII 5
Tiktok III 3
Telegram I 1
Messenger III 3
Twitter I 1
TOTAL 15
 Frequency distribution table
• Steps in constructing a frequency distribution table
1. Determine the range. Range is the difference between the highest
value H and the lowest value L in the set of data. R = H – L
• 2. Determine the desired number of the class interval or categories.
The ideal number of class interval in somewhere between 5 and 15.
• 3. Determine the class width or approximate size of the class
interval by dividing the range by the desired number of class
intervals.
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• 4. Write the class intervals starting with the lowest lower value as
determined in the data. Then add the class width to the starting
point to get the next interval. Do this until the highest value is
contained in the last interval.
• 5. Tally the corresponding number of scores in each interval. Then
summarize the results or sum up the tallies under the frequency
 Frequency distribution table

• Example: The following are the test scores of students.

Construct a suitable frequency table. Use 6 as the desired
number of class interval.
 • The following data represents the weights (in
kilograms) of 40 students in a school

1. Construct a frequency distribution using 7 as class

interval.
2. How many students got the highest weights?
3. How many students weighs at most 53 kg?