Master the Art

of Data Science
A Complete Guide
 Table of Contents

Introduction to Data Science.........................................................02

Foundations of Data Science.........................................................05

Data Preprocessing.............................................................................08

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)..................................................09

Machine Learning Basics..................................................................11

Advanced Machine Learning..........................................................13

Data Visualization................................................................................14

Tools and Technologies.....................................................................16

Data Science in the Real World....................................................18

Projects and Case Studies...............................................................20

Placement Guidance Phase.............................................................22

Career in Data Science......................................................................26

Salary of a Data Science Professional.......................................2 7

Wrap Up.....................................................................................................28

About GUVI.............................................................................................29

About Zen Class............................................... ............................... .....30

©
GUVI Gee k N w k
s et or Pvt. Ltd. 01
 1. Introduction to Data Science

Data Cleansing Data Analysis

Data Mining Visualization

Actionable Insights

Data science is an interdisciplinary field that combines mathematics,

statistics, computer science, and domain expertise to extract meaningful
insights from structured and unstructured data. By employing a mix of
data analysis, visualization, machine learning, and data engineering
techniques, data science helps in solving complex problems and making
data-driven decisions. It empowers organizations to harness the power of
data to improve processes, understand customer behavior, and innovate
products and services.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 02

 The Data Science Lifecycle

Monitoring and Problem Definition

Maintenance

Deployment Data Collection

The Data Science

Lifecycle
Evaluation Data Preprocessing

Modeling Exploratory Data

Analysis (EDA)

The data science lifecycle encompasses a series of iterative steps aimed

at solving data-centric problems

Problem Definition: To clearly identify the problem to be solved and

setting goals
Data Collection: Gather relevant data from various sources
Data Preprocessing: Clean and prepare the data for analysis
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Understand data characteristics and
identifying patterns
Modeling: To build predictive or descriptive models using machine
learning or statistical techniques
Evaluation: Assess model performance and making refinements
Deployment: Integrate the model into production for real-world use
Monitoring and Maintenance: Continuously improve the model based
on feedback and new data.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 03

 Applications of Data Science in
Real-World Scenarios

Healthcare Finance Retail Transportation

Entertainment Media and Manufacturing

Entertainment

Data science has revolutionized numerous industries by providing

actionable insights. Some common applications include

Healthcare: Predicting patient outcomes, personalizing treatments,

and optimizing hospital operations
Finance: Fraud detection, risk assessment, and investment strategy
optimization
Retail: Personalizing customer experiences, optimizing inventory, and
analyzing market trends
Transportation: Route optimization, predictive maintenance, and
demand forecasting
Entertainment: Recommender systems for movies, music, and other
digital content
Media and Entertainment: Personalizing content recommendations
and optimizing ad placements with audience behavior analysis
Manufacturing: Enhancing predictive maintenance, quality control, and
supply chain optimization with IoT and machine learning.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 04

 2. Foundations of Data Science

a. Statistics

Statistics

Foundations of Probability
Data Science

Linear Algebra

Statistics forms the backbone of data science, offering tools to

summarize and interpret data. Statistics is a branch of mathematics that
focuses on collecting, analyzing, interpreting, presenting, and organizing
data. It provides the theoretical foundation and practical tools to extract
meaningful insights from data and make informed decisions.

Descriptive and Inferential Statistic

Descriptive Statistics: Techniques like mean, median, mode, variance,
and standard deviation summarize and describe data characteristics
Inferential Statistics: Methods such as confidence intervals and
hypothesis testing allow predictions and generalizations about a
population based on sample data.

Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a fundamental statistical procedure used to

determine whether there is enough evidence in a sample of data to infer
©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 05
 a particular condition about a population. Hypothesis testing involves
making inferences about populations. Key steps include
Formulating null and alternative hypotheses
Selecting a significance level (e.g., 0.05)
Calculating a test statistic (e.g., t-test, chi-square test)
Making a decision based on the p-value or critical value.

b. Probability
Probability is a fundamental concept in mathematics and statistics that
measures the likelihood of an event occurring. It quantifies uncertainty
and is widely used in data science, machine learning, and real-world
decision-making. Probability underpins predictive modeling and statistical
inference.

Basic Concepts and Rules

Probability quantifies uncertainty and includes principles like

independent and dependent events, conditional probability, and joint
probability.

Bayes' Theorem

Bayes' Theorem provides a framework for updating probabilities based

on new evidence. It is widely used in spam filtering, medical diagnosis,
and machine learning.

c. Linear Algebra
Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics focused on studying vectors,
vector spaces, and linear transformations. It provides tools for analyzing

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 06

 and solving systems of linear equations and has applications in physics,

engineering, computer science, economics, and many other fields.

Matrices and Vector

Matrices: Represent data in tabular form, enabling operations like

addition, multiplication, and transformation

Vectors: Represent points or directions in space, crucial for

computations in high-dimensional data.

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors play a key role in dimensionality reduction

techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

Eigenvector

A non-zero vector v that only changes by a scalar factor when a linear

transformation (represented by a square matrix A) is applied to it

Mathematically: Av=λvA \mathbf{v} = \lambda \mathbf{v}Av=λv Here

v\mathbf{v}v: Eigenvecto

λ\lambdaλ: Eigenvalu

AAA: Square matrix

Eigenvalue

The scalar λ\lambdaλ associated with an eigenvector that indicates

how the eigenvector is scaled during the transformation.

(A−λI)v=0

where

I: Identity matrix of the same size as AAA

The above equation implies that A−λIA - \lambda IA−λI is a singular

matrix (its determinant is zero).

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 07

 3. Data Preprocessing

a. Data Cleaning

Data cleaning, also known as data cleansing or data preprocessing, is the

process of preparing raw data for analysis by correcting, removing, or
handling incomplete, incorrect, irrelevant, or duplicated data. It is a
critical step in the data science workflow, ensuring that the dataset is
accurate, consistent, and reliable for analysis or modeling.

Common steps include

Handling Missing Values: Techniques like imputation, deletion, or
interpolation
Removing Outliers: Using statistical methods to identify and address
anomalies
Eliminating Duplicates: Ensuring uniqueness in data records to avoid
redundancy.

b. Feature Engineering

Feature engineering is the process of transforming raw data into meaningful

features that can be used effectively in machine learning models. It is a
crucial step in the data preprocessing phase, aimed at improving the
performance of the model by selecting, modifying, or creating features.
Feature engineering transforms raw data into meaningful features for
modeling.

Encoding: Converting categorical data into numerical forms

(e.g., one-hot encoding).

Scaling: Standardizing features to have consistent scales

(e.g., Min-Max scaling).

Transformation: Applying logarithmic, polynomial, or other transformations

to enhance feature interpretability.

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 4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

Tools for EDA

Pandas Matplotlib Seaborn

Techniques

Univariate Bivariate Multivariate

Analysis Analysis Analysis

EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis) is an approach to analyzing datasets to

summarize their main characteristics, often using visual methods. It is a

crucial step in the data analysis process that helps understand the

structure, trends, and patterns in the data before applying complex

models or algorithms.

a. Importance of EDA

EDA is critical for uncovering underlying patterns, anomalies, and

relationships in data. It aids in hypothesis generation, feature selection,

and model validation.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 09

 b. Tools for ED

Pandas: A Python library for data manipulation and analysis

Matplotlib: A plotting library for creating static, interactive, and animated
visualizations
Seaborn: A Python library built on Matplotlib, providing high-level
interfaces for creating informative and aesthetic visualizations.

c. Technique
Univariate Analysis: Examining single variables using histograms, box
plots, and summary statistics
Bivariate Analysis: Exploring relationships between two variables using
scatter plots, correlation coefficients, and cross-tabulations
Multivariate Analysis: Analyzing interactions among multiple variables
using heatmaps, pair plots, and advanced statistical methods.

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 5. Machine Learning Basics

Let’s look into the basics of machine learning, such as it types:

1 Supervised Learning 2 Unsupervised Learning

Linear Regression Clustering

Logistic Regression Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Decision Trees

a. Supervised Learning

Supervised learning involves training a model on labeled data, where the

input features and corresponding target values are provided. The goal is
to map inputs to outputs accurately for unseen data.

Linear Regression

Linear regression is a statistical method used to predict a continuous

target variable based on input features. It establishes a linear relationship
between independent variables and the target, expressed as: where and
are coefficients, and is the error term.

Logistic Regression

Logistic regression is used for binary classification problems. It estimates

the probability of a target variable belonging to a class using the logistic
function (sigmoid curve), which maps input values to probabilities
between 0 and 1.

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 Decision Trees

Decision trees are flowchart-like structures that split data into branches
based on feature values. Each internal node represents a decision, and
each leaf node represents a prediction. They are intuitive and suitable for
both classification and regression tasks.

b. Unsupervised Learning

Unsupervised learning works with unlabeled data to identify patterns,

groupings, or hidden structures.

Clustering

Clustering methods like K-means and hierarchical clustering partition data

into distinct groups based on similarity. It is commonly used in market
segmentation, anomaly detection, and document classification.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

PCA is a dimensionality reduction technique that transforms data into a

lower-dimensional space while preserving its variance. It identifies the
most significant features, simplifying complex datasets for analysis.

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 6. Advanced Machine Learning

a. Neural Networks and Deep

Learning Basics

Neural networks are computational models inspired by the human brain.

They consist of interconnected layers of nodes (neurons) that learn
complex patterns in data. Deep learning extends neural networks by
using multiple hidden layers, enabling the processing of large-scale and
unstructured data like images, text, and audio.

b. Introduction to Natural Language

Processing (NLP)

NLP focuses on enabling machines to understand, interpret, and

generate human language. Key tasks include tokenization, sentiment
analysis, named entity recognition, and machine translation, with
applications in chatbots, search engines, and language models.

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 7. Data Visualization

a. Importance of Visualization in

Data Science

Data visualization is essential for communicating insights, identifying

trends, and supporting data-driven decision-making. Well-designed
visuals transform complex data into understandable and actionable
information.

b. Visualization Tool
Matplotlib: A Python library for creating static and customizable plots
Seaborn: Extends Matplotlib with higher-level functions and aesthetic
styles
Tableau: A powerful tool for creating interactive and shareable
visualizations without extensive coding.

Matplotlib Seaborn Tableau

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 c. Best Practices for Effective
Visualization
Clarity: Avoid clutter and focus on conveying the key message
Appropriate Charts: Use the right chart type for the data (e.g., bar
charts for comparisons, line charts for trends)
Consistency: Maintain uniform colors, scales, and labeling
Highlight Key Insights: Use annotations or highlights to emphasize
important findings
Interactive Features: Enable interactivity to allow deeper exploration
of the data where applicable.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 15

 8. Tools and Technologies

Let’s look at some of the top tools used in data science

Python PowerBI NLP Pandas Tableau

Python: A versatile programming language widely used in data science

for tasks such as data manipulation, visualization, and machine
learning. Libraries like Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn, and TensorFlow
make Python a powerful tool

PowerBI: A business intelligence tool for creating interactive data

visualizations and reports, with features like data modeling, DAX
calculations, and seamless integration with various data sources

NLP: A field in AI focused on analyzing, understanding, and generating

human language, with features like sentiment analysis, text
classification, topic modeling, and language translation

Pandas: A Python library for data manipulation and analysis, offering

features like data cleaning, reshaping, aggregation, and handling
structured data in DataFrames

Tableau: A data visualization tool for creating interactive dashboards

and charts, with features like drag-and-drop interface, real-time
collaboration, and advanced analytics using calculated fields and
parameters.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 16

 Overview of SQL for Data Extraction

SQL (Structured Query Language) is essential for querying and extracting

data from relational databases. Common tasks include filtering data with
SELECT statements, joining tables, and performing aggregations using
GROUP BY and functions like COUNT, AVG, and SUM.

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 9. Data Science in the Real World

a. Industry Application

Healthcare: Predicting disease outbreaks, optimizing treatments, and

analyzing patient records

Finance: Credit scoring, fraud detection, and stock market analysis

E-commerce: Personalizing recommendations, optimizing logistics, and

analyzing customer behavior.

b. Common Challenges in

Data Science Project

Data Quality: Incomplete, inconsistent, or noisy data can hinder

accurate analysis

Scalability: Processing large datasets requires efficient algorithms and

infrastructure

Model Interpretability: Complex models (e.g., deep learning) can be

difficult to interpret

Deployment Issues: Integrating models into production systems

requires careful planning and testing.

c. Ethical Considerations in

Data Science

Ethics play a crucial role in data science. Issues include

Bias in Data and Models: Biased data can result in unfair outcomes

Privacy Concerns: Protecting sensitive user data is paramount.

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 Transparency: Ensuring users understand how decisions are made
Data Misuse: Preventing the unethical use of data for manipulative or
harmful purposes.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 19

 10. Projects and Case Studies

Let’s look into some of the top projects on data science which are worth

Data Science in
the Real World

Ethical Bias in Data and

Healthcar Industry Considerations
Model
Financ Applications in Data Science Privacy Concern
E-commerce Transparenc
Data Misuse
Common
Challenges in
Data Science
Projects

Data Qualit
Scalabilit
Model Interpretabilit
Deployment Issues

a. Movie Box Office Revenue

Prediction using Machine Learning

Create a regression model for predicting box office revenue of upcoming

movies using genre, cast, release date, and marketing budget. Studios
can leverage this model for data-backed decisions in film production,
marketing, and distribution, optimizing box office performance and
profitability in the entertainment sector.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 20

 b. Anomaly Detection in

Financial Transactions

Create a classification model for spotting irregularities in financial

transactions like fraud and money laundering. Financial institutions can
deploy this tool to prevent crimes, manage risks, and maintain system
integrity, ensuring customer asset protection and regulatory compliance.

c. Content Moderation for User-

Generated Content Platforms

Design a content moderation system for user-generated content

platforms. It employs NLP-based text classification to swiftly categorize
content as acceptable, potentially offensive, or spam. This automated
process identifies and filters out inappropriate content, ensuring user
protection and community standards enforcement.

d. Building a healthcare chatbot for

providing personalized health advice

Utilize natural language processing (NLP) for understanding user queries,

machine learning for intent classification, and entity recognition for
identifying medical terms.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 21

 11. Placement Guidance Phase

For placement guidance, you need to follow certain steps required to get
into data science. Let’s discuss those:

1 2 3

Build Strong Technical Skills Develop Soft Skills Work on Projects

4 5 6

Build a Professional Portfolio Prepare for Interviews Certifications and Online

Courses

a. Build Strong Technical Skill

Programming: Proficiency in Python and R is essential. Learn libraries
such as Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, and PyTorch

Data Handling: Work with SQL for database management and gain
experience with big data tools like Hadoop or Spark

Statistics & Mathematics: Solidify your understanding of linear algebra,

calculus, probability, and hypothesis testing

Machine Learning: Learn about supervised, unsupervised, and

reinforcement learning algorithms

Visualization: Use tools like Tableau, Power BI, or Python libraries like
Matplotlib and Seaborn for creating insightful visuals.

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 b. Develop Soft Skill

Problem Solving: Employers value critical thinking and the ability to

solve real-world problems with data

Communication: Be able to explain technical results to non-technical

stakeholders effectively

Collaboration: Many data science projects are team-based, so being a

team player is crucial.

c. Work on Project

Showcase real-world data science projects in your portfolio. Examples

Predictive analytics using real-world datasets

Building recommendation systems

Sentiment analysis or NLP projects

Exploratory data analysis on large datasets

Share your projects on platforms like GitHub or Kaggle to

demonstrate your practical skills.

d. Build a Professional Portfoli

GitHub Repository: Keep your code and projects well-organized and

publicly available

Resume: Highlight relevant coursework, certifications, and projects.

Quantify your achievements (e.g., "Reduced data processing time by

30%").

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 23

 LinkedIn Profile: Showcase your skills, experiences, and recommendations

from peers or mentors.

e. Prepare for Interview

Technical Round

Be prepared to answer questions on algorithms, data structures,

SQL queries, and statistics

Expect coding challenges and case studies

Domain Knowledge

Understand the business domain of the company. Be prepared to

discuss how your skills apply to solving their specific challenges

Behavioral Round

Practice articulating your past experiences and projects

Use the STAR method (Situation, Task, Action, Result) to answer

behavioral questions.

f. Certifications and Online Course

Consider certifications like:

Google Data Analytics Professional Certificate

Microsoft Certified: Azure Data Scientist Associate

Coursera or edX certifications in data science or machine learning.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 24

 You must register at the ZEN CLASS - DATA SCIENCE
program, look at its benefits and cover core topics like
Python, MySQL, Tableau, NLP, data visualization, and more
such advanced topics.

Why choose Zen Class

Assured Placement Guidanc
IIT-M Pravartak Certification for Advanced Programmin
Ease of Learning in native languages such as Hindi & Tami
A rich portfolio of real-world Project
Self-paced Online Classe
600+ Hiring Partner
Excellent Mentor Suppor
Easy EMI options

g. Networking and Mentorshi

Attend data science meet ups, webinars, or hackathons
Engage in discussions on LinkedIn or data science forums
Seek mentorship from professionals in the field to get guidance and
industry insights.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 25

 12. Career in Data Science

Data Analyst Data Scientist Machine Learning NLP Engineer

Engineer

A career in data science offers immense opportunities for individuals with

strong analytical, programming, and problem-solving skills. With the
exponential growth of data, organizations across industries rely on data
scientists to extract actionable insights and drive strategic decisions. Key
roles in data science include Data Analyst, Data Scientist, Machine
Learning Engineer, and NLP Engineer each contributing to solving real-
world challenges using data-driven approaches.

The demand for data science professionals is fueled by advancements in

artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data technologies.
Industries such as healthcare, finance, retail, and technology are
constantly seeking skilled data scientists to innovate, optimize
operations, and improve customer experiences.

To build a successful career in data science, professionals are expected

to have expertise in programming languages like Python, knowledge of
machine learning algorithms, proficiency in data visualization tools, and a
solid foundation in statistics and mathematics. Continuous learning and
hands-on project experience are crucial to staying relevant in this
dynamic field.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 26

 13. Salary of a Data Science
Professional
The salary of a data science professional in India varies on factors such
as experience, skills, location, industry, etc. Let’s look into the data
scientist salary

Entry-Level (0-2 years): INR 5-8 LP

Mid-Level (2-5 years): INR 8-15 LP
Experienced (5+ years): INR 15-30 LPA or higher

Source: Glassdoor

Top-tier companies, including MNCs and startups, often offer competitive

salaries and benefits, especially for those with expertise in advanced
machine learning, NLP, and big data technologies.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 27

 Wrap Up

Data science is a transformative field that empowers organizations to

derive actionable insights and make informed decisions. With its
applications spanning across industries, data science has become a
critical driver of innovation, efficiency, and growth. 

Professionals entering this field can look forward to rewarding careers

with diverse opportunities to solve real-world challenges using cutting-
edge technologies. As businesses increasingly rely on data-driven
strategies, the role of data scientists will continue to grow, making it an
exciting and future-proof career choice for aspiring individuals.

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 28

 About GUVI
GUVI (Grab Ur Vernacular Imprint), an IIT-Madras Incubated Company is
First Vernacular Ed-Tech Learning Platform. Introduced by Ex-PayPal
Employees Mr. Arun Prakash (CEO) and Mr. SP Balamurugan, and late
Sridevi Arun Prakash (co-founders) and driven by leading Industry
Experts, GUVI empowers students to master on-demand technologies,
tools, and programming skills in the comfort of their native languages like
Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, English etc. Its mission is to impart technical skills to
everyone through its focused and new-age pedagogical tools.

Personalized Solutions Empowering Learners Gamified Learning

End-to-end personalized solutions in Empowering learners with tech Gamified, bite-sized videos for an
online learning, upskilling, and skills in native languages. interactive learning experience.
recruitment.

Accreditations & Partnerships

Want to know more about GUVI? Visit our website today!

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 29

 About Zen Class

Zen Class is GUVI’s specially curated learning platform that incorporates

all the Advanced Tech Career Courses like Full Stack Web Development,
Data Science, Automation Testing, Big Data & Cloud Analytics, UI/UX
Designing, and more. Zen Class provides the best industry-led curriculum
programs with assured placement guidance

Zen Class mentors are experts from leading companies like Google,
Microsoft, Flipkart, Zoho & Freshworks. Partnered with 600+ tech
companies, your chances of getting a high-paying tech job at top
companies increases.

Why choose Zen Class

Assured Placement Guidanc
IIT-M Pravartak Certification for Advanced Programmin
Ease of Learning in native languages such as Hindi & Tami
A rich portfolio of real-world Project
Self-paced Online Classe
600+ Hiring Partner
Excellent Mentor Suppor
Easy EMI options

Find out more about our ZEN CLASS - DATA SCIENCE program now!

Still having doubts? Book a free one-on-one consultation call with us now

©GUVI Geeks Network Pvt. Ltd. 30

Thank You

www.guvi.in