Fundamental of Thermodynamics

UNIT-1
Temperature Scale:
1.A thermocouple with test junction at t°C on gas thermometer scale and reference junction at
ice point gives the e.m.f. as e = 0.20 t – 5 × 10–4t2 mV. The milli-voltmeter is calibrated at ice
and steam points. What will be the reading on this thermometer where the gas thermometer
reads 70°C?
2.A temperature scale of certain thermometer is given by the relation t = a ln p + b where a and
b are constants and p is the thermometric property of the fluid in the thermometer. If at the ice
point and steam point the thermometric properties are found to be 1.5 and 7.5 respectively what
will be the temperature corresponding to the thermometric property of 3.5 on Celsius scale.
3.Gas from a cylinder of compressed helium is used to inflate an inelastic flexible balloon,
originally folded completely flat, to a volume 0.6 m3. If the barometer reads 760 mm Hg, what
is the amount of work done upon the atmosphere by the balloon? Sketch the system before and
after the process.
4.Estimate the % variation in temperature reading from a thermocouple having its test junction
in gas and other reference junction at ice point. The temperature of gas using gas thermometer
is found to be 50C. Thermocouple is calibrated with e.m.f varying linearly between ice point
and steam point when thermocouples test junction is kept in gas at tC and reference junction
at ice point, the e.m.f produced in milli volts is e = 0.18t – 5.2  10–4 t 2 mv.
5. Two Celsius thermometer A and B with Temperature readings TA and TB agree at ice point
and steam point. but else where they are relates TA=p+qTB+rT2B,where p,q,r are constants.
When two thermometers are immersed in an oil bath.A shows a temperature of 51oc while B
shows 50oc.Determine the temperature TA when TB is 25oc
6.The resistance of platinum wire is found to be 11000 ohms at ice point,15.247 ohms at steam
point and 28.887 ohms at the sulphur point(425oc).Find the constants A and B in the equation
R=R0(1+At+Bt2) and plot R against t in the range 0 to 600oc

Work and Heat:

1.A fluid at a pressure of 3 bar, and with specific volume of 0.18 m3/kg, contained in a cylinder
behind a piston expands reversibly to a pressure of 0.6 bar according to a law, PV2=C where C
is a constant. Calculate the work done by the fluid on the piston.
2. The specific heat capacity of the system during a certain process is given by C n = (0.4 +
0.004 T) kJ/kgoC. If the mass of the gas is 6 kg and its temperature changes from 25°C to
125°C.Determine : i) Heat transferred. (ii) Mean specific heat of the gas.

3. A piston and cylinder machine containing a fluid system has a stirring device. The piston is
frictionless, and it is held down against the fluid due to atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa. The
stirring device is turned 9500 revolutions with an average torque against the fluid of 1.25 Nm.
Meanwhile the piston of 0.65 m diameter moves out 0.85 m. Find the network transfer for the
system
4. A gas undergoes a reversible non flow process according to the relation, P= (V2+6/V) bar,
where,V is the volume in m3 and P is the pressure in bar. Determine the work done when the
volume changes from 3 to 6 m3
5. A spherical balloon of 1m3 diameter which contains a gas at 200 KPa and 300 K.The gas
inside the balloon is heated until the pressure reaches 500KPa.During the process of heating,
the pressure of gas inside the balloon is proportional to the diameter of the balloon. Make the
calculation for the work done by the gas inside the balloon.

UNIT-2
First law of thermodynamics:
1.A fluid is contained in a cylinder by a spring-loaded, frictionless piston so that the pressure
in the fluid is a linear function of the volume (p = a + bV). The internal energy of the fluid is
given by the following equation: U = 42 + 3.6 pV, where U is in kJ, p in kPa, and V in cubic
metre. If the fluid changes from an initial state of 190 kPa, 0.035 m3 to a final state of 420 kPa,
0.07 m3, with no work other than that done on the piston, find the direction and magnitude of
the work and heat transfer.
2.0.15 m3 of an ideal gas at a pressure of 15 bar and 550 K is expanded isothermally to 4 times
the initial volume. It is then cooled to 290 K at constant volume and then compressed back
Polytropically to its initial state. Calculate the net work done and heat transferred during the
cycle.
3. The properties of a system, during a reversible constant pressure non-flow process at P = 1.6
bar, changed from V1 = 0.3 m3/kg, T1 = 20°C to V2 = 0.55 m3/kg, T2 = 260°C. The specific
75
heat of the fluid is given by Cp = 1.5 + kJ/kg°C, where T is in °C. Determine : (i) Heat
T + 45
added/kg ; (ii) Work done/kg ; (iii) Change in internal energy/kg ; (iv) Change in enthalpy/kg.
4. In a system, executing a non-flow process, the work and heat per degree change of
temperature are given by dW /dT = 200 W-s/°C and dQ/dT = 160 J/°C What will be the change
of internal energy of the system when its temperature changes from T1 = 55°C to T2 = 95°C ?
5. A fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, passes through a complete cycle
of four processes. The sum of all heat transferred during a cycle is – 340 kJ. The system
completes 200 cycles per min. Complete the following table showing the method for each item,
and compute the net rate of work output in kW.
Process Q (kJ/min) W (kJ/min) ∆E (kJ/min)
1-2 0 4340 ---
2-3 42000 0 ---
3-4 -4200 --- -73200
4-1 --- --- ---
6.0.1 m3 of an ideal gas at 300 K and 1 bar is compressed adiabatically to 8 bar. It is then cooled
at constant volume and further expanded isothermally so as to reach the condition from where
it started. Calculate : (i) Pressure at the end of constant volume cooling. (ii) Change in internal
energy during constant volume process. (iii) Net work done and heat transferred during the
cycle. Assume cp = 14.3 kJ/kg K and cv = 10.2 kJ/kg K

Steady flow energy equations:

1. In an air compressor air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor. It
enters the compressor at 6 m/s with a pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m 3/kg
and leaves at 5 m/s with a pressure of 7 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m 3/kg. The internal
energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a
jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 60kJ/s. Calculate :(i)
The power required to drive the compressor ;(ii) The inlet and output pipe cross-sectional areas.
2.In a steam plant, 1 kg of water per second is supplied to the boiler. The enthalpy and velocity
of water entering the boiler are 800 kJ/kg and 5 m/s. The water receives 2200 kJ/kg of heat in
the boiler at constant pressure. The steam after passing through the turbine comes out with a
velocity of 50 m/s, and its enthalpy is 2520 kJ/kg. The inlet is 4 m above the turbine exit.
Assuming the heat losses from the boiler and the turbine to the surroundings are 20 kJ/s,
calculate the power developed by the turbine. Consider the boiler and turbine as single system.
3. The working fluid, in a steady flow process flows at a rate of 220 kg/min. The fluid rejects
100 kJ/s passing through the system. The conditions of the fluid at inlet and outlet are given as
: C1 = 320 m/s, P1 = 6.0 bar, U1 = 2000 kJ/kg, V1 = 0.36 m3/kg and C2 = 140 m/s, P2 = 1.2 bar,
U2 = 1400 kJ/kg, V2 = 1.3 m3/kg. The suffix 1 indicates the condition at inlet and 2 indicates
at outlet of the system. Determine the power capacity of the system in MW. The change in
potential energy may be neglected.
4. Steam at a 6.87 bar, 205°C, enters in an insulated nozzle with a velocity of 50 m/s. It leaves
at a pressure of 1.37 bar and a velocity of 500 m/s. Determine the final enthalpy of steam.
5. In a gas turbine unit, the gases flow through the turbine is 15 kg/s and the power developed
by the turbine is 12000 kW. The enthalpies of gases at the inlet and outlet are 1260 kJ/kg and
400 kJ/kg respectively, and the velocity of gases at the inlet and outlet are 50 m/s and 110 m/s
respectively. Calculate : (i) The rate at which heat is rejected to the turbine, and (ii) The area
of the inlet pipe given that the specific volume of the gases at the inlet is 0.45 m3/kg
6. A centrifugal pump delivers 50 kg of water per second. The inlet and outlet pressures are 1
bar and 4.2 bar respectively. The suction is 2.2 m below the centre of the pump and delivery is
8.5 m above the centre of the pump. The suction and delivery pipe diameters are 20 cm and 10
cm respectively. Determine the capacity of the electric motor to run the pump.
 UNIT-3
Second law of thermodynamics:
1.A reversible heat pump is used to maintain a temperature of 0°C in a refrigerator when it
rejects the heat to the surroundings at 25°C. If the heat removal rate from the refrigerator is
1440 kJ/min, determine the C.O.P. of the machine and work input required. (i) If the required
input to run the pump is developed by a reversible engine which receives heat at 380°C and
rejects heat to atmosphere, then determine the overall C.O.P. of the system.
2. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures 700°C and 50°C.
The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at temperatures
of 50°C and – 25°C. The heat transfer to the engine is 2500 kJ and the net work output of the
combined engine refrigerator plant is 400 kJ.(i) Determine the heat transfer to the refrigerant
and the net heat transfer to the reservoir at 50°C ;
3.A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures 820°C and 65°C.
The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at temperatures
of 65°C and – 30°C. The heat transfer to the engine is 2500 kJ and the net work output of the
combined engine refrigerator plant is 475 kJ. (i) Determine the heat transfer to the refrigerant
and the net heat transfer to the reservoir at 65°C

Entropy:

1.300 kJ/s of heat is supplied at a constant fixed temperature of 290°C to a heat engine. The
heat rejection takes place at 8.5°C. The following results were obtained: (i) 215 kJ/s are
rejected. (ii) 150 kJ/s are rejected. (iii) 75 kJ/s are rejected. Classify which of the result report
a reversible cycle or irreversible cycle or impossible results.
2. A closed system contains air at a pressure 1 bar, temperature 300 K and volume 0.018 m 3.
This system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following three processes
in series: (i) Constant volume heat addition till pressure becomes 5 bar, (ii) Constant
pressure cooling, and (iii) Isothermal heating to initial state. Represent the cycle on T-S
and P-V plots and evaluate the change in entropy for each process.
Take cp = 0.718 kJ/kg K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
3. An iron cube at a temperature of 400°C is dropped into an insulated bath containing 10 kg
water at 25°C. The water finally reaches a temperature of 50°C at steady state. Given that the
specific heat of water is equal to 4186 J/kg K. Find the entropy changes for the iron cube and
the water. Is the process reversible ? If so why ?

UNIT-4
Ideal gas and gas mixtures:

1.1 kg of air at a pressure of 8 bar and a temperature of 100°C undergoes a reversible polytropic
process following the law pv1.2 = constant. If the final pressure is 1.8 bar Determine :(i)
The final specific volume, temperature and increase in entropy; (ii) The work done and the
heat transfer. Assume R = 0.287 kJ/kg K and γ = 1.4.

2.One kg of CO2 has a volume of 1 m3at 100°C. Compute the pressure by (i) Van der Waals’
equation (ii) Perfect gas equation. Take constants a = 362850 Nm4/(kg-mol)2 and b = 0.0423
m3/kg-mol, R0 = 8314 Nm/kg-mol-K
Properties of pure substances:

1.A throttling calorimeter is attached to the steam pipe carrying steam pipe carrying steam at
11bar. The pressure and temperature of steam after throttling are 1.2bar and 1200C. Find the
dryness fraction that can be measured under above condition? Take Cp=2.1kJ/kg-K for super-
heated steam.
2.The following data were obtained with a separating and throttling calorimeter. Pressure in
pipeline=1.5MPa,condition after throttling=0.1MPa at 1100C,during five minutes moisture
collected in the separator=0.15litres at 700C,steam condensed after throttling during five
minutes=3.24kg.Determine the quality of seam in the pipeline.

3.A vessel having a capacity of 0.05m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated
steam at a temperature 2750C.The mass of the liquid present is 10kg. Find the following:
i) The pressure
ii) The mass
iii) The specific volume
iv) The specific internal energy
v) The specific entropy
vi) The specific enthalpy