Steel

• Steel is one of the most common

materials used in construction.
Praised for its versatility, extremely
high tensile strength and value, it is
widely used in everything from
residential construction to
buildings skyscrapers. There are a
number of different kinds of steel
used for construction. Each has
their own unique properties and
therefore specific uses in building.
Let’s take a look at what these are.
WHERE STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES ARE USED

• Steel construction is most often used in

High rise buildings because of its strength, low weight, and speed of
construction

• Industrial buildings because of its ability to create large span spaces at low
cost

• Warehouse buildings for the same reason

• Residential buildings in a technique called light gauge steel construction

• Temporary Structures as these are quick to set up and remove

Structural Steel

• Parallel Flange Channels -These channelled beams are U-shaped with right
angled corners – a bit like a stick of staples. They come in many different
sizes, however, the two sides are always the same length and are parallel to
each other. They also offer a high strength to weight ratio and have similar
uses to angled sections.
• Tapered Flange Beams – Taper flange beams are I-shaped sections and are
also available in a wide variety of sizes. In construction, these are often
used for cross-sections of girders. Though they have quite high resistance
ratios, they are not usually recommended when pressure is present along
their length as they are not torsion (twisting) resistant.
• Universal Beam -Universal beams, also known ad I-beams or H-beams, are
shaped like their namesake: an ‘I’ when standing upright, and a ‘H’ on their
side. Universal beams are usually made of structural steel and are used in
construction and civil engineering, among other industries.
Parallel Flange Channels
• Channels are used for support in
construction. Mascot Steel has a range of
universal beams from 9 to 18 metres,
including popular sizes 100 pfc, 125 pfc,
150 pfc, 180 pfc, 200 pfc, 230 pfc, 250 pfc,
300 pfc, 380 pfc.
• Channels come in various standard
lengths and are used for a variety of
construction settings including:
• • Residential construction
• • Non residential construction
• • Transport and mining infrastructure
• • Engineering construction
• • Manufacturing
Tapered Flange Beams
Universal Beams – Standard
• Universal Beams – Standard I Beam Sizes
• Universal Beam is a structural beam used
for support in construction. Popular sizes
include: 150 ub 18, 200 ub 18, 200 ub 22,
200 ub 25, 250 ub 26, 250 ub, 250 ub 37,
310 ub 32, 310 ub 40, 310 ub 46.
• Structural steel comes in various standard
lengths and is used for a variety of
construction settings including:
• • Residential construction
• • Non residential construction
• • Transport and mining infrastructure
• • Engineering construction
Universal Beams – Standard
• Universal Beams (UB) are the mandatory
specification for structural steel beams. The
UK market is the target during production.
However, rolled beams, IPE beams, and I
sections are all common on the Continent.
• There are several types of steel beam
sections, such as U-beams, I-beams or H-
beams, round and squared beams, etc. U-
beams are used as braces because they are
like I-beams but have two parallel flanges
extending from only one side of the vertical
support. Round or square solid steel beams
are more common types of steel beam
sections used in machinery and appliances
than in construction. However, they are a
valuable commodity across many sectors and
have many potential uses.
Angled Sections
• One of the common structural
components is the L-shaped steel beams
supporting buildings. Two steel legs
joined at a right angle produce an L-
shape. Though the length of each section
can vary, angled beams always make the
right angle. There is no hard-and-fast rule
that the steel legs should be of the same
length because these beams come in a
wide range of sizes and dimensions.
• Structural steel angles can be equal or
unequal. Both will be right-angled, but
the unequal one will have an L-shaped
axis. The strength-to-weight ratio of this
part is significantly better than average
(by as much as 20%).
Channel Steel Section
Hollow Structural Steel Sections (HSS Section)
Hollow structural sections
• Hollow structural sections, or HSS sections, can have a variety of
cross-sectional shapes, including rectangles, squares, ellipses, and
circles. However, rectangles are the most popular because they are
well suited for welded frames subject to loads from many directions.
Round HSS sections, also known as round structural tubing are used
in load-bearing columns, such as Lally columns, but are not
considered pipes because they are not designed to transport fluids.
These forms start as welded rounds before the square, and
rectangular tubing is formed to achieve the desired big radii at the
corners.
• The HSS section has a lot of relevance for rotation and point loads.
This section is quite strong in both compression and twisting.
Structural Steel

• Universal Column -Universal beams are also widely used for

structural purposes. They are similar to beams and are often called I-
beams or H-beams, however, all three sections are equal in length. As
their name suggests, they are mainly used for columns, and have
fantastic load-bearing capabilities.
• Angled Sections – Angled structural steel sections can either either
be equal or unequal. Both are right angled, however, unequal
sections have different sized axis’ making them L-shaped. This kind of
section is much stronger (up to 20%) with much higher strength to
weight ratios. Angled section are used in residential construction,
infrastructure, mining and transport. They are available in wide range
of lengths and sizes.
Structural Steel
• Circular Hollow Sections – Circular Hollow Sections have hollow tubular
cross sections and have much higher resistance to torsion that tapered
flange beams. Thickness of the walls are uniform around the entire circle
which makes this beams great for use with multi-axis loading applications.
• Rectangular Hollow Sections -Similar to circular hollow sections however
they have rectangular cross sections. They are very popular in many
mechanical and construction steel applications. Their flat surfaces make
them prime for use in joining and metal fabrication.
• Square Hollow Sections – Like their hollow section brothers but with
square cross sections, these are used in smaller applications such as
columns or posts. However they are unsuitable for beams as their shapes
are inherently difficult to bolt into other shapes. They are also known as
‘box sections’.
Structural Steel
• Flat Sections – The most versatile steel section as they require to be
attached to another section. In some cases they can be attached to
another section as a strengthening tool. They are also often referred
to as ‘plates’ (for example, checker plate).
Mild Steel

• carbon steel is steel that contains between 0.12% and 2.0% carbon
and is the main interstitial alloying constituent. Carbon is used in
steel-making as a hardening agent whereby the greater the level of
carbon, the harder and stronger the steel is through heat treating
(however, the more carbon, the less ductile the steel will be). In
carbon steels, the higher the carbon levels, the lower the melting
point.
• Mild steel is the most common form of steel due to its low price and
huge versatility across a number of applications. Mild steel contains
only a small percentage of carbon (approximately 0.05–0.25%)
making it malleable and ductile. It is often used when large quantities
of steel are needed.
Rebar Steel

• Rebar steel is shorthand for reinforcing steel. It is commonly used as a

tensioning device to reinforce concrete and other masonry structures
as structural reinforcement. It is usually a carbon steel and has ridges
that ‘grip’ onto the concrete.
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

• Steel structures have the following advantages:

They are super-quick to build at site, as a lot of work can be pre-fabbed at
the factory.
• They are flexible, which makes them very good at resisting dynamic
(changing) forces such as wind or earthquake forces.
• A wide range of ready-made structural sections are available, such as I, C,
and angle sections
• They can be made to take any kind of shape, and clad with any type
of material
• A wide range of joining methods is available, such as bolting, welding, and
riveting
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

• Steel structures have the following disadvantages:

They lose strength at high temperatures, and are susceptible to fire.
• They are prone to corrosion in humid or marine environments.
What is Rebar?

• Steel reinforcement bars or

rebars are used to improve the
tensile strength of the concrete,
since concrete is very weak in
tension, but is strong in
compression. Steel is only used
as rebar because elongation of
steel due to high temperatures
(thermal expansion coefficient)
nearly equals to that of
concrete.
Why Rebar in Concrete?

• Concrete strong in compression and is weak in tension. Generally,

the tensile strength of concrete about 10% of its compressive
strength.
• When the concrete subjected bending action, there is compression
and tension in the section. Tensile stress will be carried by the
reinforcement and concrete will carry compressive stress.
Properties/Characteristics of Rebar
Properties/Characteristics of Rebar

• Tensile Strenght
• TMT bars have higher yield strength than the TOR steel as indicated in the above
figure.
• An increase in the yield strength reduces the area of reinforcement to be used
leads to the reduction of the cost of construction.
• Ductility
• Ductility is the ability to withstand without failure when it subjected to higher
loads.
• TMT bars are more ductile than TOR steel due to the inherent properties of the
bars.
• Elongation
• TMT bars have higher elongation due to the crossectional properties. The hard
outer layer and soft inner layer allows it to elongate without failure.
Nominal diameter of re bar
Types of Steel Reinforcement Bars

• Mild Steel Bar

• The surface of the mild steel bars are plain and round in shape. They
are available in various sizes of 6 mm to 50 mm. They are used in
concrete for special purposes, such as dowels at expansion joints,
where bars must slide in a metal or paper sleeve, for contraction
joints in roads and runways, and for column spirals. They are easy to
cut and bend without damage.
• For structural buildings like bridges and other heavy structures, mild
steel bar is not recommended due to no great bonding between
concrete and steel, slippage and strength.
Grades in mild steel bars

• Grades in mild steel bars

• 1. Mild Steel BarsMild steel bars grade-I designated as Fe 410-S or
Grade 60.
• Mild steel bars grade-II designated as Fe-410-o or Grade 40.
• 2. Medium Tensile Steel Bars designated as Fe- 540-w-ht or Grade 75
Deformed Steel Bar

• Deformed steel bars have ribs,

lugs and indentation on the
surface of the bar, which reduces
the major problem that is faced
by mild steel bar due to slippage
and good bonding is achieved
between concrete and rebar.
• The tensile properties is higher
compared to other rebars. These
bars are produced in sections
from 6 mm to 50 mm dia.
Characteristics of TMT Rebars

• Better ductility and malleability

• High yield strength and toughness
• More bonding strength
• Earthquake resistance
• Corrosion resistance
• High thermal resistance
• Economical and safe in use
• No loss in strength at welded joints
• Ordinary electrodes used for welding the joints
High Strength Deformed Bars

• High strength deformed bars are cold twisted steel bars with lugs, ribs,
projection or deformation on the surface. It the extensively and
majorly used for reinforcement purposes in a construction. These bars are
produced in sizes or sections from 4 mm to 50 mm in diameter.
• Low carbon value - HSD Bars have lower carbon level, resulting in good
ductility, strength and welding ability.
• Superior bonding strength - HSD bars are well known for their excellent
bonding strength when used with concrete.
• Welding capability - Since these bars have lower carbon content, they have
100% welding capability than conventional bars.
• High tensile strength - HSD bars feature high tensile strength. They offer
great asset in construction process, where a lot of bending and re bending
is required.