Date: 14/11/2024

Course- BEEE Class: II A

Course Code- 0705210307

REPORT

Topic :- Making of Voltmeter using Arduino

GROUP MEMBERS: -

Roll no Name of Student PRN

1. Soumya Suryawanshi 24070521062
2. Madhur Wanjari 24070521007
3. Vansh Mahant 24070521008
4. Punarv chawke 24070521016
5. Ojas Jibhakate 24070521028

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 1. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION:

Title: Making of Voltmeter using Arduino

Introduction:
Voltage measurement is a fundamental requirement in electronics and
electrical engineering. Traditional voltmeters, both analog and digital, are
used for this purpose; however, with the rise of microcontroller platforms
like Arduino, it's now easier and more affordable to build custom
measurement tools tailored for specific needs.
This project focuses on building a digital voltmeter using the Arduino Uno, a
popular open-source microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. The
Arduino Uno features a 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which
allows it to measure voltages from 0V to 5V with a resolution of
approximately 4.9mV. To extend the voltage measuring range beyond 5V, a
voltage divider circuit can be used, allowing the Arduino to safely sense
higher voltages.
The Arduino reads the analog voltage from the input pin, converts it into a
digital value using its ADC, processes the data through a simple calculation,
and displays the result in volts. For example, an analog reading of 512
would correspond to approximately 2.5V (in a 0–5V range). If a voltage
divider is used, the reading is scaled appropriately in software to reflect the
actual input voltage.
In addition to voltage measurement, the project also introduces users to basic
electronics concepts like resistive voltage division, interfacing displays, and
working with analog signals. The final product is a portable, customizable,
and easy-to-use digital voltmeter that can be integrated into other DIY
electronics projects or used for educational purposes.
This project not only demonstrates the practical application of Arduino in
instrumentation but also reinforces concepts of analog-to-digital
conversion, programming, and circuit design. With minimal components
and simple coding, anyone—from hobbyists to students—can build a
functional and reliable voltmeter using this approach.

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COURSE OUTCOMES:
.

LITERATURE REVIEW:
The evolution of digital voltmeters has come a long way with the development of
microcontroller technology. Voltage measurement devices in the past were analog
in nature, employing galvanometers and precision resistors. The devices were
limited in precision, portability, and ability to store data. Digital electronics and
microcontrollers have made it possible for contemporary voltmeters to provide
more precision, real-time indication, and programmability.

A number of research studies and experimental applications have proven the

viability of Arduino-driven voltmeters in pedagogical and experimental
environments. The Arduino Uno, for one, has gained popularity with its relative
affordability, simplicity, and wealth of libraries and community documentation.
The Uno's 10-bit ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter), which enables 1024 distinct
levels spanning 0–5V, has been utilized heavily to create simple digital
measurement instruments.

S. Patel et al. (2018), Arduino voltmeters are an affordable option for the
measurement of low voltage signals in laboratory settings. Their experiment
proved a straightforward voltage divider and LCD display are sufficient to
construct a 25V measuring voltmeter with reasonable accuracy. Likewise, T.
Verma and A. Kumar (2019) explained how Arduino with wireless
communications modules such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi can allow remote
monitoring of voltage, with extra flexibility and scalability to conventional
designs.

In addition, open-source communities like Instructables and Hackster.io offer many

community-made designs of Arduino voltmeters. Many have extensions like auto-
range selection, data logging with SD cards, and graphical plotting of voltage over
serial interfaces. These contributions exemplify the versatility of Arduino-based
systems in research projects and commercial applications.

Scholars like J. Lee and M. Singh (2020) have investigated the application of voltmeters in
renewable energy systems, where sensors based on Arduino track battery voltages in solar
charging systems. Their research indicates that Arduino voltmeters can be dependable in
challenging environments as well, provided they are well-calibrated and noise-shielded.

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METHODOLOGY/WORKING:

The solar tracking system using Arduino operates by continuously adjusting the angle of a solar
panel to follow the sun’s movement, maximizing sunlight exposure throughout the day. The core
components of this system include an Arduino UNO microcontroller, LDR sensors, an SG90
servo motor, and supporting circuitry. The methodology is as follows:

1. Component Setup and Connections:

- The Arduino UNO serves as the central processing unit for this system.
- Two light-dependent resistors (LDRs) are positioned on either side of the solar panel to
measure sunlight intensity from different angles.
- The LDRs are connected to the Arduino's analog pins via 10k resistors, forming a voltage
divider circuit that allows for the detection of sunlight intensity.
- An SG90 servo motor is used to control the tilt of the solar panel. The servo is connected
to a designated PWM pin on the Arduino, enabling precise angle adjustments based on
sensor data.

2. Sensor Data Collection and Comparison:

- The Arduino reads the analog values from both LDRs, which vary based on sunlight
exposure.
- If one LDR detects a higher light intensity than the other, the difference in readings
indicates the direction in which the panel shouFDGFDGFld tilt to align with the sun.

3. Motor Control and Panel Adjustment:

- Based on the LDR FDGFDGFGFDGreadings, the Arduino calculates the necessary
rotation for the servo motor.
- The servo motor then adjusts the solar panel’s angle to face the direction of maximum
sunlight, realigning the panel as the sun’s position changes.

4. Feedback Loop for Continuous Adjustment:

- This process operates inFGDDFGFDG a continuous loop, where the Arduino repeatedly
reads LDR values, recalculates the optimal panel position, and instructs the servo motor to
adjust accordingly.
- This feedback loop enables the solar panel to track the sun throughout the day, ensuring
maximum energy absorption.

5. Power Management and System Testing:

- The system is tested under various lighting conditions to confirm its responsiveness and
accuracy.
- Calibration of the LDRsP’[‘[P;LJPHUOG and servo motor may be required to fine-tune
the system’s sensitivity and ensure it reacts accurately to changes in light intensity.

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In summary, the Arduino-based solar tracking system leverages simple yet effective sensor
and motor contJNGVBGBHFHFDGFrol techniques to maintain optimal alignment with the
sun. This efficient design enhances solar panel performance by ensuring continuous
exposure to direct sunlight, thereby maximizing energy production.

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 RESOURCES REQUIRED:-

SR.NO NAME OF RESOURCES SPECIFICATION

1 Arduino UNO Microcontroller Board
2 Solar Panel Small solar panel suitable for Arduino projects
3 SG90 Servo Motor Micro Servo Motor (180-degree rotation)
4 LDR Light Dependent Resistor for sunlight detection
5 Resistors Laboratory Manual
6 Resistors 10kΩ, 2 pieces
7 Jumper Wires Male-to-male and male-to-female jumper wires
8 Foam Board / Cardboard For mounting components and panel alignment
9 Power Supply 5V power source for Arduino and servo motor
10 Breadboard For circuit connections and testing

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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CODE

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  OUTPUT:-

Key Observations:

- TFDFFDHSFGNGF VB FBN he servo motor adjusts the solar panel’s angle in real-time,
aligning it with the highest detected sunlight intensity.
- The system responds accurately to varying light conditions, maintaining the panel’s alignment
with the sun.BGFHGFNHNGF
- Increased sunlight exposure NBNBNFBmaximizes potential energy generation compared to a
stationary solar panel.
This output confirms the effectiveness of the solar tracking system in enhancing energy efficiency
by allowing the panel to track and face the sun dynamically.

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CONTRIBUTION:-
NAME PRN CONTRIBUTION
Shlok Anand 23070521142 Programming and System Testing:-
Developed and optimized the Arduino
code to enable real-time tracking of the
sun by processing sensor data and
controlling the servo motor. Conducted
rigorous testing under various light
conditions to ensure the system’s
reliability and accuracy. Documented
test results and provided detailed
observations for the Output section,
verifying the system’s alignment with
expected performance. Contributed to
refining the final project report by
summarizing results and analysis.
Sharwil Bhende 23070521137 Research and Component Selection:-
Conducted in-depth research on solar
tracking systems and selected the most
appropriate components for the project.
Compiled relevant literature and
resources to develop a comprehensive
background for the project. Ensured
that all chosen components met the
project’s technical requirements,
contributing to the Literature Review
and Resources Required sections.
Provided guidance on best practices for
maximizing system efficiency.
Samiksha Paliwal 23070521124 Hardware Assembly and Circuit
Design:- Assembled the hardware
components, including the Arduino,
LDR sensors, servo motor, and
resistors, ensuring accurate and safe
connections. Designed the circuit
layout and managed the wiring
configuration to optimize sensor
placement. Performed initial testing of
the circuit, troubleshooting any
connectivity issues, and contributed to
the Methodology and Working
sections. Played a key role in
integrating the physical setup with the
project objectives.

Prof. Ankita Avthankar

Course Teacher
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LAB Incharge

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