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Checal-2-Notes

The document provides an overview of combustion, defining it as the rapid reaction of fuel with oxygen that produces heat and light. It discusses complete and incomplete combustion, the importance of theoretical air and oxygen requirements, and the environmental impact of combustion products. Additionally, it includes exercises and examples related to balancing combustion reactions and calculating theoretical air requirements for various fuels.

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floresandre21
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4 views

Checal-2-Notes

The document provides an overview of combustion, defining it as the rapid reaction of fuel with oxygen that produces heat and light. It discusses complete and incomplete combustion, the importance of theoretical air and oxygen requirements, and the environmental impact of combustion products. Additionally, it includes exercises and examples related to balancing combustion reactions and calculating theoretical air requirements for various fuels.

Uploaded by

floresandre21
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Rs - 5 i s a a aam "ke e@ INTRODUCTION To COMBUSTION Ne - the source of oxygen In the, most, combustion processes. for obvious economic reasons. en 7 tes the 4f. composition: 78.03 mol. Nz 20.94 mol. 02 c 0-94 mol 7. Ar 0.01 moll. Hz, He,.Ne, Kr, Xe —_~ Rir for combustion ig assumed 40 pe. 217. O2 and 74° Nz. by volume... = Na in ait (S, non- combustible. 4 Oe COMPLETE COMBUSTION (= meats, that all of its combustibie components, are Gone . -NOE: ¥* Ct 02-7 Wz _ % Hz + f202 7 H20 HS + 02 SOz © —_- For complete combustion of any organic fuel: Cw Hix 0462. + ip na a Pe TN Chet +3 X/2te0 +2802. | i ae sane | (@ ‘sTers IN BALANCING, COMBUST (ON REACTION | ike _ | Balance tne Carbon atoms, first. wa - — 2. Then Balance +e Hydrogen atoms : 3. Last, balance the Oxygen atoms INCOMPLETE. COMBUSTION, ~ sometimes referred to as PARTIAL COMBUSTION ~ occurs When there (sn endugh oxygen allow te fuel to react completely wim, exygen fo COpand HzO. sits “= peoguse 00 Ifsel? can rede with oxygen, tHe production of on conten ma 28s does 1 pee ae ae if only C02 ne ee tee “oe Sufficient gmount avaliabie | HYDROCARBON COMBUSTION: carbon dloxide adh water are poised “4 carbon nt € e e ° ° eo. o: 2 c. ( ‘x High * Low FLAME: , E ‘pain % Blue in color 2% Yellow or orange, in cotor SMOKE: 1 Not produced 1S produced ENERGY PRODUCTION = ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT? °X Global warming from Carton Dioxide Alr pollution #rom Caron Monoxide. ond smoke THEORETICAL OW GEN. =the amount of oxygen required for Complete Combustion ~ Theo O2= Z (moles); (coefficient 02): - Theo O2= at C + atS tat H/A- moles 02 THEORETICAL AIR - minimum amount of air required to. be, wrougnt Into He process for complete combustion sometimes this quantity is called ~ REQUIRED AIR” = Theo Air = (Theo O2)(1 mol Air /0.21 mol Or) SUPPLIED AIR (OXYGEN) = actual amount of Air (Oxygen) fed inthe reaction chamber PERCENT EXCESS AIR (OXYGEN) = amount of Alr (oxygen) that 1S required for complete ‘omnbustton - ‘LZ excess air= (Supplied Air - Theo Air) / Theo Alr x 100 = excess alr / Theo Air x 100 - MOTE: “/ excess air = “/ excess Oz WET FLUE GAG ANALYSIS YS DRY FLUE GAS ANALYSIS. WET FLUE GAS ANALYSIS = ooMisider everything a component of stack gas . z = Jotal moles of stack gas—> Percentage of Ccounppuce of ach ‘Stack a DRY FLUE GAS. OR ORSAT ANALYSIS - Just removed water for the component analysis EXERCISES: g “Pure Carbon is burnt in a Furnace supplying tweoretical ate. rc p determine the sermon of the combustion. a mp ee Assume (00g Carbon: © + O2 —*> C02 Ne= 00,9, Imole , B.33 mol x All moles = 8.33 moles won “a : tage covsficient = 1. : ; No, = 100g", LmokC mote = 8-33 mol 02 ae {mort Ngo, = WOO y mole , Lmol Coz. g.3mol C02 ae" “Tiyole Theo 02 = 6.33 mol O2 Thy, = 29-6825 mol Air, x 0.39 mot Nz Theo Air= Theo O2 , mol AIC mol Air 0.21 mol O2 Ne = 31-3492 mol Nz = G.33mol-dz , mol Alr ro 8.33 mol Coz 0.2 motor 34.6625 mol Theo Air= 34.825 mol Air : ee 1 W2= 8-33mol_. x. 100 11 Ma 231-3842 MOL s09, 34.6625 mol FA-6825 mol 2A Furnace is fited, with petrotoum. ei! cc Q07.C, BL H, 37. $ and 31. 0. Determine the +nooretical air required for the combustion of 4Kg of oil. Mi Se eee THEO AIR Basis: ‘kg oil ss C0-B0Kge y LkmOLE _ 0.0667 Kmol S7.c ~ 0800 ; 2. BG ne I3LH ~ 0.104 4 He o.l9KgH x (kmolH _ 0:13 Kimol He 120 mol 315 - 003s a T19 31.0 - 0-080 — ; $= 0.03 49S". Lcmot S 1 “32. 006 )gS. “OF 0.00490 x LKmtol Op pan ae t pigs _Tweo O27 arc + ast at H/4 -molec oz ‘Theo Ale> THEO Or J mo! = Uae 4+ 0.4950 + [30/4 - 0.905 eae ee He © SAR NGL malo, | |, |, |, MRR mot Oa AmoL ALE Q.21 Mol O> (ee eeeeee asd THeo Oy = atC + at S + at W/4 - moles O2 “tneo Air= 0.415 m0} 02 x. mal_ Air Theo 0a = ¢ (moles); ( caePPlolent 02) iat! £30) + 410.05) 4 5(05994 $ (0.20) os = A.Q\5 mol 02 oe et € 4. Pure cartoon is burnt (na furnace supplying 207. exces air. 807. oF the carbon n the, fuel gas. aa “ Cog, he rest Fo CO. Determine +e composition of the, combuction gases. hte AIR ol 207. BXCECS, Basis: oo mo! C f! pure C CH 02 —> 2 ce 2 oi ee oO Theo 02 = lopmnorC Limo! On Supplied 02 = 100m01 02 ¢ 10-2) Hs Na Vol Supplied 02 = 120 mol 02 f | ‘ On Theo 02 = 100mO! O2 oe molN2= 120molc, x 74moIN2 — For Coz? C +0, > Coz “_ ' 21 mol 02 (= 100 MOC y 1 mol CO2 , 0-80 a Nz = 451-42 mol Nz 1 poke i ¢ 02> 80 mol Coz : On used = 80 orc’ | mol Or , € \ mote” For 0: +4027 CO 02 used= 20.molC x Z mols a 0s used = 80 mol O2 co= Zomol-e Lmol CO. ‘i { mote cI Tmot& oz used = 10 mol Oz : (= 20 mol CO . ca Os unysed = supplied 02 ~ (02 used 2 #02 weed CO) (= 20 mol CO 2/8447, © | a E = 120 mol 02 - (BO mol O2 + 1Omol 02) (2 = 60 mol C02. = |(3.407. C02 . ¢€ ‘ = 30 mol 02 30 mol 02 = 1 Z 1.42 mol 2s Ge 5. Balance the following combustion reaction For : Lo a. CHs OH: 4-05 He? oF" 2CH30H + $02 —> 2002 +4420 CyHet F027 52 + 4H20 eS b..CaHs OH: @. Colo: ald 2C2Hy Ol t 60, —> ACOs + oH20 Collie + F 02 7 8002 t 4H20. é 2 © CHa: £. Cs Hg0H* Le Cita + 202-7 C2 + 2H20 Cag OH + $02 > 300 + 4H 0. 4 a 6. Determine tne teretical moles of oxygen needed for tHe, combustion oF 0.5 motes of. a in ag Cate + B62 40024 950 O5mOL Cite x Fmotea . 3.29 malOr = THeoOr ae : DS Weve al a fs +4. A hydrocarbon Fuel Is Fully combusted with 18.214g of oxygen tm yield 23.11eg é vaio dioxide, _ and 4.424g of water. Find tne empirical formula of the hydrocarbon. . e ‘ Hg Le dm Lol 0.5254 moc » > RDM 4329.9 thn0, pelts, 2moiW , 0:5254 mol H gH O- Timot thi” o.b254mol-Cy na + H204BGC ; 0.6254 motty Ligh _ 05254gH T mole Sov _s- Empirical Formula: CH 8. 12.9159 of bicchemical cubstances containing only Hydrogen, Carnon and Oxygen was burned In otmospee Of EXCRSS OXYGEN. Subsequent anolysis Of the gaseous rosuit yleded (6.442g carbon dioxide and 7-249 q of water. Determine the ompirical formula of the substance. a WW.9W2g Cor, LmoLOr Imre , Ig - S.luwgC 12-419q-(5.1ueg + 0.941g) 449007 [mola mote” * 6.6889 0 ; 1A4dg Hs0x I molto , 2molHt y Ig. 0.0elg H leg Heo * TmpotHs0 (orl et 6.8884 Oy LMOIO _ O.4BOS MOO ; F.\uegCy ImolC . 0.4305 mole We gO \age 0.BeIg HY ira H . 0.01 mol + Empirical Formula = CH, 0 igh 4. 20 Kg of compressed propane is burned with 400 kg, of ir to produce 44 Kg of (2 and (2 mat Whot was Hye percem excess air? 400Kg Air Calle + 502 > 3002+ 41,0 20kg fag; ItmolCsHtp _ 0.45a5ienot ante = porn 02 = 44g AOO KGAA | kml Ait Kiel Ai _ 13.8122 Kmol Air coe 11 kg 28.90KG-AIT Tneo 02 = 0.4545 kmolestte , 9 kot 02, 2 Supplied = Theo os a te xSair) \ Ox cuppited = Theo O2(1tx) Theo z= 2.2477 kmol 02 | 2.9006 Kinol O2 = 2.292% + 2.2924% 02 supplied = 13.8122 Kmol Air, O-21Kmol2 «= = O.2F 62 VKMOIAT hexeassair= 2%02% : . DAW AAAD AWD ® 02 suppli¢d= 2.4006 kmol 02 {0- A fuel containing 357 ethane and 257. propane 1s burned with *e dry ai Has bat fo H20 andthe COs to C0 ratio (s 10:1. Fifteen 7. excess alr Ic said colailate. percent C in the complete analysis of stack oe jth 2 ae : DCHet 502 —7 302 t4h20 eC CHK Oe ® A, CsHe Theo 02 25 molCate x 5mol 02 Ha0= 25 molest x Amol Ha0 €; (mol CoH. ImotCs He c Theo O2 = 125 mol 02 Has 100 mol H20, Ld a 02 supplied = Theo 02 (10-19) Na supplied = 445.625 mol 02 » 0.44 mol Nz ie On supplied = (202.54 125) (1.15) 0.21 mol 02 Ce 02 supplied = 445.625 mol O2 Nz supplied = "ul. 40 mol Nz i Io: 1 = 02:00 Total Carbon (Cr) = N24 Noo 4 5 Cs 2 = 1000 Cr = #5 mol Cote y 2molc a molCahe, BmolC — & {mol Cale 1 mol Cate 225 molC= NCOs + neo Cre 150 mole +35 mole : © 225 = (000 +00 Cr= 225 moiC Analysts of So: 5 = 1100 to = 204.5SmoI 2 * 8.417. c Nop = 225 mot co = 40.45 mol Co Neda 1000 = 204.55 mol p= 2o.dsmolcd = 0.89). u Oa = 8.35 Molo = 2.907, (- 2 unused= (02 cupplied ~ Theo 02) + 02 from CO H20= 25 mol H20 = 14167. r G2 unused = (445. 025- 387.5) + 20.45 moleO, 1mol O2 N= WeHe-40mol No = 73.057, 9 2moler” Ny = 2294.75 mol ith, ae 02 unused = 68-35 mol 02 COMBUSTION OF GASEOUS FUELS COMBUSTION - a. process of rapid exothermic oxidation In which a fuel buns In +he presence oF oxygen _ with the evolution of heat and Light. a & im oF Combustion is 4o get the maximum amount of neat from a. combustible cuvctance a In the shortest time. ae - Saeed) € € FUELS - combustible substance comaining carbon as main constituent: Crydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, | non-combustible materials), which by oxidation {s made a source of heat that canbe ued fF desived purpose (demestic/ nductrial) ~economicaly. a (8 2 bene ie ee ® Fuel (more onergy content) +02 —> Products (less energy content) + Heat _ There are numereus factors which need to be taken Init account when selecting a fuel for any | ‘given. application = price, space effect on the environment. FUELTYPES = Corbon-vased fuels : solid, Niquid and gas _ > Each type of fuels has “afreret conviction characteristics, th F may affect cotaulations » tt _ Gaseous and Viguid Fuels ote require ¢ne least: omaunt of 7. excess ait as they are easy 40 _ 201 exons ai) : _7 Solid fuels are almost accompanied witht large, t excess, air Cup t fo 0 “ CHARACTERISNCS OF Goo FUEL salou “\e Agood fwel must nave HiGH CALORIFIC VALUE _ 2. Moderate yelodty ¢ of ‘combustion — ese ier a “upon 4He CV. ang the velocity of combustion ae. in Ce en 1999499 ) ) re Bert) Y 9.9 4 4 3. Moderate. Ignition Temperature (kindling Temperature) — “ane lomest Hapa which fel at) pre-heated sehat it starts burning smootily - ; oe NOTE: LOW IGNITION TEMP - dangerous for storage and transportation HIGH IGNITION TEMP ~ couses difficulty in Ignition of fuel, 4. Low Moisture of Contertt— moisture content reduces the heating value of fuel, 3 owe 5. Low Not-combustible matter conte — aFter combustion, the non-combustible, Matter ‘remain’ in form, of AsHor CLINKER, The novi- combustible matter occupy volume in fuel and also reduces the eating, 3 value, besides additional cost Is included for storage, nandting a cand disposal of waste. ase 3 There Is meat loss of 1.57. for each 7% oF NOM. ' G. Availability and cost — a good Fuel must be readily avaliable at tow, wot % Transportation for a goat fuel should pe eady. } & Storage should ve easily ctored ata tow cost 4. No spontaneous combustion = a good fuel should not undergo spontoneous compustion, as it can use Fixe nazards ay : Jo. Controllable combustion — combustion of agood Fuel should be controllable WU. LESS SMOKE ~ a goed FUEL Should bum in alr with efficiency without much, smoke \2- Harmless, preduct of combustion — a fuel burning should not, give harmFul pollution ke panes WHE $02, Co, PHs,. HaS, ett. a. Uniform size fer solid fuels, size should oe ‘uniform 60 ‘that combustion Ie regular. | GASEOUS FUELS r most convenient, require least mount of handing, and simplest and most ‘mointenanee { ree burner sysrerns, os = requires for (ess excess alr for complete ‘combustion % F greater economy by use of efFictent heat exchange, methods possible G +he temperature s cay od | accurately controlled $ ‘ a a ~ direcky used in Internal combustion engiae -free from solid and liquid Impurities. = do not produce ach or smoke, DRAWBACKS IN USING GASEOUS FUELS. ~ They are readily inflammable Its wlgh specttic volumes result In aisplocement of air In a premixed combustion system | - Power produced with gaseous fuels Is less when compared fo solid and liquidfuets > Que f ifs high SV, gaseous fuel containers are much larger ‘hon those for tiquld ; “CLASSIFICATION. OF FUEL” “BASED ON OCOURENCE BASED ON PHYSICAL STATE Natura! /Primory = SOlid Gag, ‘ pean ey | + Ligutd Mchoe tn Si miaee B. FUEL GASES MADE FROM SOLID FUEL «© Gases derived From coal + Gases derived from waste and blomass i ‘ ee omer industriat processes / by-product of te reduction of ores (blast furnace gas) mH . GASES MADE FROM PETROLEUM + Liquefied Petroleum cas + Refinery gases © Gaces from oil gasification D. GASES FROM FERMENTATION PROCESS + when deciding whetner an alter native = For tne same pressure drop, te heat rel = For the same alrand fuel Flows, the fami parameters, winich nave to be carefully considered when designing and operating 4 combustion A device since they determine mnany combustion Peatures (e.g.tne temperature Held, pollutant safety) ? emission, combustion efficiengy, and material ee ~ For te acme heat release conditions, aro tre polutants within, #1 specified tolerance gas can be used in an application > ease is roughly, the same, : salt snape is same cFiame shape and Size are crucial E. OTHER MANUFACTURE GASES + From carbides with water (acetylene) «By electroly sis with electricity (42) © From peat— bydistillization of carbonization (peat gas). + By gasification ~ inair (producer gas) ~ insteam (water gas) *WORIFIC VALUE OF GASEOUS FUELS ~ Also KnOWN as HEATING VALUE of gaseous Fuels, ‘ é : = heat given off by tne complete combustion of o unit quantity (mass of volume) of fuel at sot semperature (25°C or for conventonce ambl ent aif temperature may ve used) = capacity to supply neat is tHe most important property : = UNITS: For solid and liquid fuels (KI/Kg, Keal/kg. cal/g. BTU/o) For gaseous fuels CKT/m?, Keal /m?, BTU/#?, cal/om?) reference, 7 AA AAA NT VOLUME MEASUREMENT 1. STANDARD TEMPERATIIRE ANID PRESSURE -GOYF and SO*Hpr 15.56% and *40 mmHg “2. NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE - 32°F ond 20°Hg or OC ond +40 mmtg, "5. DRY CONDITIONS = No Water Vapor Is present WIK#RE gas “WET CONDITIONS the gasis Saturated with vapor at stP — “AT SATURATION: Oe | fartial Pressure of water In gas = Vopor Pressure at Partial Saturation = Napor Pressure x (7. Relative Humidity A100) COMMON CONDITIONS FOR GAS VOLUME MEASUREMENTS — _ +The, vapor pressure. 1S, compufed oy using Antein ANTOINE'S E6! ® INE 'S EQUATION @ log VP= A~ BVPIs inmm ig ; Tis In °C Ott, — D ves oF cmbmiPtc VALUE j wee GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE (6CV) /HIGHER WEATING VALUE (HHY) ~ total amount of heat produced when a unit quantity of fuel 1s burnt completely and the _ products of combustion 1s allowed to coo! fo room” temperature In a cioged chamber. © ~ caloric value measured when water formed py combustion 1s In LIOUIP STATE. ; C WET CALORIFIC VALUE (Nev) / LOWER HEATING VALUE (LHV) é : i ae = amount of heat produced when a unit quantity of fued 1s ourmt completely ond the products of combustion are allowed to escape eo tay ca. ~ calorific value measured when water formed by combustion isin GASEOUS STATE, NOTE: Lev/Nc’ < HOV/GOY “3 CALORIFIC VALWE OF GASEOUS MIXTURE i) cov: EWC: XML, ACL= Heat of combustion of component l ni> mole Fraction of gaseous component 7 S4399:99 Nol= Gov - mol Water from Fil Combustion, Le of water, Le Latent neat of Total mol of Fuel a = 4.04 MT /Kgmol NOTE ' lS © 51 unit are exprocsed on a dry (4s dry SCM) oF wet (MI/SCM) af 15.56°C, 440 mimibg. and (007. RH. ~ a C | « by dePautt, Gov is reported. ee C_ Exercises: "SL. b Hy a) MS/Kmol “) keal /gmol Basis: |Kgmol of Natural gas ‘o.uyKg. | ae “6 Myr dy sh” : ) MISO n cha 0.844 Cate 0.05 “| Cate 0.014 f| i-cato 9, 004 n-CaHio | 0.006 2 0.00% Ne 0.02 1.000 [445.52 | 4.128 [ Gove Fess thisii Jee o) MT/Kimol = 445.52 oD 6) Keat/gmol > 445.52 x1 | 225.82 Alet” OMI/d)> 945.52M7_ 1 Knol 24 sent mot 22am?” 279415.56 li) ey Pele) Fi P "i i ae 6) MI/KQ= 945.52 x1. 52.2% 18.088, 2) at 15.56" using Anteine Equation: log VP= 4.46683 -Wwoe. 21, 1. img (228+ 15.5%) % ae same ‘ Pee. MI /SCM + 945.52 MT Kmol 298 MOOI OAH kmol 2.4m? FABt15.56 THO NO: oo Total moles water formed = at H/2 = 4128/2 = 2064Kgmol NeV= GOV _ moles water from fuelcombustion , Le, of water ‘total moles of fuel a i 0) MT/Kmol = 045.52 MI _ (204 ) (44.04 is) = 854.02 mor 1 mol 6) koal/gmol= @54.62 y ! = 204.11 494 OMI /bg= 854-62 ¢_1_ . 44.29 DMT /ASCM. B54-62MT, I kml . 273 = 36.04 nol am ese | >) MT /SCM = eo4. 62 MI ‘nmol, __273 x HOI 95M kml ™ 224m * 993 +16.56 - 40 “DIFFERENT APPROACHES ON CALCULATIDN OF GASEOUS FUELS _® Caloulations based on fuel analysis “© Colavlations based on Flue gas analysis » Colaulotions based on partial analysis of flue gas ak is a ois |S ANALSSIS CORSAT OR COMPLETE) OF THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION - FIM gas OF, ’ FREE 02 = excess 02 + 02 From unburmt combustible . . TAXCMSO2T OO +t 2 | |, A , 2 9 » No = Na fromair + Nz from fuel Ha = moisture from fuel + moisture From, air + H20 formed fom combustion of fuel, © AIR- FUEL Ratio : a) STACKGAS- FUEL Ratio ahd the heating value 10ss, neglecting heot input from the fuel and air. H also measures ‘7. - oral wet from tie fuel thot call be used fo generate power. » , t + One Of He important determinations in combustion ealoulations {s +me DEW POINT of the flue @ sve greater tre moisture prosent in tne gas, the higher Its dew point . 1 te flue gases are g _ ¥ne dew point, H20 condenses and May dissolve Cz and S02 to form acids - Tnese acids are ‘C.- ana affect #ne tunes. e e€ C Examples: L-IF dry Hydrogen gus at otmospheric pressure is vurnt completely i in 0 furnace with 02 . COloulate the OA of tne flue gas from the furnace. ta 2. Pure etnane 1 burned completely In. 207 excecs alr. Alr is cupplled at 25%, 440 torr and Is pene < dry. Catauiate: : : Q. The OA of the dry products ‘of combustion. , 2 tp, kg OA supplied / kg of F& ¢. GAbIC meters of ait / Kg ethane 4. cubic meters ot # products of combustion meacure at 400%C, (00 KAU / KgetHORe @. Partial pressure of water IM He product of combustion SOLUTION: BASIS: | Kgmol Cay /30KG CaHe Cay + 302% 2002 + 4420 25% Wo torr 100 KPa/ Kg Cae 201. xs alt % THEO Op = 1 KQMo! C2He x KMOl 02 KMOL (O2 = 1 KMmOI Cale x 2KmOt 002 a Vkmol CH Tomol CMe) ae = FP umolo2 = 2.5 Kmol 02 = 2Kmol Coz — Op SUPPLIED = Tweo 02 x (1+ 0.20) 02 FREE = 02 supplied - Theo 02 3 .) a = 3.5 Kmol 02 (1-2) = 4.2 Wmol02~- 3.9 KMmol 02 a = 4.2 KmOl 02 = 0.7 Kmol Og y Nz SUPPLIED = 4.2 kmol O2 x 0.34 KmolN2 _ORSAT ANALYSIS 0) ae ‘oz Kmol 02 Oo2= 2kmol = WBN, = 15-8 KMO! Nz ootee: bt hmol = 3.787 | Naz15.0emol 2 95-40, | Mr 19.5 KMmol cs KG OA SUPPLIED/ Ke OF Fo = (4.7 WOON Ge 415.94M01N2), 20NORir Tumorair 1833 KgOR THM! CaHe x 30Kg C2He te Gites mot Cal me alk / KG Colle = (4.2 Kmoloz + 15-8 Kmol Nz), 2.4m? 224m, 460, 343 +25 a “kmot #40 “7 ats 1.74 m? AIR 30 tg Cate on ere mm? STACK GAS / KG Cite = 21.5 kmol Total, 22.4 tol. 3a5 kA, 273+ 400 ; mot 100 KPa 273. 40.0ggtmP Se aig, |) xa (a= 2hmo! N27 15.8 Kmol r= 02+ 0.FKmol H20= 3 kmo! 5 kmot Fo | mol water | 3 knot ee [a Fe” total mol” ai.sKmol ” oe e CASE 2: BASED ON FLUE GAS ANALYSIS ©) AF the Na Inthe Fuel is negligible, #he Na in Hhe flue gas may be acsumed 1 be olt coming from air. ®) Excess 02 may ve computed as: ae EXCESS Op = free Og = CO - Ha. ji a 2 2 7 © An O» balance will determine the O2 unaccounted for. This 02 was used to burn Ho to Water, and Was — ‘not accounted slace water Is not included in tne. orsat analysis. ’ AD) Nnen losses of combustible matter suchas soot Gre small, all the Carbon In +e fuel, “ore scent for In he stack gas. ©The NET HYOROGEN Is the hydrogen. in tne fuel +hat user 02 “from air for. combustion. The net hydrogen Is equal to the total hydrogen WM the fuel IF No Oa fs present In Hhe fuel Example: 4A pure Saturated hydrocarbon (CaHan42) is burned with exc0ss air. orcat analysis of he protect of combustion shows 4.08. 002, 1.687. C0, 5.28 Oz and no free Hz. Calculate: a a) The formula of the Hydrocarbon. bb)“ excess alt ©. kg dry alr/ kg of hydicarbon SOLUTION: + BASIS: 100 kmol Pry Stack Gas CoHanez 2 SUPPLIED = 84.0 KmoI Nz, 0.21 Kmol Oz Cresco, tee tia used | 2 #4 Kimo! N2- 08 + 1-63 (2/1) £5.28 f _ = 22.33 kmol 02 a et D2 WNACCOUNTED = 0, supplied - 02 accounted — Mlry = 3 ameter molt 28.62 Mot H 22223-15499), 202 Timmol Ha = 4.155 kmol 02 The = Me-pean +. Ne-voo +t 06 ko! Org ARMOLE —, 14KMOL CO x TKMOLE i Semel aiken + MP EATSES FORMULA OF HYDROCARBIN: Cs) _/- EXCESS AIR =_AVC Supplied - AIT Used ¢neo = Airaid ane ots 02 > Oe Gene 163 Kino} CO, x, adams 0.815 Kmol 02 sae ae NOC meee! SOT —_— “T-EXCES AIR = 4.405 x 100 Ke DA/KGHC = (84. ol Kmol N2 +22. 33 Kmol 02), 244g Air 17.865 laKmolnic = ail. Be : TOAL Kmol C12 Kge Cie ee *Kmale = 1q. 62 kg on. Kg HC.

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