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Finite Element Method 4.0, Fault

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Finite Element Method

2 2
Summary

Introduction to Finite Element Method

Review of Matrix Algebra

Types of Finite Elements

Bar and Beam Elements

Two-Dimensional Problems

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Introduction to Finite Element Method
WWW.Questions.com

What is Finite Element Method?

Why Finite Element Method?

Where we can use FEM?

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
What is Finite Element Method?
❖ Basic Concepts
The finite element method (FEM), or finite element
analysis (FEA), is based on the idea of building a
complicated object with simple blocks, or, dividing a
complicated object into small and manageable pieces.
Application of this simple idea can be found everywhere
in everyday life, as well as in engineering.

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
What is Finite Element Method?
❖ Examples:
• Lego (kids’ play)

• Buildings

• Approximation of the area of a circle:

Area of one triangle

Area of the circle

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method

Why Finite Element Method?

❑ Design analysis: hand calculations, experiments, and

computer simulations

❑ FEM/FEA is the most widely applied computer

simulation method in engineering

❑ Closely integrated with CAD/CAM applications

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method

Where we can use Finite Element Method?

✓ Mechanical/Aerospace/Civil/Automobile Engineering
✓ Structure analysis (static/dynamic, linear/nonlinear)
✓ Thermal/fluid flows
✓ Electromagnetics
✓ Geomechanics
✓ Biomechanics
✓ ……
Modeling of gear coupling
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 Introduction to Finite Element Method

FEM in Structural Analysis (The Procedure)

✓ Divide structure into pieces (elements with nodes)

✓ Describe the behavior of the physical quantities on
each element
✓ Connect (assemble) the elements at the nodes to form
an approximate system of equations for the whole
structure

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
FEM in Structural Analysis (The Procedure)
✓ Solve the system of equations involving unknown
quantities at the nodes (e.g., displacements)
✓ Calculate desired quantities (e.g., strains and
stresses) at selected elements

Example FEM model for a gear tooth

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Computer Implementations

Preprocessing (build FE model,

loads and constraints)

FEA solver (assemble and solve

the system of equations)

Postprocessing (sort and display

the results)

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Available Commercial FEM Software Packages
ANSYS (General purpose, PC and workstations)

SDRC/I-DEAS (Complete CAD/CAM/CAE package)

NASTRAN (General purpose FEA on mainframes)

ABAQUS (Nonlinear and dynamic analyses)

COSMOS (General purpose FEA)

ALGOR (PC and workstations)

PATRAN (Pre/Post Processor)

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Objectives of This FEM Course

Understand the fundamental ideas of the FEM

Know the behavior and usage of each type of elements covered

in this course

Be able to prepare a suitable FE model for given problems

Can interpret and evaluate the quality of the results (know

the physics of the problems)
Be aware of the limitations of the FEM (don’t misuse the FEM
- a numerical tool) 13
 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Review of Matrix Algebra
❖ Linear System of Algebraic Equations

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Review of Matrix Algebra

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Row and Column Vectors

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Matrix Multiplication

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Unit (Identity) Matrix

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Determinant of a Matrix

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Matrix Inversion

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 Introduction to Finite Element Method
Types of Finite Elements

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Spring Element “Everything important is simple .”

One Spring Element

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Spring Element “Everything important is simple .”

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Spring Element “Everything important is simple .”

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 Spring Element “Everything important is simple .”

We only consider linear problems in this introductory course.

Consider the equilibrium of forces for the spring. At node i, we have

where
k = (element) stiffness matrix
u = (element nodal) displacement vector
f = (element nodal) force vector
Note that k is symmetric. Is k singular or nonsingular?
That is, can we solve the equation? If not, why?

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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Spring System

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

❖ Linear Static Analysis

Most structural analysis problems can be treated as linear static problems, based
on the following assumptions
✓ Small deformations (loading pattern is not changed due to the deformed shape)
✓ Elastic materials (no plasticity or failures)
✓ Static loads (the load is applied to the structure in a slow or steady fashion)

Linear analysis can provide most of the information about the behavior of a
structure, and can be a good approximation for many analyses. It is also the
bases of nonlinear analysis in most of the cases.
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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

❖ Bar Element

Consider a uniform prismatic bar:

L: length A: cross-sectional area

E: elastic modulus u = u(x) displacement
ε = ε (x) strain σ = σ(x) stress 43
 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

❖ Bar Element
𝜕𝑢
Strain-displacement relation: 𝜀= 𝜀𝑥 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
𝜕𝑥
Stress-strain relation: 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀
Considering a one-dimensional element with two nodes working only
in tension or compression.
we can take 𝒖 𝒙 = 𝒂𝟎 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙
And as x = 0 ⇒ u(0) = 𝑢𝑖 x = L ⇒ u(L) = 𝑢𝑗
Where L is the length of the bar then the expression of the linear form
can be written: 𝑥 𝑥
𝑢 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 44
𝐿 𝐿
 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

❖ Bar Element
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑢𝑖
𝑢 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 in matrix form: 𝑢 𝑥 = 1 − ቊ𝑢
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑗

depending on the interpolation functions

𝑢𝑖 𝑥 𝑥
𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑁1 𝑁2 ቊ𝑢 𝑁1 = 1 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁2 =
𝑗 𝐿 𝐿
𝜕 𝜕 −1 1
𝜀= N 𝑢=𝐵𝑢 𝐵= 𝑁1 (𝑥) 𝑁2 (𝑥) 𝐵=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝐿 𝐿
The constraint can be written as: 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 = 𝐸𝐵𝑢
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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Stiffness Matrix « Direct Method »

Assuming that the displacement u is varying linearly along the axis of the bar
𝑥 𝑥
𝑢 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗
𝐿 𝐿
𝑢𝑗 − 𝑢𝑖 ∆ ( ∆ = elongation)
𝜀= =
𝐿 𝐿
∆ 𝐹
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 = 𝐸 𝜎= (F = force in bar)
𝐿 𝐴
∆ 𝐹 𝐸𝐴
𝜎=𝐸 = → ∆= 𝐹 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑘𝑢 = 𝑓
𝐿 𝐴 𝐿
𝐸𝐴
𝑘= 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 46
𝐿
 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Stiffness Matrix « Direct Method »

by adopting the stiffness matrix of the spring element to the bar element

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Stiffness Matrix « Direct Method »

Problem: Find the stresses in the two bar assembly which is loaded with force P,
and constrained at the two ends,as shown in the figure.

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Bar Elements in 2-D

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Bar Elements in 2-D

Where 𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑚 = sin 𝜃

′ 𝑢
𝑢𝑖 𝑙 𝑚 𝑖 ′
In matrix form, = 𝑜𝑟 𝒖𝒊 ෩𝒖𝒊
=𝑻
′
𝑣𝑖 −𝑚 𝑙 𝑣𝑖

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Bar Elements in 2-D

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Bar Elements in 2-D

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Bar Elements in 2-D

In the local coordinate system, we have

′
𝑢𝑖 𝑓𝑖′
1 0 −1 0 ′
𝐸𝐴 0 0 0 0 𝑣𝑖 0
Augmenting this equation, we write ′ = ′
𝐿 −1 0 1 0 𝑢𝑗 𝑓𝑗
0 0 0 0 ′
𝑣𝑗 0

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Bar Elements in 2-D

Where,

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Bar Elements in 2-D

Explicit form,

Calculation of the directional cosines l and m:

Nota :The structure stiffness matrix is assembled by using the

element stiffness matrices in the usual way as in the 1-D case. 55
 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Bar Elements in 2-D

Element Stress

That is,

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Bar Elements in 2-D

Exemple 1

A simple plane truss is made

of two identical bars (with E, A, and
L), and loaded as shown in the
figure. Find
1) displacement of node 2;
2) stress in each bar.

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

➢ Bar Elements in 2-D

Exemple 2

For the plane truss shown above,

Determine the displacements and reaction forces.

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

III. Beam Element

Simple Plane Beam Element

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Elementary Beam Theory:

Using the results from elementary beam theory to compute each column of the
stiffness matrix.

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Formal Approach
Element stiffness equation (local node: i, j or 1, 2)

Apply the formula,

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Formal Approach

To derive this, we introduce the shape functions,

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Formal Approach
Then, we can represent the deflection as,

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Formal Approach

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Formal Approach

II

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Formal Approach

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Formal Approach
We conclude that the stiffness matrix for the simple beam element is

Applying the result in (II) and carrying out the integration, we arrive at the same
stiffness matrix as given in (I)

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Formal Approach
Combining the axial stiffness (bar element), we obtain the stiffness matrix of a
general 2-D beam element,

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Example

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Equivalent Nodal Loads of Distributed Transverse Load

This can be verified by considering the work done by the distributed load q.

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

Example

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 Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements

FE Analysis of Frame Structures

Members in a frame are considered to be rigidly connected. Both forces and
moments can be transmitted through their joints. We need the general beam
element (combinations of bar and simple beam elements) to model frames.

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