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and Gross Anatomy. Each exercise within these chapter sections has been ■■ Revised Figure 4.3 Classroom Model of a Prototypical
designed with the student’s actual experience in the anatomy laboratory Animal Cell
in mind. Thus, each exercise covers only a single histology slide, ■■ Revised Exercise 4.3 Observing Classroom Models of Cellular
classroom model, or region of the human body (for example: muscles Anatomy to include space for students to sketch a prototypical cell
of the abdominal wall, histology of cardiac muscle, model of the human with organelles
ear). In addition, organization of each chapter into a series of discreet
exercises makes the laboratory manual easily customizable to any anatomy Chapter 5
classroom, allowing an instructor to assign certain exercises, while having ■■ New Clinical View: Histopathology
students skip other exercises. ■■ New Clinical View: Functions of epithelial surface
modifications
New Table 5.1 Classification of Epithelial Tissue by Number
Changes to the Third Edition
■■
of Cell Layers
Certain changes to the third edition of this laboratory manual have been ■■ New Learning Strategy: Differentiating osteoblasts from
applied throughout all chapters. osteocytes and chondroblasts from chondrocytes
■■ New Learning Strategy: Differentiating the three types of cartilage
■■ Word origins have been added to tables, where relevant.
from each other
■■ Chapter opening pages now include a list of reference tables.
■■ New Clinical View: Carcinomas and Sarcomas
■■ Pre-Laboratory Worksheets and Post-Laboratory Worksheets
■■ New Learning Strategy: “Lookalikes” in Histology, which
include a broader variety of question types.
includes six new histology images
■■ Drawing circles have been enlarged and standardized throughout
■■ New Learning Strategy on identifying a histological slide of
to allow more space for student drawings.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
■■ Tables have been reorganized to include headings and
subheadings for ease of learning.
Chapter 6
■■ Safety icons have been added throughout the manual to alert
students to potential hazards in the lab. ■■ New Learning Strategy: Comparing layers of the skin to their
■■ New content has been added in numerous places throughout the component parts in a piece of leather
manual, including: ■■ Revised Figure 6.11 Classroom Model of the
Integument
■■ additional new exercises
■■ New Learning Strategy comparing apocrine sweat glands
■■ new Concept Connection boxes
and sebaceous glands
■■ new Clinical View boxes
■■ new Learning Strategy boxes Chapter 7
■■ New Exercise: 7.4: Identifying Classes of Bones Based on
Changes by Chapter ■■
Shape
Converted introductory material on long bones into an exercise:
The following is a list of the most significant changes by chapter in the Exercise 7.5 Components of a long bone
third edition of this lab manual.
Chapter 1 Chapter 8
■■ New Learning Strategy on studying anatomy and physiology ■■ New introductory text on bone markings
■■ Safety icons emphasizing safe dissection techniques ■■ New Table 8.1 Bone Markings
■■ New Learning Strategy on relating skeletal structure to
Chapter 2 function
■■ New Figure 2.1 The Anatomic Position, Body Planes, and ■■ New Learning Strategy on the word origins of bones and bone
■■ New Figure 2.3 Sections Through a Sheep Heart Bony Landmarks to include word origins
■■ New Learning Strategy on visualizing structures as they travel
Chapter 3 through the foramina of the skull
■■ New Figure 3.3 Loading a Microscope Slide ■■ Revised Figure 8.12 The Hyoid Bone
■■ Revised Figure 3.5 Estimating Specimen Size ■■ New Learning Strategy on learning the number of vertebrae in
each region of the vertebral column
Chapter 4 ■■ Replaced Clinical View: Spina Bifida with new Clinical View:
■■ New Exercise 4.1A: Preparing a Wet Mount of Human Cheek Spondylolisthesis
Cells ■■ New Concept Connection on the atlas and axis
■■ Revised table 4.2 so it takes up only one page. Included space ■■ New Learning Strategy on identifying vertebrae from each region
for students to draw the phases of mitosis in each row describing of the vertebral column
the stage ■■ Revised Figure 8.23 A Typical Rib
Preface vii
Chapter 9 ■■ eorganized Table 13.6: Posterior (Extensor) Compartment of the
R
■■ New Concept Connection on learning the bony features of the Forearm
■■ Revised Gross Anatomy introductory text: Muscles That Move
appendicular skeleton
■■ Revised Exercise 9.1 Bones of the Pectoral Girdle the Hip Joint/Thigh
■■ New Learning Strategy to aid in remembering muscles in the
■■ Revised Exercise 9.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
■■ Revised Figure 9.8 Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral Girdle and medial compartment of the thigh
■■ Revised Table 13.8: Muscles That Act About the Hip Joint/
Upper Limb
■■ Revised Exercise 9.4 Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Thigh
■■ Revised Learning Strategy on distinguishing a male versus a
■■ Revised Exercise 13.5: Muscles That Move the Hip
■■ Revised Exercise 13.6: Compartments of the Thigh
female pelvis
■■ New Learning Strategy on determining distinctive features for
■■ New Table 13.9: Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
each bone ■■ New Table 13.10: Posterior Compartment of the Thigh
■■ Revised Exercise 9.5 Bones of the Lower Limb
■■ New Learning Strategy on remembering the names of the tarsal Chapter 15
bones ■■ evised Table 15.3 Cells Associated with Taste Buds to include
R
word origins
Chapter 10 ■■ Reorganized Table 15.1: Sensory Receptors in Thick Skin
■■ Revised Introduction to more clearly explain joint classification ■■ Revised Figure 15.10 Skin
■■ New Table 10.1: Structural (Anatomic) Classification of Joints ■■ Revised Exercise 15.8 Gross Anatomy of the Eye to include
■■ Reorganized Exercise 10.1 Fibrous Joints to be consistent with Exercise 15.8A Accessory Structures of the Eye and Exercise
Table 10.3 Classification of Fibrous Joints 15.8B Internal Structures of the Eye
■■ Revised Table 10.5 Components of Synovial Joints to include ■■ Revised Figure 15.11 Accessory Structures of the Eye
most relevant terms ■■ Revised Figure 15.12 Classroom Model of the Internal Eye
■■ Revised Exercise 10.6 Structural Classification of Synovial
Joints to include more detailed description of each type of Chapter 16
synovial joint ■■ ew Learning Strategy on hormones secreted by the anterior
N
pituitary gland
Chapter 11 ■■ Revised Figure 16.7 Adrenal Glands
■■ Revised Introduction to more concisely summarize the muscular
system and chapter organization Chapter 17
■■ Reorganized the order of chapter topics and exercises: skeletal, ■■ evised Exercise 17.3 Location of the Heart and the
R
cardiac, and smooth muscle Pericardium
■■ New Learning Strategy describing how to distinguish smooth ■■ New Learning Strategy on remembering the atrioventricular
muscle tissue from dense regular connective tissue valves on the right versus the left side of the heart
■■ Reorganized Table 17.3 Arterial Supply to the Heart
Chapter 12
■■ Reorganized Exercise 12.1 Muscles of Facial Expression Chapter 18
■■ New Learning Strategy on using word origins to assist with ■■ ew Clinical View: Great Saphenous Vein and Varicose Veins
N
learning muscle attachments ■■ Revised Figure 18.11 Circulation to the Thoracic and Abdominal
■■ New Learning Strategy on learning the external and internal Walls
oblique muscles
■■ New Learning Strategy on the rationale behind using Chapter 19
directional terms when naming certain muscles
■■ eorganized the order of chapter topics and exercises: thymus,
R
lymph nodes, and the spleen
Chapter 13 ■■ New Clinical View: Appendicitis
■■ Revised Gross Anatomy introductory text: Muscles That Move ■■ New Table 19.5 Major Lymphatic Vessels of the Body
the Pectoral Girdle/Glenohumeral Joint ■■ Revised Figure 19.8 Lymph Node and Its Components
■■ Revised Table 13.1: Muscles That Act About the Pectoral
Girdle Chapter 20
■■ Revised Exercise 13.1: Muscles That Act About the Pectoral
■■ New Learning Strategy to remember the lobes of the right versus
Girdle/Glenohumeral Joint to include Exercise 13.1A: Muscles
the left lung
That Move the Pectoral Girdle and Exercise 13.1B: Muscles That
Move the Glenohumeral Joint
■■ New Clinical View: Winged Scapula Chapter 21
■■ Revised Table 13.2: Muscles That Move the Glenohumeral ■■ Reorganized Table 21.1 Histological Features of the Kidney to
Joint include headings and subheadings
viii Preface
Chapter 22 Chapter 26
■■ New Learning Strategy on distinguishing between gastric pits and ■■ All new chapter! The Autonomic Nervous System
gastric glands
■■ New Learning Strategy on distinguishing the three parts of the Chapter 27
small intestine ■■ eoriented Table 27.3 Leukocyte Characteristics for better
R
■■ Revised Figure 22.5 The Small Intestine readability
■■ New Learning Strategy on villi as they relate to the GI Tract ■■ Inserted “Caution” symbol and text about precautions necessary if
■■ New Exercise 22.8 Overview of the GI Tract using human blood
■■ New Figure 22.10 Overview of the Digestive System
■■ Reorganized Table 22.7 Gross Anatomic Regions and Features Pedagogy
Associated with the Stomach This laboratory manual utilizes several pedagogical devices to assist
■■ Revised Figure 22.12 Classroom Model of the Stomach students in learning human anatomy in the laboratory setting.
■■ Reorganized Table 22.8 Gross Anatomic Features of
the Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, and Their Associated ■■ Outline and Objectives Each chapter begins with an
Ducts outline that lists the exercises within the chapter. Below
■■ Reorganized Table 22.10 The Cecum, Large Intestine, Rectum,
each exercise is a list of objectives that conform to the
and Anus activities the students are asked to complete within each
■■ New Figure 22.18 The Cecum, Large Intestine, and Rectum
exercise.
■■ Pre- and Post-Laboratory Worksheets Pre-Laboratory
Worksheets at the beginning of each chapter are intended
Chapter 23
to give the student a “warm up” before entering the
■■ New Learning Strategy on sustentacular cells in the testes laboratory classroom. Some questions pertain to previous
■■ Reorganized Table 23.4 Components of the Uterine activities that are relevant to the upcoming activities (for
Tube example: review questions about nervous tissues in the
■■ Reorganized Table 23.6 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Pre-Laboratory Worksheet for the chapter on the brain
■■ New Learning Strategy: “Lookalikes”—uterine tube and seminal and cranial nerves), while others are basic questions that
vesicles students should be able to answer if they have read the
■■ New Concept Connection on lactation chapter from the main textbook before coming into the
classroom. The goal of completing these worksheets is
Chapter 24 simple: have students arrive at the laboratory prepared
■■ Reorganized Table 24.1 to separate meningeal structures into to deal with the material they will be covering so they
categories (e.g., Dural sinuses and Dural Septa) do not waste valuable in-class time reviewing necessary
■■ New Exercise 24.3 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) background information.
■■ New Figure 24.5 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Production and
Circulation
■■ Reorganized Table 24.3 Brain Structures Visible in Superficial
Views of Whole or Sagittally Sectioned Brains Chapter 5: Histology Name:
Date: Section:
■■ New Learning Strategy on locating the trochlear nerve on models PRE-LABORATORY WORKSHEET
These Pre-laboratory Worksheet questions may be
and the brain assigned by instructors through their course.
■■ Merged separate chapters on the brain and cranial nerves into a 1. Which of the four basic tissue types is/are excitable? (Check all that apply.)
■■ Reorganized the content in Exercise 24.9 so the text and figures ____ c. muscle
____ d. nervous
are more closely aligned with each other 2. All connective tissues are derived from an embryonic connective tissue called mesenchyme. _____________________ (True/False)
■■ New Clinical View: Additional Nerves of the Brachial 4. Which of the four tissue types contains an extensive extracellular matrix (ECM)? (Circle one.)
a. connective
Plexus b. epithelial
c. muscle
■■ Revised Table 25.1 Regional Characteristics of the Spinal Cord to d. nervous
include word origins 5. Which of the three types of muscle tissue is/are striated? (Check all that apply.)
____ a. cardiac
Cross Section 6. Identify the basic tissue type that exhibits polarity (has both apical and basal surfaces). (Circle one.)
Plexus Post-Laboratory
c. muscle
d. nervous Worksheets at the end of each chapter help
■■ Revised Exercise 25.5 The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses students review
7. Bone is a unique connective the
tissue that material
is avascular (lacking bloodthey just covered,
vessels). _____________________ and challenge
(True/False)
■■ Reorganized original Table 25.6 into Table 25.6 Major Nerves them to apply the knowledge gained in the laboratory
8. The loose connective tissue(s) that consists of fibers that stain black is/are _____________________. (Check all that apply.)
____ a. adipose
(for
of the Lumbar Plexus and Table 25.7 Major Nerves of the example:
____ b. bone
questions
____ c. dense regular
asking students to determine loss of
Sacral Plexus function
____ d. elastic if a particular nerve or part of the brain is damaged).
____ e. reticular
9. Which of the following are classified as supportive connective tissues? (Check all that apply.)
____ a. adipose Preface ix
____ b. bone
____ c. cartilage
____ d. muscle
____ e. reticular
The Post-Laboratory Worksheets contain more in-depth, 434 Chapter Twenty The Respiratory System
critical thinking types of questions than the Pre-Laboratory (continued from previous page)
Worksheets. Post-Laboratory Worksheets are perforated Frontal sinus
so they can be torn out of the manual and handed in to the
Paranasal
sinuses Sphenoidal sinus
Vestibule
laboratory manual are about doing, not just observing. Nostril
Pharyngeal tonsil
Opening of auditory tube
Soft palate
Exercises offer a mixture of activities including labeling
Hard palate
Uvula
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
139
system structures visible
in a midsagittal view of
the head and neck.
The hyoid bone and the auditory ossicles are bones of the axial
The 1 corresponds to the Learning Objective(s) listed in the chapter opener outline. 10
3
1 11
skeleton that are associated with the skull, but they are not part
Do You Know the Basics?
Exercise 5.1: Identification and Classification of Epithelial Tissue
4
5
12
13
of the skull proper. The auditory ossicles are part of the hearing
1. The epithelial type that protects against abrasion is ____________________. 1
Hard palate
Soft palate
skeleton.
____ 4. imparts strength and protection d. microvilli
7
4. When observing a cross section of a tube that is lined with epithelial tissue (e.g., the gut tube), the epithelial surface that faces the lumen of the
Prior to5.4:learning
Exercise Identification andthe specific
Classification bones
of Supporting Connectiveof the axial and appendicular skel-
Tissue greater cornu
eton,4. itObserve
is important the articulated
to becomeskeleton familiar in the general
with laboratory and look that
terminology at
8. The three types of cartilage are differentiated from one another by the type and arrangement of ____________________. 11
Learning Strategy
describes thethe placement of eachthe hyoid of thebone with respect
fromtochapter
9. The pubic symphysis is composed of fibrocartilage. ____________________ (True/False) 12
features of bones. Recall the mandible.
7 that all © Alinari Archives/The Image Works
■■ Labeling Activities In the gross anatomy exercises of this
10. Which of the following is/are a type of bone tissue? (Check all that apply.) 10 – 13
When learning the processes, projections, foramina (holes),
bones undergo
____ a. areolar
5. Identify a process
the structures of ossification, whereby osteoblasts lay down
manual, images
____ b. compact
of thingslisted suchinasfigure cranial8.12 on a hyoid
bones, muscles bone, and other markings of the bones, view each structure, study
new bony using matrix (osteoid) during
the textbook boneThen development. At 8.12.
the same time,
and so onasare a guide. labelasfigure
____ c. elastic
of the body,
____ d. reticular
not presented labeled photos it closely, and contemplate its function. The process may be
muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach to these bones as they begin to
____ e. spongy
an attachment point for a ligament, a tendon, or a muscle. The
because
Exercise theandstudents
5.5: Identification already
Classification of Fluid have labeled photos in their
Connective Tissue
develop, and blood vessels and nerves pass through or between bones opening or hole may serve as a passageway for a nerve, artery,
main textbook. Instead, each image is presented as a labeling
11. The two types of fluid connective tissue are ________________ and _______________. 14
as the vessels grow into their target organs. Continual movement during
12. The cells in fluid connective tissue are _________________. The fibers in fluid connective tissue are ______________________. 15
or vein. The smooth surface may be where the bone articulates
activity with a checklist of structures. The checklists serve
development, particularly when bones are soft andChapter pliable, leads83 to the
Five Histology
with another bone. For each structure, relate form to function.
two purposes: (1) they guide
formation of distinguishing features on each bone. Once a bone com- students to what items they
The Fetal
need
pletely ossifies,Skull
to be able to identify on classroom
the markings become solid, recognizable features of models, fresh birth canal. The spaces between the plates of bone in the developing
the specimens,
bone. In general, or cadavers
smooth (if the
surfaces laboratory
are found uses
onfetus human
articulating surfaces skull still consist of connective tissue membranes, which are largest in
Like all bones
cadavers), in the
and (2) body,
they the skull bones
double as a of the
list of terms are still develop-
students places where more than two bones come together. These membranes
(surfaces
ing.can Recall thatthat form they joints);
develop projections represent points
via intramembranous of muscle,which
ossification, liga-
ment, use
and replacing to complete
tendon attachment; the labeling
and tissueforaminaactivities. Answers
are passageways to the
for tissue.
blood are
■■ What Do (fontaine,
fontanels You Think? a small fountain),
Questions and atcan
Placed keybe felt within
points as “soft
involves a connective membrane with bone spots”
labeling
vessels and nerves. activities are provided
8.1thelists in the
each between appendix.
of the major Thus, if a exercises, these critical thinking questions challenge students until
on a baby’s head. The fontanels will not fill in completely
a fetus Table skull bonebonesmarkings The toSkull
Thus, when is born, sutures have not between the ages of 2the
and“what”
3.
and student does not know what a leader line is pointing to, or think beyond of the structures they are observing
yet provides
formed, which a description allows and the general
head to definitiondistort as for the marking.
it moves throughThis the
cannot remember the correct
information will assist in understanding what kind of structure to look term, he or she can consult and start
The bones thatto thinkupabout
make the “why.”
the skull Answers
are separated intoare provided
two in the
functional cate-
for the
when appendix
identifying to locateindividual the correct
bones and answer.
their This is a bit
respective more in
features gories:appendix.
the cranial bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid,
challenging
subsequent exercises. to students than having a pre-labeled image and ethmoid) and the facial bones (maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal,
in the lab manual. However, that is precisely the goal:
challenge the students!
E X E RC I S E 8 . 5 The Fetal Skull
■■ Learning Strategy Handy “Learning Strategy” boxes
Table
coach
1. Observe
8.1students Bone
a fetal through Markings
skull thea more
or modelproblematic
of a fetal skull areas of study. W H AT D O YO U T H I N K ?
They
General offer
(figure 8.13). tips such as points of clarification and things
Anatomic Term Description 1 Why do you think the fontanels Word Origin
persist until well after the birth
Structure
to be aware of, and/or careful of when making certain
2. Based on observations of the adult skull, locate the major of the infant?
observations.
cranial bones
Articulating Condyleon the fetal skull (e.g., frontal,
Large, smooth,parietal,
round articulating structure kondylos, a knuckle
x Surfaces occipital).
Preface
Facet Small, flat, shallow articulating surface facet, a small face
3. Identify the structures listed in figure 8.13 on a fetal skull or
Head Prominent, rounded epiphysis NA
■■ Tables Each chapter contains numerous tables, which
concisely summarize necessary details. As stated previously, Instructor Resources
the goal of this manual was expressly not to repeat textual
material. However, students still need the information as Assignable Questions
reference while in the laboratory classroom. Thus, critical Pre- and Post-Laboratory questions, along with labeling questions, are
information and key structures are covered in table format. available for use in online assignments via McGraw-Hill’s Connect.
A concerted effort has been made to include a column that
provides word origins for each structure listed within the table. Textbook Images
These word origins are intended to give students continual Image files for use in presentations and teaching materials are provided
exposure to the origins of the language of anatomy, which is under the Instructor Resources tab within Connect.
critical for learning.
■■ Anatomy & Physiology | Revealed® Correlations
3.2
Instructor’s Manual
Where pertinent, optional activities indicated by the logo A helpful manual containing materials lists, presentation ideas, and answer
above direct students to where they can find related content on keys for the Pre- and Post-Laboratory Worksheets is available to instructors
Anatomy & Physiology Revealed. who use this laboratory manual.
Preface xi
An Interactive Cadaver
Dissection Experience
Anatomy & Physiology|Revealed 3.2®
www.aprevealed.com
An interactive cadaver dissection tool to enhance lecture and
lab. Make use of the custom structure list to focus learning! Now,
mobile—get the experience anywhere, anytime!
xii Preface
Roots, Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Suffixes
Many terms used in the biological sciences are compound words; that is, words made up of one or more word roots and appropriate prefixes and/or suffixes. Less than 400 roots,
prefixes, and suffixes make up more than 90% of the medical vocabulary. These combining forms are most often derived from the ancient Latin or Greek. Prefixes are placed be-
fore the root term and suffixes are added after. The following list includes the most common forms used in anatomy and medicine and an example for each. This list, and the word
origin information found throughout the text, is intended to facilitate learning an often unnecessarily complex-sounding vocabulary. Exclusively a learning tool, the entries are by
intention brief. If you learn them, you will find your progress in your anatomy course swift, steady, and strong (the three “s’es” of success).
1 1
anatomy exercises. Where applicable, each chapter will begin with a section encountered in the laboratory. Additional topics include the proper use
on histology and end with a section on gross anatomy. Although the two of protective equipment, the proper disposal of waste materials, and
activities may be performed somewhat separately, the goal is to integrate the common dissection techniques.
study of histology and gross anatomy, and to associate structure with function
at all levels. “Concept Connection” boxes and questions within exercises in List of Reference Tables
Table 1.1 Common Dissection Instruments p. 4
each chapter will assist students with this task.
Table 1.2 Preservative Chemicals Encountered in the
The purpose of this introductory chapter is to familiarize stu-
Human Anatomy Laboratory p. 6
dents with common equipment, chemicals, and dissection instruments
Clinical View | U
se of Human Cadavers in the Anatomy Laboratory
Where did that body lying on a table in the human anatomy Typically the part of the body that evokes the most emotional
laboratory come from? Typically, the body was donated by a response is the face, because it is most indicative of the person
person who made special arrangements before the time of that the cadaver once was. Because of this, the face of the cadaver
death to donate his or her body to a body donor program so it should remain covered most of the time. This does not necessarily
could be used for education or research. Individuals who donate mean that viewing the face is not allowed. However, before uncov-
their bodies for these purposes make a conscious decision to ering the face, make sure that other students in the room know
do so. Such individuals have provided an incredible gift—the that it will be uncovered. If you have a particularly strong emotional
opportunity to learn human anatomy from an actual human body. response to the cadaver, take a break and come back to it later
It is important to remember that what that person has given is, when you are feeling better.
indeed, a gift. The cadaver deserves the utmost of respect at all Individuals with a great deal of experience around cadavers
times. Making jokes about any part of the cadaver or intentionally had a similar emotional response the first time as well. In time one
damaging or “poking” at parts of the cadaver is unacceptable learns to disconnect emotions from the experience. Certainly at
behavior. one time the body that is the cadaver in the laboratory was the
The thought of learning anatomy by observing structures on home of a living human being. However, now it is just a body.
what was, at one time, a living, breathing human being makes Eventually students do become comfortable using the cadaver
many individuals feel uncomfortable at first. It is quite normal to and find that it is an invaluable learning tool that is far more useful
have an emotional response to the cadaver upon first inspection. than any model or picture could ever be. There is nothing quite
It takes time and experience to become comfortable around the like the real thing to help students truly understand the structure
cadaver. Even if you think you will be just fine around the cadaver, of the human body. Make the most of this unique opportunity—and
it is important to be aware of your response and the responses of give thanks to those who selflessly donated their bodies to provide
fellow classmates. If at any time you feel faint or light-headed, sit students with the ultimate learning experience in anatomy.
down immediately. Fainting, though rare, is a possibility, and can Students who are curious about the uses of cadavers in science
lead to injuries if a fainting person falls unexpectedly. Be aware of and research are encouraged to check out the following book from
fellow students: if they appear to lose facial color or start to look the library: Mary Roach, Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers
sick—they may need assistance. (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003).
PRE-LABORATORY WORKSHEET
These Pre-laboratory Worksheet questions may be
assigned by instructors through their course.
3. List the pieces of equipment used for protection against the hazards associated with embalming chemicals.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
© Christine Eckel
5. After dissecting a preserved cow eye, what receptacle should be used to dispose of the tissue?
6. Which of the following chemicals are commonly used as preservatives? (Check all that apply.)
a. ethanol
b. formalin
c. distilled water
d. phenol
e. glycerine
7. Which of the following chemicals require the use of personal protective equipment when handling them? (Check all that apply.)
a. ethanol
b. formalin
c. distilled water
d. phenol
e. glycerine
8. When removing a scalpel blade, point the blade away from you and others. (True/False)
9. Which one of the following dissecting tools is the most beneficial for attempting to loosen the hold between a specimen’s skin and the
underlying fascia? (Circle one.)
a. dissecting probe
b. finger
c. scalpel
d. scissors
10. Blunt dissection technique is most useful for separating tissues without damaging delicate structures. (True/False)
Laboratory Equipment location of sinks, eyewash stations, and safety equipment such as first-
aid kits and fire extinguishers. The instructor will most likely provide a
The typical human anatomy classroom consists of laboratory tables or detailed introduction specific to the laboratory classroom, safety proce-
benches that provide ample room for use of microscopes, classroom mod- dures, and accepted protocol. The main purpose of the exercises in this
els, and dissection materials. If human cadavers are used in the classroom, chapter is to introduce common safety devices and dissection equipment.
there will also be a space dedicated to the tables where the cadavers are Do not use the information in this chapter as the sole source of information
stored. When entering the classroom for the first time, look around and on laboratory safety. The exercises in this chapter are not intended to serve
become familiar with the environment. Pay particular attention to the as a safety manual for the laboratory.
Blunt probe An instrument with a blunt (not sharp) end on it. This instrument is proba, examination
used to pry and poke at tissues without causing damage. Some probes
come with a sharper point on the opposite end that can be used for
“picking” at tissues.
© Christine Eckel
Dissecting Long, thick needles that have a handle made of wood, plastic, or dissectus, to cut up
needles metal. These needles are used to pick at tissues and to pry small
pieces of tissue apart.
© Christine Eckel
Dissecting pins “T” shaped pins that are used to pin tissues to the wax or plastic pad dissectus, to cut up
within a dissecting tray. Pinning other structures away from the area
of interest allows greater visibility within the dissection field and
prevents unwanted damage to adjacent tissues.
© Christine Eckel
Dissecting tray Metal or plastic tray used to hold a specimen. The tray is filled with dissectus, to cut up
wax or plastic. The wax and/or plastic is soft enough to pin tissues
to it.
© Christine Eckel
Forceps Resemble tweezers and are used for holding objects. Some are large formus, form + ceps, taker
and have tongs on the ends that assist with grabbing tough tissues.
Some are small and fine (needle-nose) for picking up small objects.
Forceps may also be straight-tipped or curve-tipped.
© Christine Eckel
Hemostat In surgery these are used to compress blood vessels and stop bleeding haimo-, blood + statikos, causing
(hence the name). For dissection they are useful as “grabbing” tools. to stop
The handle locks in place, which allows the user to pull on tissues
without causing hand and forearm muscles to fatigue.
© Christine Eckel
Chapter One The Laboratory Environment 5
Scalpel A sharp cutting tool. Generally the blade and the blade handle will be scalpere, to scratch
separate, unless using a disposable scalpel. Refer to specific directions
in the text regarding proper use of a scalpel, as this instrument can be
dangerous!
© Christine Eckel
Scalpel blade Both the cutting part and the disposable part of a scalpel. The number scalpere, to scratch
of the blade indicates blade size, and must be matched with an
appropriately numbered blade handle. When a blade becomes dull, it
may be removed and replaced with a new blade. Used blades must be
disposed of in a sharps container.
© Christine Eckel
Scalpel blade The nondisposable part of a scalpel that is used to hold the blade. The scalpere, to scratch
handle number on the handle indicates the size of the handle and is used to
match it with a particular blade size. A scalpel blade handle can be a
useful tool for blunt dissection when used without a blade attached.
© Christine Eckel
Scissors Some scissors come with pointed blades and some have one curved scindere, to cut
(blunt) and one pointed blade. Scissors with the curved/blunt edge
are used when extra care is needed to prevent damage to structures.
To use, direct the curved blade toward the structures that could be
damaged. Pointed-blade scissors are particularly helpful for using
“open scissors” technique (see text).
© Christine Eckel
1 7
2 8
3
9
10
11
6
12
Figure 1.1 Identification of Common Dissection Instruments. Use the terms listed to fill in the numbered labels in the figure. Answers may be used
more than once.
© Christine Eckel
6 Chapter One The Laboratory Environment
Protective Equipment table and unexpectedly discovering a sharp scalpel in the dissection field.
The human anatomy laboratory poses few risks, although it is If using dissecting pins to hold back tissues, always remove them from
important to be aware of what these risks are. The main risks the specimen before closing up for the day. This prevents unsuspecting
are damage to skin or eyes from exposure to laboratory chem- individuals from getting jabbed by the pins when dissection continues
icals (covered in the next section) or cuts from dissection tools. As a at a later date.
general precaution, wear protective gloves when working with fresh or
preserved specimens (animal or human) to keep any potentially Hazardous Chemicals
infectious or caustic agents from contacting the skin. If there is a risk of Relatively few chemicals are used in the human anatomy laboratory.
squirting fluid, then also wear protective eyewear (safety glasses or Most of these chemicals are used to preserve, or “embalm,” animal spec-
safety goggles). When wearing gloves, be sure to wear the correct size imens or human cadavers. Generally these chemicals are not stored in
for your hands. If the gloves are too small, they may tear easily. If they the laboratory at full strength. Rather, most are diluted to about 10% of
are too big, they may make handling instruments and tissues difficult. full strength. These chemicals will be encountered most commonly when
When the gloves become dirty, remove them and put on a new pair. using specimens or tissues that were previously injected with solutions
When removing a glove, start at the wrist and pull toward the fingers, containing the chemicals. Thus, safety measures in the laboratory are
turning the glove inside-out as it is removed. This will prevent any designed to protect users from the forms of these chemicals that are most
potentially damaging fluids from contacting the skin during removal of likely to be encountered. The most common chemicals used for embalm-
the gloves. ing purposes are formalin, ethanol, phenol, and glycerol.
There is always a risk of cutting yourself or others when using Table 1.2 summarizes the uses and hazards of these chemicals.
sharp dissecting tools. To prevent injury from dissection instruments The majority of these chemicals are used to fix tissues and prevent the
pay attention to the following rules. First and foremost—never wear growth of harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
open-toed shoes to the laboratory. Dissecting tools are often dropped and “Fixation” refers to the ability of the chemical to solidify proteins, thus
can cut feet if they are not covered by protective footwear. When using preventing breakdown. Preservatives both fix tissues and inhibit the
sharp tools such as scalpels, always be aware of the direction the sharp growth of harmful microorganisms. Because most preservatives also
blades of those instruments are pointing. The sharp end should always dehydrate tissues, “humectants” are added to embalming solutions.
point away from the user and away from others in the laboratory. When Humectants, such as glycerol, attract water. When humectants act
dissecting, be aware of where others are standing or sitting, and con- alongside preservatives, they help keep tissues moist. Other chemicals
sider the risk posed to yourself and others if a hand were to slip. Never that may be added to embalming solutions are pigments, which make
place hands in the dissecting field when anyone is actively dissecting. the tissues look more natural, or chemicals that mask the odors of
If another person asks for assistance holding tissues during a dissec- the preservative chemicals. Formalin and phenol are the most toxic
tion, use forceps or some other device to hold the tissue to ensure that and odorous preservative chemicals. Luckily, exposure to them in the
your hands are not within reach of the scalpel blade. Always be aware anatomy laboratory is very low. It may smell as if the concentrations
of the physical location of the scalpel, particularly when not using it. of these chemicals are high, as the odor is often misleading because
Individuals can be accidentally cut by reaching into a dissecting tray or these chemicals can be detected by odor in extremely small quantities.
Ethanol Inhibits growth of bacteria Preservative Flammable, so requires storage in a Gloves and eye protection. Small amounts may
and fungi. fire-safe cabinet. Generally safe in Rinse tissues immediately if be flushed down the
small quantities. exposed, particularly eyes. sink along with plenty
Seek medical attention if of water to dilute the
irritation persists. solution.
Formalin Fixes tissues by causing Preservative Flammable, so requires storage in Gloves and eye protection. Do not pour into sinks.
proteins to cross-link a fire-safe cabinet. Toxic at full Rinse tissues immediately if
(solidify). Destroys autolytic strength. Penetrates skin. Corrosive. exposed, particularly eyes.
enzymes, which initiate Burns skin. Damages lungs if inhaled. Seek medical attention if
tissue decomposition. May be carcinogenic. irritation persists.
Inhibits growth of bacteria,
yeast, and mold.
Glycerine Helps control moisture Humectant Flammable, so requires storage in a Gloves and eye protection. Small amounts may
(glycerol) balance in tissues. When used fire-safe cabinet. Generally safe. Can Rinse tissues immediately if be flushed down the
with formalin, it counteracts pose a slipping hazard if spilled on exposed, particularly eyes. sink along with plenty
the dehydrating effects of the floor. Seek medical attention if of water to dilute the
formalin. irritation persists. solution.
Phenol Assists formalin in fixing Preservative Flammable, so requires storage in Gloves and eye protection. Do not pour into sinks.
tissues through protein a fire-safe cabinet. Extremely toxic Rinse tissues immediately
solidification. Inhibits growth at full strength. Rapidly penetrates if exposed. Use an eyewash
of bacteria, yeast, and mold. the skin. Corrosive. Burns skin. station if solution gets in the
Damages lungs if inhaled. NOTE: eyes. Seek medical attention if
when used as embalming preservative irritation persists.
concentration (and thus toxicity) is
extremely low.
Chapter One The Laboratory Environment 7
Figure 1.4 Common Laboratory Waste Receptacles. (a) Sharps container. (b) Waste basket. (c) Hazardous waste bag.
© Christine Eckel
#22
#21
#20
(a) (b)
Figure 1.6 Scalpel Blade Handles and Blades. (a) The number on the scalpel blade handle indicates what size blades will fit on the handle.
(b) The number on the blade wrapper indicates the size of the blade. See text for how to fit proper blade size to blade handle.
© Christine Eckel
Bayonet
fitting
1 Open the foil packet 2 Grasp the blade firmly using 3 Slide the blade onto the bayonet of 4 The blade should “click” as it locks in
and note the bevel on hemostat and line the blade up the blade handle. place on the blade handle.
the blade. so that it matches the bevel on
the blade handle.
(a)
Bevel of blade
Figure 1.7 Scalpel Blade Placement. (a) Correct procedure. (b) Incorrect placement of a blade on a blade handle.
does not match Notice that the bevel on the blade does not match up with the bevel on the blade handle. If placed in this fashion, the blade
bevel of handle will not be secure on the handle and may slip off the handle and injure someone.
© Christine Eckel
(b)
bayonet fitting that is matched to the opening on the the bevel on the blade to the bevel on the handle, slide the
scalpel blade (figure 1.7a-2), which will lock the blade in blade onto the handle until it clicks, indicating it is locked
place on the handle. The safest way to place the blade on in place (figure 1.7a-4). If it does not go on easily, check to
the handle is to first grasp the end of the blade using make sure that the blade has not been placed on the handle
hemostats (figure 1.7a-3; table 1.1). Then, while matching incorrectly, as in figure 1.7b. Now it is ready for use!
(continued on next page)
10 Chapter One The Laboratory Environment
1 Orient the blade and blade handle with sharp 2 Push the blade into the slot on the device 3 While holding the removal device firmly with
edge of the blade pointed to the right, as shown until you hear and feel a distinct “click.” your free hand, pull the blade handle out of
on the front of the device. the device.
Figure 1.8 Removal of a Scalpel Blade from Handle Using All-in-One Blade Remover/Sharps Container.
© Christine Eckel
3. The safest way to remove a blade from a handle is to use a hemostats (figure 1.9-1). Grip the blade firmly with
device that is both a blade remover and a sharps container the hemostats, then slide the blade over the bayonet
all in one (an example is shown in figure 1.8). on the handle while keeping the tip of the blade
pointing away from you until the blade comes off of
4. If a blade remover is not available, obtain a pair of
the handle (figure 1.9-2). Keeping the blade clamped
hemostats to remove the blade. Pointing the blade
with the hemostats, transport the blade to a sharps
away from you (but not toward someone else), clamp
container and dispose of it in the sharps container
the part of the blade nearest the handle with the
(figure 1.9-3).
Push blade
away from you
1 With the blade pointed away from you and the 2 Slide the blade off of the bayonet on the 3 Once the blade has been removed from the
bayonet surface of the handle also directed away blade handle. Again, push it away from you handle, continue to grasp it firmly with the
from you, grasp the base of the blade with (and away from others in your vicinity as well). hemostats.
hemostats and lock the hemostats firmly to
the blade.
Ja jos hän niin sanoo, niin hän ei puhu joutavaa, vaan on aivan
oikeassa.
Joskin höyrykoneet ovat saaneet aikaan sen, että työmies voipi nyt
ostaa huonoa karttuunia, niin sen sijaan ovat nuo koneet riistäneet
häneltä kotona saatavan työansion ja saattaneet hänet täydelliseen
orjuuden tilaan — tehtailijan palvelukseen.
Mutta kun varoja ei ole, niin ne täytyy ottaa kansalta, jossa taudit
leviävät tulematta parannetuiksi varojen puutteen takia.