Investigation of the Effect of Wheel Vane Angle on

the Performance of Francis Turbine

Fluid Mechanics-II
Submitted by:
Muhammad Abdullah 22-ME-119
Saad Hussain 22-ME-123
Muhammad Zaki Sajid 22-ME-127
Ahtisham Ali 22-ME-131

Submitted to:
Engr. Muhammad Sumair

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology Taxila, Pakistan

i
Evaluation Rubrics for Semester Project (Fluid Mechanics-II)
Decision Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory Unacceptable
Criterion 86-100% 71-85% 56-70% 41-55% 40% and below
Relevant
background
knowledge
as may be
evidenced
from
thorough
literature
review.
Max.
Marks: 7
Methodolog
y/ Approach
to solution
Max.
Marks:
10
Results:
Discussions
,
Interpretatio
n, and
conclusion
Max.
Marks: 8
Total
Obtained
Marks
(Out of
25):

ii
Abstract:
In the context of hydropower generation, Francis turbines are pivotal devices, and the configuration
of their guide vanes, particularly the vane angle, significantly influences their performance. There
are various factors that effect on francis turbine and there are research on various factors that we
need some further research on the effect of wheel vane angel on the performance of francis turbine.
This study sets out to explore the intricate relationship between vane angle adjustments and Francis
turbine performance in a controlled experimental setting. The primary objectives of this research
are to understand how variations in vane angles impact key performance parameters, including
efficiency, power output, and flow rate. Through a systematic analysis of experimental data, we aim
to pinpoint the optimal vane angle(s) that maximize turbine efficiency and power output. The
conclusions drawn from this investigation will offer valuable guidance for optimizing the design
and operation of Francis turbines, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy
generation practices within the field of hydropower.

iii
Table of Contents
1. HYDRAULIC MACHINES ....................................................................................................................1
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC MACHINES .......................................................................1
1.2.1 Turbines ..........................................................................................................................................1
Types of Turbines.........................................................................................................................................2
Impulse Turbine .......................................................................................................................................2
Reaction Turbine ......................................................................................................................................2
Types of Reaction turbines .......................................................................................................................2
Francis Turbine.................................................................................................................................................3
Parts of Francis Turbine ...............................................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Pumps......................................................................................................................................................4
Parts of Pumps .............................................................................................................................................4
1.2.3 Velocity Triangle.....................................................................................................................................6
Derivations ...................................................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................9
3. Methodology ..............................................................................................................................................23
3.2 Simplified Mathematical Model ..............................................................................................................23
Results & Discussion .....................................................................................................................................33
4. Effect of Wheel Vane Angle (φ) on Width (B2) ....................................................................................33
CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................................35
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................................36

Table of Figures
Figure 1.1 Francis Turbine ...............................................................................................................................4

Figure 1.2 Parts of pumps 1 .............................................................................................................................5

Figure 1.3 Velocity triangle 1 ..........................................................................................................................6

Table of Graph
Graph: Vane Angle at outlet vs width B 1 .....................................................................................................34

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Chapter 1
Introduction
1. HYDRAULIC MACHINES
Hydraulic machines are devices that convert hydraulic energy, typically in the form of pressurized
fluid (hydraulic oil), into mechanical energy to perform various types of work. Hydraulic ma-
chines use pressurized fluid (usually oil) to perform various types of work in engineering, con-
struction, and manufacturing. They include pumps, cylinders, motors, valves, and actuators. Hy-
draulic machines are used in a wide range of applications, such as lifting heavy loads, controlling
machinery, shaping materials, and powering vehicles. These machines are essential in many in-
dustries due to their efficiency in transmitting force and motion. Hydraulic machines are integral
to many industries due to their ability to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical work. These
machines find extensive applications, ranging from lifting heavy loads and controlling machinery
to shaping materials and powering various systems. At the core of hydraulic machines lies Pas-
cal's Law, a fundamental principle in fluid mechanics. According to this law, any change in pres-
sure applied at one point within a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid
in all directions. This principle enables hydraulic systems to transmit force and motion efficiently.
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Hydraulic Machines can be classified into two main machines.

• Turbine
• Pump

1.2.1 Turbines
A turbine is a mechanical device designed for the conversion of various forms of energy, such as
hydraulic, thermal, or wind energy, into mechanical work. Turbines operate on the principle of
fluid dynamics, utilizing the kinetic or potential energy of a fluid (liquid or gas) to turn a rotor or
turbine wheel. As the fluid flows through the turbine, it imparts rotational motion to the rotor,
which can then be used to drive generators, pumps, or other machinery, converting the fluid's
energy into useful mechanical work or electricity. Turbines are commonly used in power
generation, aviation, marine propulsion, and various industrial application

1
 Types of Turbines

There are two main types of turbines

• Impulse turbines
• Reaction turbines

Impulse Turbine
An impulse turbine is a type of hydraulic turbine that converts the kinetic energy of a high-
velocity jet of water into mechanical energy by directing the water onto a set of blades or buckets
mounted on a wheel (runner). This type of turbine operates on the principle of impulse and is
typically used in high-head, low-flow conditions.
Reaction Turbine

A reaction turbine is a hydraulic turbine that converts both the kinetic energy and the pressure
energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. Water flows into the runner, and as it passes
through the curved blades, it undergoes changes in pressure and velocity, resulting in the rotation
of the runner. Reaction turbines are suitable for a wide range of head and flow conditions[1].
Types of Reaction turbines
Francis Turbine
Francis turbines are widely used reaction turbines that can operate efficiently over a range of head
and flow conditions. They have both radial and axial flow components and are adaptable for
various hydropower projects.
Kaplan Turbine

Kaplan turbines are adjustable-pitch reaction turbines with axial flow. They are suitable for low
to medium-head and high-flow conditions, making them ideal for locations with variable water
levels.
Propeller Turbine

Propeller turbines are commonly used in low-head, high-flow situations, such as in dams or river-
based power plants. They have multiple curved blades and resemble a ship's propeller.
Tubular Turbine

Tubular turbines are a type of Kaplan turbine with a cylindrical housing. They are suitable for

2
 low to medium-head and high-flow conditions.

Straflo Turbine

Straflo turbines are compact reaction turbines with a unique runner design. They are used in low
to medium-head hydropower projects[2].

Francis Turbine
A Francis turbine is a type of hydraulic turbine used for converting the energy of flowing water
into mechanical energy, which is then used to generate electricity. It's named after its inventor,
James B. Francis, who developed it in the mid-19th century. The Francis turbine is one of the
most widely used and versatile turbines in the field of hydropower generation.

Parts of Francis Turbine

The Francis turbine is a complex piece of machinery used in hydropower generation. It consists
of several key parts, each with a specific function in the operation of the turbine. Here are the
major parts of a Francis turbine:
Runner

The runner is the central rotating component of the Francis turbine. It consists of a hub and curved
blades. The runner is the part of the turbine where water flows through, and its rotation generates
mechanical energy. The shape and design of the runner blades are crucial for efficient energy
conversion.
Casing (Spiral Casing)

The casing surrounds the runner and helps direct the flow of water onto the blades. It has a spiral
shape that allows the water to enter the runner gradually and maintain a consistent flow pattern.
The casing also serves to maintain pressure within the turbine.
Guide Vanes (Stay Vanes)

Located in the casing before the water enters the runner, guide vanes are adjustable blades that
control the flow of water into the runner. By changing the angle of the guide vanes, the flow rate
and pressure can be adjusted to optimize turbine performance.
Draft Tube

3
 The draft tube is a cone-shaped or diffuser-like structure located at the exit of the runner. It is
responsible for smoothly decelerating the water as it leaves the runner and helps to recover the
kinetic energy of the water. This ensures that the water exits the turbine at a lower velocity, min-
imizing energy losses.
Shaft

The shaft connects the runner to the generator. As the runner rotates due to the force of flowing
water, the shaft transmits this mechanical energy to the generator, where it is converted into elec-
tricity[3].

Figure 1.1 Francis Turbine

1.2.2 Pumps
Pumps are mechanical devices designed to move fluids (liquids or gases) from one place to an-
other by increasing the fluid's energy. They are commonly used in a wide range of applications,
including water supply, wastewater treatment, oil and gas extraction, manufacturing processes,
heating and cooling systems, and many more.

Parts of Pumps
Pumps consist of several essential components, each with a specific function in the pumping
process. Here are the main parts of a typical pump:

• Impeller

4
• Casing (or Housing)
• Volute or Diffuser
• Suction Inlet (Inlet Port)
• Discharge Outlet (Outlet Port)
• Shaft
• Bearings
• Seals
• Coupling
• Wear Rings
• Prime Mover
• Baseplate or Mounting[4]

Figure 1.2 Parts of pumps 1

5
1.2.3 Velocity Triangle

Figure 1.3 Velocity triangle 1

𝛼1=Angle made by absolute velocity at inlet

𝛽1=Blade angle at inlet

𝑣1 =Absolute velocity of water at inlet of runner

𝑢1=Tangential velocity at inlet

𝑣𝑤1=Velocity of whirl at inlet

𝑣𝑟1=Relative velocity of jet at inlet of runner

𝑣𝑓1=Velocity of flow at inlet

𝛼2=Angle made by absolute velocity at outlet

𝛽2=Blade angle at exit

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 𝑣2=Absolute velocity of water at outlet of runner

𝑣𝑓2=Velocity of flow at outlet

𝑣𝑟2=Relative velocity of jet at outlet of runner

𝑢2=Tangential velocity at outlet

𝑣𝑤1=Velocity of whirl at outlet

Derivations
In this triangle, the uniform velocities of inlet and outlet are calculated by
𝜋 × 𝐷1 × 𝑁
𝑢1 =
60
&
𝜋 × 𝐷2 × 𝑁
𝑢2 =
60
Where D1 =Diameter of the inlet & D2 = Diameter of the outlet
The work done by Francis turbine per unit weight of water can be calculated by
[(𝑢𝑤1 × 𝑢1) ± (𝑢𝑤2 × 𝑢2)]
𝑤=
𝑔

The water flow at the inlet or discharge of the turbine can be calculated by
𝑄 = 𝜋 × 𝐷1 × 𝐵1 × 𝑣𝑓1

Where D1 is the diameter of inlet and B1 is the width of the blade at inlet. Similarly, we can also
use this equation for outlet.
The efficiency of the turbine can be calculated by using the formula
𝑝𝑠
𝜂=
𝜌×𝑄×𝑔×𝐻

Where ps is the shaft power and 𝜌 is the density of water. Q is discharge rate and H is head of
the water[5].
7
Problem Statement:
The performance of Francis turbines in hydropower generation is influenced by various factors,
including the design and adjustment of guide vanes. The vane angle, in particular, plays a crucial
role in determining turbine efficiency and power output. However, there is a pressing need to
comprehensively investigate the impact of vane angle adjustments on turbine performance to
optimize the design and operation of Francis turbines. This study aims to address this knowledge
gap by conducting a systematic investigation into the effect of vane angle adjustments on Francis
turbine performance. By doing so, we seek to contribute valuable insights to the field of hydropower
engineering, ultimately leading to more efficient and sustainable energy generation practices.
Objectives:
The objectives could be:

1. To investigate the effect of varying vane angles on the performance of a Francis turbine
under controlled conditions.

2. To measure and analyze key performance parameters, including efficiency, power output,
and flow rate, as vane angles are adjusted.

3. To determine the optimal vane angle(s) that maximize turbine efficiency and power output.

4. To provide insights and recommendations for optimizing the design and operation of Francis
turbines based on the findings of the study.

8
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter we will discuss the effect of wheel vane angle on francis turbine. We will review
different research papers for this purpose.

(Vijay Kumar, Subba Reddy et al. 2022) The Francis turbine is a machine that uses the energy
of water and converts it into mechanical energy. Thus, it becomes the prime mover to run the
electrical generators to produce electricity. The head is generated using a pump that draws
water from the storage tank and supplies it to the inlet of the turbine. The torque generated by
the turbine is measured using a brake drum. The water outlet flow of the turbine is sent to the
measuring tank through the draft tube. The excess water from the measuring tank flows to the
storage tank[6].
The performance characteristics of a Francis turbine operating with various guide vane
openings to determine the best operating point based on unit quantities. The guide vane
openings were specified based on the width between the vanes at their exit, i.e., 10 mm, 13
mm, 16 mm, and 19 mm. The performance characteristic curves of the Francis turbine head
versus speed, torque versus speed, discharge versus speed, and efficiency versus speed were
obtained at various input power and guide vane openings. From these data, unit curves were
plotted and the corresponding best efficiency points were obtained. The highest efficiency of
50.25% was obtained at a guide vane opening of 19 mm. The values of head, discharge, speed,
and output power at BEP were 7.84 m, 13.55 lps, 1250 rpm, and 524 W, respectively[6].
The influence of blade thickness on hydraulic performance was investigated numerically using
six types of impellers with varied blade thicknesses that were integrated into the same pump to
compare head and efficiency under design point. The effect of clearance on the performance
of a Francis turbine was investigated, and it was discovered that as transverse flow and loss
increased, efficiency decreased significantly. When considering a specific degree of erosion,
the pressure on both sides of the blade and at the outflow of the blade was precisely proportional
to the erosion state. The flow conditions in the runner inlet of a low-speed-number Francis
turbine are found to be identical when a cascade with one guide vane between two flow
channels is optimized[6].
Guide vane (GV) clearance gaps grow larger due to abrasive wear, which worsens the flow and
reduces efficiency. In order to reduce potential consequences of an eroded guide vane on the
performance of the turbine, this research evaluates several guide vane profiles. It is discovered
that the pressure differential between the neighbouring sides causes the clearance gap to create

9
a leakage flow. A vortex filament is created when the leaky flow combines with the main flow
and is forced within the runner. The authors offer a methodology for the design, optimization,
and additive manufacture of turbine blade rows and other components of highly stressed
turbomachinery. The technique subsequently produces final geometries that have been suitably
represented for additive manufacturing. A few aluminium prototypes of the newly improved
turbine blade have been produced in order to undergo mechanical and fatigue testing. The
mechanical power turbine’s torque varies with its size. With a peak value of 3249.7 Nm at pitch
angle 17°, significant torque was obtained in the pitch angle range of 15–20°. As turbines grow
in size and their pitch angle range increases, they will produce more power, reaching a
maximum of 124,987.1 W or 125 kW. The findings demonstrated that in operating conditions
involving substantial flow rates, severe sand abrasion might be seen close to the blade head and
outlet. In working conditions with low flow rates, there may be very minor abrasion found
close to the blade flange. The runner is severely abraded and its effectiveness is lowered in
proportion to the sediment concentration and sand diameter. While the flow separation on the
suction side close to the blade tip merges, the flow characteristics on the blade pressure side
are often stable. The flow-separation phenomenon manifests itself more visibly with larger tip
clearance. The tip leakage vortex, which is also a spatial three-dimensional spiral structure
created by the entrainment effect of the tip leakage flow and main flow, becomes more
pronounced as the tip clearance rises[6].
The best efficiency point of the Francis laboratory scale was found by operating the water pump
at different guide vane openings. The performance characteristics were plotted for these
conditions. For each water supply, the reading was obtained and respective characteristics
curves plotted for four different guide vane openings. The guide vane openings were specified
based on the width between the vanes at their exit, i.e., 10 mm, 13 mm, 16 mm, and 19 mm.
For each water supply and respective guide vane opening, an experiment was conducted as per
the procedure. Each experiment was repeated and performance curves for discharge versus
speed, head versus speed, torque versus speed, and efficiency versus speed were plotted[6].
A polynomial curve fit was done for the two individual sets of readings that were repeated for
the same experimental condition to check repeatability. Then, the two individual experimental
results were merged as one single set and fitted as a polynomial curve. The correlation
coefficient was found to be not less than 0.98. The respective polynomial equation for each of
torque, discharge, and head with speed were substituted in the efficiency formula and
corresponding efficiency was calculated[6].

10
The performance characteristic curves were plotted within the available range of variation of
guide vane openings (10 mm to 19 mm) and input power (96 W to 2089 W). From these
available data, unit curves were plotted and corresponding best efficiency points obtained. The
highest efficiency of 50.25% was obtained at a guide vane opening of 19 mm. The values of
head, discharge, speed, and output power at BEP were 7.84 m, 13.55 lps, 1250 rpm, and 524
W, respectively. As per the condition of this Francis turbine, the main reason for not obtaining
more than the higher efficiency of 50.25% was leakage flow that passed through the clearance
gap between the guide vanes’ high-pressure and low-pressure sides. To determine how much
leakage flow there is, finding the velocity vectors inside the gap can be used[6].
(Koirala, Zhu et al. 2016) Francis turbine guide vanes have pivoted support with external
control mechanism, for conversion of pressure to kinetic energy and to direct them to runner
vanes. This movement along the support is dependent on variation of load and flow (operating
conditions). Small clearance gaps between facing plates and the upper and lower guide vane
tips are available to aid this movement, through which leakage flow occurs. This secondary
flow disturbs the main flow stream, resulting performance loss. Additionally, these increased
horseshoe vortex, in presence of sand, when crosses through the gaps, both the surfaces are
eroded. This causes further serious effect on performance and structural property by increasing
gaps. This paper discusses the observation of the severity in hydropower plants and effect of
clearance gaps on general performance of the Francis turbine through computational methods.
It also relates the primary result with the empirical relation for leakage flow prediction.
Additionally, a possible method to computationally estimate thickness depletion has also been
presented. With increasing clearance gap, leakage increases, which lowers energy conversion
and turbine efficiency along with larger secondary vortex[7].
In a Francis turbine, internal pressure decreases with decreasing radius of the region. The guide
vanes in Francis turbine point 1 has higher pressure compared to point 2, which forces water
to cross the vane from gaps, to reach point 2. This secondary flow is leakage and cross flow
through the gaps. This flow energy remains un-utilized and disturbs the main flow stream. It
has been considered a major part of internal losses. Brekke, 1988 illustrates losses at different
regions from inlet to outlet of a High Head Francis Turbine. The possible total loss in a high
head Francis turbine is around 5%–6%, during the operation in Best Efficiency Point (BEP).
With minimum dry gap, losses of around 1.5% occur through leakage. Hence, leakage due to
losses is one of the major portions of loss inside the turbine[7].
Francis turbine operating in sediment laden water has been found to have severe erosion,
affecting the designed flow passage. In particular, guide vanes were found to have erosion in

11
leading edges, trailing edges and height along with the adjacent component, the facing plate.
Observation showed the location and severity of erosion in guide vanes and its periphery. This
study focuses on clearance gap erosion in guide vanes on the basis of three experimental and
observational backgrounds: clearance gap erosion in the facing plate of Jhimruk Hydropower
Plant, on site study of effect on performance with clearance gap, and study of flow through a
simplified test rig[7].
(Thapa, Dahlhaug et al. 2018) A guide vane cascade is developed for the study of flow in the
distributor of a low specific speed Francis turbine. Velocity and pressure measurements are
done with Reynold's number 1.15 Eþ07, at 80% of BEP flow as in a reference prototype turbine.
This work illustrates the development of test setup and focuses on investigation of PIV methods
applied for the velocity measurements. Techniques developed for ‘insitu’ calibration of PIV
setup and methods applied for image processing are discussed in details. Approach to estimate
total uncertainty in PIV measurements and minimum no of image pairs required for statistical
convergence of velocity field is presented. Reference measurements are done along the plane
of chord, from guide vane wall to its mid-span. Flow velocity exceeding 35 m/s, at the runner
inlet of Francis turbine, is reported for the first time from such experimental studies. Flow
phenomenon inside Francis turbine distributor are characterized and comparison are done with
the cases for prototype turbines. The cascade setup is found to reproduce the flow conditions
inside a Francis turbine distributor, except the rotor-stator-interaction. PIV methods are
generalized for the cases of similar measurements and the results will be applicable to validate
numerical studies[8].
A test setup has been developed to investigate the flow conditions around the guide vane of a
low specific speed Francis turbine. The setup includes flow passage with one guide vane
between the periodic boundary walls, covering 1/12th of a reference prototype turbine in
circumferential direction. Some simplifications in the design have been introduced, and
optimization of periodic walls has been done, to produce the velocity distribution at the position
of runner inlet close to that of the reference prototype turbine. NACA 0012 hydrofoil has been
taken as a reference profile to shape TGV for this study. Pressure and velocity measurements
are done inside the cascade at 80% of prototype discharge. A 2D PIV measurement technique
has been used to capture velocity field inside the flow channel. A tailor made ‘in-situ’
calibration method has been developed for this study. Unique velocity vectors with spatial
resolution of 4.7 mm and temporal resolution of 4 HZ has been computed for a flow area of
0.026 m2 . It has been estimated that minimum 100 pairs of images are needed for the statistical
convergence of the velocity field. The uncertainty of the conversed velocity measurements is

12
estimated to be ±2.5%. The PIV measurements are done inside the flow cascade from the TGV
wall up to the TGV mid-span in 25 different parallel planes along the TGV chord. It is observed
that simplifications introduced by replacing spiral casing with flat plates changes the tangential
velocity at the position of TGV inlet of cascade by 16%. However, as the flow develops and
approaches to the runner inlet position, the average tangential velocity is close to that of the
prototype turbine, with the difference falling below 4%. The boundary layer flow is found to
be present within 5% of GV span. Despite of absence of runner, the cascade flow is able to
produce most of the flow phenomenon as in a turbine, expect the rotor-stator-interaction. The
strong influence of periodic walls of cascade on the velocity distribution, is observed. It is
identified that flow inside the cascade between periodic positions of 50%e80%, which
represents one third of the total flow area, in meridional direction, give the most uniform
velocity components. The velocity triangles, within these periodic positions, at runner inlet for
the cascade, are comparable to that for the reference prototype turbine. It is concluded that the
cascade test setup, as developed for this study, is able to produce flow conditions comparable
to prototype Francis turbine. However, one GV cascade setup incurs strong effects of periodic
walls on velocity distribution. Furthermore, the investigations with the one GV cascade setup
are limited only at the single position of GV. In order to have a complete flow field between
adjacent GV and with different GV opening angles, a cascade with minimum two GV is
necessary. It is also concluded that the NACA 0012 hydrofoil used to shape the GV surfaces
induces very high pressure difference between its surfaces. Such high pressure difference
causes, secondary flow with vortices and also leakage flow in case of presence of clearance
gap between GV and its walls[8].
(Trivedi, Agnalt et al. 2018)This work investigates the unsteady pressure fluctuations in a
hydraulic turbine that are observed during steep ramping. Although hydraulic turbines are
expected to operate seamlessly during steep ramping, the resulting pressure amplitudes are so
significant that they take a toll on a machine's operating life. Objective of the present study is
to investigate time-dependent pressure amplitudes in the vaneless space, runner and draft tube
during power ramping-up and -down under variable-speed configuration. Novelty is to vary
both discharge and rotational speed of a runner. The measurements are performed on a high-
head model Francis turbine. The investigations revealed that amplitudes of characteristics
frequencies, especially rotor-stator interaction, are small during steep ramping however, at the
end of transient cycle, the amplitudes quickly increased 30-fold. During steep ramping, blade
passing frequency was appeared in the runner, which is uncommon phenomenon in high-head
Francis turbines. Strong reflection of pressure waves towards runner from vaneless space

13
(guide vane walls) may be one of the causes for the appearance of blade passing frequency in
the runner[9].
Experiments were conducted on a high head Francis turbine during load variation, i.e., load
reduction and acceptance. In the previous work [47], we investigated pressure amplitudes by
changing rotational speed of the runner only, and the pressure amplitudes were moderate. In
the current work, we included variation in discharge as well; both runner angular speed and
discharge were changed. Because, inertia of the rotating masses is dependent on the rate of
guide vane movement (i.e., instantaneous discharge) and the runner rotational speed, which
play key role during steep ramping. For example, load can be changed instantly by changing
the rotational speed where the inertia of rotating masses can help. Mean time hydraulic torque
can be changed steadily by opening/closing of guide vanes that allow smooth blade loading
and water hammer. However, for a load reduction (steep ramp-down), the inertia can affect
adversely. Decrease of runner angular speed (to reduce the load) can increase torque (due to
inertia/momentum); consequently, reduction of load may be negligible. The opposite behavior
of torque could be associated with the increase of velocity cu1, which resulted in the increase
of specific energy until the cm1 converged. The findings indicate that well-calibrated approach
for the rate of change of runner angular speed, discharge and the inertia (water mass at that
load and the rotating structure) is essential while configuring the variable-speed in a turbine.
To investigate the amplitudes of unsteady pressure pulsations, pressure sensors in the vaneless
space, runner, draft tube and the conduit were mounted. The results indicated that, during
rampingup or -down, amplitudes of characteristic frequencies such as blade passing and guide
vane passing are small. However, at the last phase of ramping, the amplitudes quickly increase,
which are up to 30-fold in the vaneless space and runner. We recommend smooth
closing/opening of guide vanes during last phase of ramping that will reduce the instant
increase of amplitudes. Results from the runner pressure sensors showed presence of blade
passing frequency (which is rare occurrence in a high head turbine) during steep ramping. If
this is the case for other turbines, to avoid possible conflict and resonance in a turbine, safe
distance among, blade passing frequency, guide vane passing frequency and runner natural
frequency should be maintained. Spectral analysis in the draft tube during load acceptance
showed strong effect of vortex rope, where synchronous type pulsations were dominating for
two seconds. Overall, for the variable-speed technology, proper combination of two variables,
discharge and runner angular speed, enables safe and dynamically stable operation at off-design
unlike synchronous machine. Furthermore, in case of variable-speed operation water hammer

14
and draft tube surging effect is low that allows smooth operation of the turbine and maintains
dynamic stability, which big concern for synchronous speed machines[9].

(Kim, Choi et al. 2019)Francis turbines are the most commonly used turbines for hydroelectric
power generation. Preliminary studies to verify turbine designs are often performed with small-
scale models; however, when the runner blade of a full-size turbine is geometrically scaled
down to prepare a model for evaluating the design variables and performance characteristics,
the blades become very thin and difficult to manufacture. Hence, the blockage effect of the
runner blade should be considered to find a suitable blade thickness that satisfies the required
hydraulic performance. Furthermore, a clear understanding of the blockage ratio at the highest
efficiency point and off-design condition is required to investigate different blade thicknesses
and performance characteristics. Here, the blockage effect of the runner blade on the hydraulic
performance and internal flow characteristics of a 300-class Francis hydro turbine was
investigated. Three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes calculations were
performed with a shear stress transport turbulence model to analyze the internal flow
characteristics near the runner blade and compare the blockage effect with various blade
thicknesses on major performance parameters such as the hydraulic efficiency. Flow analyses
for the off-design conditions were also performed with various blade thicknesses. The obtained
results indicated that the power and efficiency gradually decreased with increasing blockage
ratio. The runner head loss increased due to the mismatches between the flow angle and blade
angle with changing the inlet velocity triangle components according to blockage ratio.
Especially the efficiency of approximate 3.4% decreased as the blockage ratio increased with
12.5%, compared to the reference model. It was verified that the blockage effect significantly
affects the design of Francis turbine models[10].
Steady-state 3D RANS analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of the blockage
effect resulting from runner blades with different thicknesses on the hydraulic performance of
a Francis hydro turbine model at the BEP and off-design conditions. The main conclusions
from this work are summarized as follows. Firstly, when analyzing the BEP condition, the
power and efficiency gradually decreased with increasing blockage ratio. Both the output
torque and input flowrate decreased with increasing blockage ratio due to the narrowed flow
passage. The blockage effect on the hydraulic performance was confirmed by analyzing the
loss distribution at various blockage ratios and comparing internal flow characteristics as
velocity vectors, velocity triangle and pressure distribution on the blade surface at the mid-
span of the runner. The results indicated that considerable enhancement of the runner head loss

15
with increasing blockage ratio was due to mismatches between the flow angle and blade angle.
Hence, we concluded that increasing the blockage ratio had adverse effects on the hydraulic
performance and internal flow characteristics of a Francis hydro turbine model[10].
(Singh, Chen et al. 2016)The performance characteristics of a small Francis turbine with an
inline casing and is a continuation of a previous study. A new runner design has been
implemented using the previous facility. The specific speed of the new runner has been
modified from Ns 80 to Ns 100 m-kW-min-1. This turbine can be installed in a city water
supply system. To dissipate excess pressures in the water line system an inline-turbine can be
used instead of an inline-pressure reducing valve. Thus, some of the energy can be recovered
by utilizing the pressure difference. For best applicability and minimal space consumption, the
turbine is designed with an inline casing instead of a common spiral casing. As a characteristic
of inline casing, the flow accesses to the runner are in the radial direction, showing low
efficiency. The installation of vanes improves the internal flow and positively affects the output
power. In contrast to the previous study, the new runner reduces the effect of the stay vanes by
maintaining a higher efficiency. The performance investigation and internal flow analysis of
the turbine were conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The CFD analysis is
very useful in predicting the hydraulic machinery performance at various operating conditions.
A turbulence dependence test was conducted in the previous study, and similarly a shear stress
transport (SST) model has been applied to this analysis. The model is well known to estimate
both separation and vortex occurring on the wall of a complicated blade shape. This study
employs a commercial CFD code ANSYS CFX to conduct CFD analysis. The operating
condition maintains the head at 16 m and the flow rate range varies according to the guide vane
openings. Additionally, shape and location of the stay vane with respect to guide vane was
investigated. Furthermore, the circumferential velocity and pressure were investigated at the
locations of blue and red circles marked in the figure. The red circles represent the study of the
stay vane outlet and the inlet distribution of the guide vane, whereas the blue circles represent
the study of the outlet distribution of the guide vane. The initial design is commonly used with
a spiral casing[11].
The performance of a new inline Francis turbine was investigated and compared with the results
of the previous study. Although, both turbines showed relatively similar efficiencies, the new
turbine outperformed its predecessor, and the effect of the stay vanes was reduced. In the
previous study, the effect of stay vanes showed considerable increase in the efficiency up to
5%. However, the stay vanes for the new turbine slightly affected the efficiency and, thus
removing them could be more economical to the overall system. Another interesting discovery

16
was the effect of leakage on the efficiency. Future studies could investigate the shape of the
leakage to reduce the losses and improve the efficiency. The leakage part in the previous study
was narrower and longer than that in the present study, and the internal flow results of the two
differ considerably. However, there are limitations to the leakage because of the change in
meridional shape[11].
(Arispe, de Oliveira et al. 2018)The parameterization of the draft tube based on the geometry
of the GAMM Francis turbine, and analysis of the turbine performance with the different draft
tube geometries, are considered the conditions at the best efficiency point. The numerical
results were compared with the experimental results of the reduced model corresponding to
GAMM Francis turbine. Four types of draft tube geometries were obtained, considering three
criteria for elbow curves: curve criterion in circle arc format, curve criterion in logarithmic
spiral format and curve criterion in hyperbolic spiral. Related to the geometry construction of
the first type of draft tube, the curve criterion in logarithmic spiral format was used to define
the contours of the elbow in the plane. With this type of curve smoothness is obtained in the
generative curve that defines the elbow contour in the plane and, as a consequence, the
transition in the flow direction at the draft tube is made smoothly. The draft tube obtained with
this criterion is denominated DT-LOG. The variables for defining the geometry of the draft tub
DT-LOG are two, being the origins of the curves in LOG format, defined by coordinates in the
(x, z) plane. In the other hand, the second type of draft tube was used the curve criterion in a
hyperbolic spiral format. This curve has the characteristic that it presents zero curvature at the
starting point of the curve, as well as, tangency at any point of the curve. For each of the elbow
contours (concave and convex), two hyperbolas were employed to form a composite curve; so
the composite curves defining the elbow contours in the plane, having zero curvature at their
ends. The draft tube obtained with this criterion is denominated DT-HIP-HIP. In reference to
the parameterization of the third type of draft tube, is based on the curve criteria in a circle arc
and curve in hyperbolic spiral format. For each elbow contours at the plane, is obtained a curve
composed by a circle arc and a hyperbola. The draft tube obtained with these criteria is
denominated DT-ARC-HIP. The variables to obtain different geometries are the points of
intersection (for each contour) between the arc of the circle and the hyperbola. In the other
hand, for the construction of the fourth type of draft tube, a logarithmic spiral curve was used
to define the convex contour of the elbow, and a curve composed of two hyperbolas defines
the concave contour of the elbow. This type of draft tube is denominated in this paper as a DT-
LOG-HIP. As well as, both the geometry of the DT-HIP-HIP draft tube and the geometry of
the DT-ARC-HIP draft tube; four variables are used, two for each contour. For the DT-LOG-

17
HIP draft tube, three variables are used. In order to parameterize the last three types of
geometry, programs have been created in FORTRAN language, which allows, through an
iterative process to obtain the angles, constants and radius of the curves, and later generate a
script-type output file with Tcl/Tk language editing commands, to generate the geometry and
mesh of the draft tube in 3D. By mean of the area diffusion curves, at the original draft tube
geometry, it can be observed that the elbow sections are practically constant, presenting a slight
decrease of area before the diffuser. Respect to the DT-LOG draft tube the area diffusion curve
shows that the sections variation at the elbow is constant. For the DT-ARCHIP and DT-HIP-
HIP draft tubes, it can be observed that there is an elbow section variation, at the cone outlet,
being the crosssectional area increases and then decreases again to the point at the diffuser
beginning, where the areas are increasing. Consequently, there is also a slight variation between
the midline length. This area variation at the elbow, significantly influences the flow
performance at the draft tube, as regards velocity gradients on the one hand, and static pressure
gains on the other hand. This is reflected in efficiency and losses terms. It was evidenced that
the DT-LOG-HIP draft tube presents a better hydraulic efficiency (94.93%) with respect to the
original geometry and the geometries in the other formats. The DT-HIP-HIP draft tube has an
efficiency of 94.64%; with the DT-LOG draft tube was obtained a hydraulic efficiency of
93.19%; and with the DT-ARCHIP draft tube was obtained an efficiency of 93.16%. With
respect to the loss coefficient, the DT-LOG draft tube presented a lower value (0.2127).
Although the draft tube DT-LOG-HIP presents better hydraulic efficiency, the draft tube DT-
LOG has lower losses. This can be explained by the fact that at the DT-LOG draft tube, the
area section at the elbow remains constant, and as consequence, the recirculation zone is not
present immediately after the elbow at the top of the diffuser; which is present in the original
geometry and the other formats draft tubes. On the other hand, the DT-LOG-HIP draft tube
allows a greater recovery of static pressure at the outlet, but also begins to exhibit pressure
fluctuations that can be damage the turbine. The area variation at the elbow sections, for the
DT-ARC-HIP, DTHIP-HIP, and DT-LOG-HIP draft tubes allows a static pressure gain at the
draft tube outlet; and consequently better hydraulic efficiencies of the turbine; but the DT-HIP-
HIP and DT-ARC-HIP draft tubes do not show very strong pressure fluctuations of pressure,
compared with draft DT-LOG-HIP. Although a better efficiency has been obtained with the
draft tube DT-LOG-HIP, it is important to analyze in detail the complex phenomena occurring
in the draft tube related, for example with the presence of helical vortex, pressure fluctuations
among others, that can cause structural damage to the turbine. Therefore would be an
interesting focus, futures works and researches about instabilities associated with these

18
phenomena in draft tubes, considering the conditions of partial load and overload, as well as
the phenomena in nonpermanent regime. The presented work could be complemented by a
methodology that allows to parameterize the complete geometry of the draft tube, considering
variations in the cone, the elbow and the diffuser, at the same time. This research work could
also be extended considering partial load and overload conditions, in order to obtain an
optimized geometry, considering the various phenomena that occur inside the turbine by
integrating optimization methods and CFD[12].
(Trivedi, Iliev et al. 2020) Variable-speed operation of a hydro turbine is considered as an
alternative option to meet fluctuating energy demand as it allows high-ramping rate. Cavitation
can be a limiting factor to utilize the variable-speed technology at fully capacity in a hydro
power plant. This work investigates the cavitation characteristics and unsteady pressure
fluctuations as turbine ramps up to meet the energy demand. The investigated Francis turbine
consists of 15 blades and 15 splitters, and the reference diameter is 0.349 m. Numerical model
of complete turbine is prepared and hexahedral mesh is created. Rayleigh Plesset Model is
activated for cavitation modelling. Available experimental data of model acceptance test are
used to prescribe boundary conditions, and to validate the numerical results at distinct points.
Transient behaviour of the cavitation is studied, and the results are quite interesting. At certain
time instants, the cavitation effect is extremely predominant, and as a result of cavitation bubble
bursts, the amplitudes of pressure fluctuations are significantly high[13].
The extreme operation condition was considered for the present study that allows to simulate
the worst cavitation situation in a turbine. For variable-speed operation, the prediction of
cavitation is challenging due to change of rotational speed and the momentary occurrence of
transient phenomena. The study showed specific instances of cavitation, where the large part
of the turbine was cavitating intensely, including stay vane and guide vane passages. During
the initial phase of speed variation, small cavitation spots at the trailing edge junction near to
hub and shroud were obtained. The cavitation was automatically disappeared as rotational
speed increased further, however, at high rotational speed (n/nED > 1.1), the cavitation was
maximum. Some of the blade and guide vane channels were filled with vapour content.
Fluctuations in torque were high because energy extracted by the blades was asymmetric. Some
of the blade channels experiences intense cavitation while others were performing normal.
Study on blade loading in the cavitating channels revealed quite interesting pattern, certain part
of the channel seems to pumping (higher pressure on the suction side and lower pressure on
pressure side) where the cavitation is predominant while the other section was normal. From

19
the present work, it appears that the cavitation become intense while crossing the threshold
value of rotational speed, in this turbine 10% more than the synchronous speed[13].
(Ji, Xu et al. 2022) The flow characteristics of the draft tube of a Francis turbine have a
significant influence on turbine stability. Numerical simulations were performed for a Francis
turbine under three different output conditions of 20%, 100%, and 120% at the rated and
maximum heads. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) tests were conducted to test the flow
characteristics of the draft tube of the Francis turbine model. The flow characteristics in the
draft tube, the mechanism of the flow characteristics change, and the effect of the opening on
the vortex rope were analyzed. The results showed that the large and invisible vortex in the
conical cross-section at the inlet of the draft tube gradually changed to a tangible vortex rope
as the guide vane opening (GVO) increased. The pressure and velocity are significantly
influenced by the GVO, and the flow characteristics in the draft tube improve as the GVO
increases. Simultaneously, the influence range of the vortex rope increased as the head
increased[14].
The flow characteristics in the draft tube of the Francis turbine were significantly affected by
the inlet flow characteristics. Under small GVO conditions, the runner outlet near the crown
was conglomerated by cavitation bubbles, and the inflow state was poor, resulting in a large
area of dead fluid in the draft tube. The inflow was smooth, the fluid flowing down the passage
was constrained by it, and the change in flow characteristics produce complex flow conditions
such as vortices at different parts at high-efficiency and large-load operating points.The
eccentricity of the vortex rope decreased as the head increased. Under the rated head and large
load conditions columnar vortex ropes exist, and the effect of RSI was more pronounced as the
head increased. The variation in the eccentricity of the vortex rope can cause a change in the
range of perturbation of the circumferential velocity, with the smallest range of influence under
high-load conditions.The distribution variation pattern of the vortex rope was studied in the
area from the axis to the wall by analyzing the distributions of the axial velocity on sections of
the conical section. We found that the influence of the vortex rope at the inlet of the draft tube
was concentrated in the center, whereas the influence range of the eccentric vortex rope on the
velocity was wider downward along the flow direction. There is a direct relationship between
circumferential velocity and pressure pulsation, with fluctuations in the circumferential
velocity occurring due to vortex ropes being the direct source of pressure pulsation in the draft
tube.This research provides a new idea for the study of draft-tube vortex ropes. For further
study, the velocity pulsation can be obtained directly using the LDV test, and the relationship

20
between the velocity pulsation and the pressure pulsation amplitude should be studied in
depth[14].
(Joy, Raisee et al. 2022)The present paper demonstrates a proof-of-concept by introducing a
variable guide vane system in the draft tube of a high-head Francis model turbine. The aim is
to examine the hydraulic performance of the turbine while mitigating the pressure pulsations
in the draft tube. The guide vanes can rotate about an axis up to ±45°. The pressure pulsations
mitigation studies were performed at lower- and upper-part loads. The hydraulic performance
was examined at all operating ranges within the turbine head. There were six guide vane
configurations considered between ±45°. The findings demonstrate that the highest efficiency
loss with a guide vane configuration that mitigates the pressure pulsations is marginal, with
modest improvements at the best efficiency point. The pressure pulsations are 100% mitigated
at the lower part load, and there is a maximum decrement in the pressure pulsations up to 80%
at the upper part load. The study demonstrates that such a system can improve the operational
flexibility of the hydro-turbine by mitigating the pressure pulsations and marginally affecting
its hydraulic performance[15].
The current research successfully demonstrates the proof of concept for adding a GV system
to the draft tube of a Francis model turbine to mitigate pressure pulsations and examine their
effects on the turbine’s hydraulic performance. Our prior study on GV system design
methodology using numerical methods influenced the GVs dimensions in the current study.
The GVs were modified in the present study to ensure their rotation. Moreover, the draft tube
cone has additional grooving to fix the GV system and ensure its rotation. The upper hydrofoil
in the GV system can rotate up to ±45°, and the lower hydrofoil is fixed at −10°. There were
six GV configurations investigated between ±45°[15].
Despite using the modified draft tube with additional grooving in the present study, the
performance of the current turbine is like the NVKS Francis-99 model turbine at a 12 m
operational head. The 0 GV configuration has the best mitigation effects. The efficiency loss
for the 0 GV is less than 0.6% under all other operating conditions. In the presence of the GVs
in the draft tube, the turbine efficiency improves slightly at BEP. It implies some flexibility
improvement at lower operating conditions in the turbine. It could also be emphasized that
there is some improvement in the runner’s lifespan. Suppose the movement of the GVs is
restricted to 0 GV. In that case, this technique gives the best RVR mitigation with lesser
efficiency loss over the entire operational range than the previous studies reported[15].
The advantage of this technique is that the GV systems are extremely thin but effective. They
are easy to implement in any turbine with some modifications in the draft tube. Though the

21
entire measurement campaign was smooth, there was a major hindrance, as the adjustment of
the GV system was the study’s primary drawback. The future scope of the present study could
focus on developing a flow feedback system for the GV system self-adjustability, which could
be helpful for transient studies. Moreover, the possibility of implementing this technique on
other turbines, for example, axial turbines, could be beneficial[15].

22
CHAPTER 3
Materials & Methods
Among various factors that effect the performance of francis turbine, we will discuss the effect
of wheel vane angles on width of the francis turbine.

3. Methodology
We were given following
• Pressure head [H]
• Speed [N] in r.p.m (revolutions per minute)
• Diameter of the inlet [D1]
• Diameter of the outlet [D2]
• Velocity of whirl at inlet [𝑣w1]
• Shaft power [S.P]
• Efficiency of the turbine [ηo ]
By using these we found Tangential velocity at outlet [𝑢2] and the water flow at the inlet or
discharge of the turbine [Q] & Velocity of flow at outlet [𝑣𝑓2] and how vane angle effect the
width [B2]. We changed the vane angle to different values in order to view its effect on
the width of turbine.

3.2 Simplified Mathematical Model

The mathematical model that was used is given below.
We know that the efficiency of the turbine can be calculated by using the formula
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂=
𝜌𝑄𝑔𝐻
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑄=
𝜌𝑔𝜂𝐻
Where ρ is the density of water and g is the gravitational force.
After calculating the discharge, we calculate u2. In this triangle, the uniform velocity of inlet
is calculated by
𝜋 × 𝐷2 × 𝑁
𝑢2 =
60
After calculating u2 we calculate vf2 by using the following formula
𝑣𝑓2
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ =
𝑢2
After calculating Velocity of flow, we can calculate width at different angles
𝑄 = 𝜋 × 𝐷2 × 𝐵2 × 𝑣𝑓2

23
 𝑄
𝐵2 =
𝜋 × 𝐷2 × 𝑣𝑓2

24
Chapter 04
Results & Discussion
Among various factors that effect the performance of Francis turbine, we will discuss effect of
wheel (or runner) vane angle (φ) at outlet on the width (B) of the outlet of Francis turbine. We
checked the effect of changing the vane angle on width. The effect of changing the values of
different variables are discussed in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Comparing Values
Vane Angle Velocity Flow Width
Φ (degree º) Vf2 (m/s) B2 ( mm)
30 5.81 119.3
31 6.05 114.6
32 6.29 110.2
33 6.53 106.1
34 6.79 102.1
35 7.05 98.3
36 7.31 94.8
37 7.588 91.4
38 7.866 88.1
39 8.154 85
40 8.49 82.0

4. Effect of Wheel Vane Angle (φ) on Width (B2)

The effect of vane angle at inlet on Discharge give us a uniform trend. It has been observed in
this data that increasing inlet vane angle will decrease the width at outlet. For example: when
vane angle was increased from 30º to 40º, the width went on decreasing from 119.3 to
82.0(mm). The effect of vane angle on discharge can clearly be shown in figure 4.1.

33
Graph: Vane Angle at outlet vs width B 1

34
CHAPTER#05
CONCLUSION
As we mentioned in the previous chapters the effect of wheel vane angle on francis turbine .We
know that the inlet angle of runner blades of francis turbine is 90 degrees.The blades are so
shaped that the tangential component of velocity at blade outlet is zero.The flow velocity
remain constant through out the the blade passage and is equal to half of the blade velocity at
runner inlet .We also discussed about that the francis turbine exhibit peak efficiencies between
80% and 95% however they can further improved between 90% and 95% when the turbine is
well designed .These turbines are generally suitable for medium head with moderate
discharge.Changing the vane angle in a francis turbine can significantly effect its
performance.The vane angle also known as the guide vane angle or blade angle refers to the
the angle between the incoming water flow and the turbine blade or vane.Adjusting the vane
angle can optimize the efficiency of the turbine.By changing the angle the turbine can operate
more efficiently at different flowraye and heads,ensuring that it captures more energy from the
flowing water.Vane angles changes control the flowrate of water entering the turbine
.Increasing the vane angle allow more water to flow through the turbine,whereas decreasing
the angle restricts the flow.This control is vital for maintaining the turbine stability and
preventing overloading or underloading.The power output of the turbine is directly related to
the vane angle .By altering the angle the turbine output power can be adjusted to meet the
varying energy demnds.Proper vane angle adjustment can help in preventing cavitation,a
phenomenon where the pressure of the water drops below its vapour pressure forming bubbles
that can damage the turbine blades. Optimizing the vane angle reduces the risk of cavitation
ensuring the turbine longevity.Changing the vane angle effect the mechanical stress
experienced by the turbine components.Proper adjustment can help distribute the stress evenly
reducing wear and tear on turbine parts and prolonging its lifespan.At the end we conclude that
the vane angle in a francis turbine plays a crucial role in controlling the turbine performance,
efficiency and overall longevity by influencing factors like flowrate, power output and
mechanical stress .The angle can be adjust carefully during the turbine design and operation to
optimize its performance under varying operation conditons

35
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