Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts 1.

1 Sets of Numbers and Interval

Notation 1.2 Operations on Real Numbers 1.3 Simplifying Expressions 1.4
Linear Equations in One Variable 1.5 Applications of Linear Equations in One
Variable 1.6 Literal Equations and Applications to Geometry 1.7 Linear
Inequalities in One Variable 1.8 Properties of Integer Exponents and Scientific
Notation 1 Across 4. Given that distance rate time, what is the distance from
Oklahoma City to Boston if it takes 28 hr of driving 60 mph? 5. What is the
sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle? 6. What number is twice
6249? 8. If the measure of an angle is 48º, what is the measure of its
supplement? 10. If a rectangle has an area of 8670 ft2 and a width of 85 ft,
what is its length? Down 1. What is the next consecutive even integer after
4308? 2. If the measure of an angle is 2º, what is the measure of its
complement? 3. What is 25% of 25,644? 5. What is the next consecutive
integer after 1045? 7. What is 10% of 87,420? 9. What is the next
consecutive odd integer after 3225? 3 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 4 5 mi 2 Chapter 1
Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts 1. Set of Real Numbers Algebra is a
powerful mathematical tool that is used to solve real-world problems in
science, business, and many other fields. We begin our study of algebra with
a review of basic definitions and notations used to express algebraic
relationships. In mathematics, a collection of elements is called a set, and
the symbols { } are used to enclose the elements of the set. For example,
the set {a, e, i, o, u} represents the vowels in the English alphabet. The set
{1, 3, 5, 7} represents the first four positive odd numbers. Another method
to express a set is to describe the elements of the set by using set-builder
notation. Consider the set {a, e, i, o, u} in set-builder notation. description of
set “the set of” “all x” “such that” “x is a vowel in the English alphabet” Set-
builder notation: {x | x is a vowel in the English alphabet} description of set
Set-builder notation: {x | x is an odd number between 0 and 8} “the set of”
“all x” “such that” “x is an odd number between 0 and 8” Consider the set
{1, 3, 5, 7} in set-builder notation. Figure 1-1 Several sets of numbers are
subsets (or part) of the set of real numbers. These are The set of natural
numbers The set of whole numbers The set of integers The set of rational
numbers The set of irrational numbers Several sets of numbers are used
extensively in algebra. The numbers you are familiar with in day-to-day
calculations are elements of the set of real numbers. These numbers can be
represented graphically on a horizontal number line with a point labeled as
0. Positive real numbers are graphed to the right of 0, and negative real
numbers are graphed to the left. Each point on the number line corresponds
to exactly one real number, and for this reason, the line is called the real
number line (Figure 1-1). 54321 Negative numbers Positive numbers 5 4 3 2
1 0 Section 1.1 Sets of Numbers and Interval Notation Concepts 1. Set of
Real Numbers 2. Inequalities 3. Interval Notation 4. Union and Intersection of
Sets 5. Translations Involving Inequalities Section 1.1 Sets of Numbers and
Interval Notation 3 Identifying Rational Numbers Show that each number is a
rational number by finding two integers whose ratio equals the given
number. a. b. 8 c. d. 0.87 Solution: a. is a rational number because it can be
expressed as the ratio of the integers 4 and 7. b. 8 is a rational number
because it can be expressed as the ratio of the integers 8 and 1 In this
example we see that an integer is also a rational number. c. represents the
repeating decimal 0.6666666 and can be expressed as the ratio of 2 and 3
In this example we see that a repeating decimal is a rational number. d. 0.87
is the ratio of 87 and 100 In this example we see that a terminating decimal
is a rational number. Show that the numbers are rational by writing them as
a ratio of integers. 1. –98 2. 0 3. 0.3 4. 0.45 Skill Practice 10.87 87 1002.
10.6 2 32. 0.6 18 8 12. 4 7 0.6 4 7 Example 1 The set of rational numbers
consists of all the numbers that can be defined as a ratio of two integers.
Definition of the Rational Numbers The set of rational numbers is p and q are
integers and q does not equal zero}. 5 p q 0 Definition of the Natural
Numbers, Whole Numbers, and Integers The set of natural numbers is {1, 2,
3, . . . }. The set of whole numbers is {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }. The set of integers is
{ . . . , 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }. Some real numbers such as the number (pi)
cannot be represented by the ratio of two integers. In decimal form, an
irrational number is a nonterminating, nonrepeating decimal. The value of ,
for example, can be approximated as However, the decimal digits continue
indefinitely with no pattern. Other examples of irrational numbers are the
square roots of nonperfect squares, such as and 13 111. p
3.1415926535897932. p p Skill Practice Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 45 100 1 3 0 1 9
8 TIP: Any rational number can be represented by a terminating decimal or
by a repeating decimal. Definition of the Irrational Numbers The set of
irrational numbers is { is a real number that is not rational}. Note: An
irrational number cannot be written as a terminating decimal or as a
repeating decimal. x 0 x miL28 Classifying Numbers by Set Check the set(s)
to which each number belongs. The numbers may belong to more than one
set. Example 2 1, 2, 3, … Natural numbers Whole numbers 0 Integers … 3, 2,
1 Rational numbers Real numbers 0.25 0.3 Irrational numbers √2 √17 2 7
Figure 1-2 Solution: The set of real numbers consists of both the rational
numbers and the irrational numbers. The relationships among the sets of
numbers discussed thus far are illustrated in Figure 1-2. Natural Whole
Rational Irrational Real Numbers Numbers Integers Numbers Numbers
Numbers 6 3 2.35 2 7 123 Natural Whole Rational Irrational Real Numbers
Numbers Integers Numbers Numbers Numbers 6 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓
2.35 ✓ ✓ 3 2 7 123 4 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts Skill
Practice Answers 5. 1 0.47 Natural Whole Integer Rational Irrational Real 1
15 2 1 0.47 Natural ✓ Whole ✓ Integer ✓ Rational ✓✓ ✓ Irrational ✓ Real ✓✓
✓ ✓ 1 15 2 2. Inequalities The relative size of two numbers can be compared
by using the real number line. We say that a is less than b (written
mathematically as a b) if a lies to the left of b on the number line. We say
that a is greater than b (written mathematically as a b) if a lies to the right
of b on the number line. Table 1-1 summarizes the relational operators that
compare two real numbers a and b. b a b a a a b b 5. Check the set(s) to
which each number belongs. Skill Practice The symbols , , , , and are called
inequality signs, and the expressions a 6 b, a 7 b, a b, a b, and are called a

b inequalities.