INTRODUCTION

TO NETWORKS
AND
THE INTERNET
 1 Introduction to Networks
Evolution of Networking
Contents 2

3 Types of Networks
4 Network Devices
5 Networking Topologies
6 Identifying Nodes in a Network
7 Introduction to Internet
8 Domain Name System
 WHAT IS A
NETWORK?
A group of two or more
similar things or people
interconnected with
each other is called
NETWORK.
evolution of the
NETWORKING
WHAT IS THE FIRST
MODERN COMPUTER
NETWORK AND HOW
DID IT STARTED??
 ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY
NETWORK
(ARPANET)
• In the 1960s, a research project was commissioned by
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET) in the U.S. Department of Defence to
connect the academic and research institutions
located at different places for scientific collaborations.
• The first message was communicated between the
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and
Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
 AFTER ARPANET
• 1971 - First Email Sent: Ray Tomlinson, an engineer, sent the
first email using the "@" symbol to separate the user's name
from the computer they were using. This marked the
beginning of modern email communication.
• 1983 - TCP/IP Standardization: The adoption of the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol
(IP) as the standard for network communication, which
formed the foundation for the modern
• 1984 - Creation of the URL: The Uniform Resource Locator
(URL) was created by Tim Berners-Lee, allowing users to
specify the address of resources on the World Wide Web.
• 1989 - Creation of HTML: Tim Berners-Lee and his team at CERN
created the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), which allowed
for the creation of web pages with links, images, and text
formatting.
• 1991 - World Wide Web (WWW) Invention: Tim Berners-Lee
introduced the World Wide Web, creating the first web page and
web browser, marking the beginning of the user-friendly internet
we know today.
• 1995 - Commercialization of the Internet: The National Science
Foundation lifted restrictions on the commercial use of the
internet, leading to a rapid expansion of online businesses and
services.
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
PERSONAL
AREA WIDE AREA
NETWORK NETWORK

LOCAL AREA METROPOLITAN

NETWORK AREA NETWORK
 PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
• A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a
small, localized network that typically
covers a short range, typically within
a few meters.
• It is designed for connecting personal
devices like smartphones, laptops,
tablets, and peripherals such as
Bluetooth headsets.
• PAN technologies like Bluetooth and
Wi-Fi Direct enable these devices to
communicate and share data within
this limited range.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK
• It is a network that connects
computers, mobile phones, tablet,
mouse, printer, etc., placed at a
limited distance.
• The geographical area covered by a
LAN can range from a single room, a
floor, an office having one or more
buildings in the same premise,
laboratory, a school, college, or
university campus.
• The connectivity is doneby means of
wires, Ethernet cables, fibre optics, or
Wi-Fi.
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
• A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
is a network that spans a city or a
large campus, providing connectivity
between multiple local area networks
(LANs) within that geographical area.
• A MAN typically covers a larger area
than a LAN but is smaller in scale
compared to a wide area network
(WAN) like the internet
• MANs are often used by organizations
or service providers to interconnect
multiple buildings or offices across a
city for efficient data sharing and
communication.
 WIDE AREA NETWORK
• Wide Area Network connects computers
and othe LANs and MANs, which are
spread across different geographical
locations of a country or in different
countries or continents.
• A WAN could be formed by connecting
a LAN to other LANs via wired/wireless
media. Large business, educational and
government organisations connect their
different branches in different locations
across the world throughWAN.
• The Internet is the largest WAN that
connects billions of computers,
smartphones and millions of LANs from
different continents.
NETWORK DEVICES
NETWORKING HARDWARE ARE
ALSO KNOWN AS NETWORK
EQUIPMENT OR COMPUTER
NETWORKING DEVICES.

THEY ARE ELECTRONIC DEVICES

WHICH ARE REQUIRED FOR
COMMUNICATION AND
INTERACTION BETWEEN
DEVICES ON A COMPUTER
NETWORK.

SPECIFICALLY, THEY MEDIATE

DATA TRANSMISSION IN A
COMPUTER NETWORK.
 NETWORK DEVICES
EXAMPLES OF NETWORKING
DEVICES ARE;

1.) MODEM, 2.) HUB,

3.) SWITCH, 4.) REPEATER,
5.) ROUTER, 6.) GATEWAY

LET US EXPLORE THEM IN

DETAIL.
 MODEM
• A modem, short for "modulator-
demodulator," is a device that
translates digital data from a
computer or network into analog
signals suitable for transmission
over analog communication lines
like telephone lines.
• Conversely, it also converts
incoming analog signals back into
digital data for the receiving
device.
• Modems are commonly used for
connecting to the internet via DSL,
cable, or dial-up connections.
 HUB
• A hub is a basic networking device
that connects multiple devices in a
network, allowing them to
communicate with each other by
broadcasting data to all connected
devices.
 SWITCH
• A switch is a more advanced
network device that connects
devices in a network. Unlike hubs,
switches intelligently forward
data only to the device that needs
it, which improves network
efficiency and reduces data
collisions.
 REPEATER
• A repeater is a device that
amplifies and retransmits signals
to extend the range of a network.
It's often used to boost the
strength of wireless signals or to
extend the reach of wired
connections.
 Router
• A router is a network device that
connects different networks
together, such as connecting a
local network to the internet. It
determines the best path for data
packets to travel between
networks, making decisions based
on IP addresses and routing tables.
 GATEWAY
• A gateway is a device or software
application that connects two
different networks using different
communication protocols. It
translates data between the two
networks to enable them to
communicate effectively. For
example, a residential gateway
might translate data between a
home network and the internet.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
NETWORK TOPOLOGY REFERS
TO THE LAYOUT OR STRUCTURE
OF A COMPUTER NETWORK. IT
DEFINES HOW DEVICES LIKE
COMPUTERS, ROUTERS, AND
SWITCHES ARE CONNECTED TO
ONE ANOTHER.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
NETWORK TOPOLOGY IS LIKE
THE BLUEPRINT FOR HOW ALL
OUR DEVICES, LIKE COMPUTERS
AND PRINTERS, ARE CONNECTED
IN A NETWORK. IT'S HOW
THEY'RE PHYSICALLY
ARRANGED AND LINKED
TOGETHER. THINK OF IT AS THE
PATTERN OR SHAPE OF OUR
NETWORK, AND IT CAN BE SET
UP IN DIFFERENT WAYS.
 TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
MESH BUS

STAR
RING TREE OR
HYBRID
 MESH TOPOLOGY
-IN A MESH TOPOLOGY, EVERY DEVICE IN THE NETWORK IS
DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO EVERY OTHER DEVICE, FORMING A WEB-
LIKE STRUCTURE.

-THIS REDUNDANCY ENSURES ROBUSTNESS BECAUSE IF ONE

CONNECTION FAILS, DATA CAN STILL FIND ALTERNATIVE ROUTES
TO REACH ITS DESTINATION.
MESH TOPOLOGY
 Advantages
STRONG AND BACKUP CONNECTIONS:

MESH NETWORKS HAVE LOTS OF BACKUP CONNECTIONS, LIKE

HAVING MULTIPLE WAYS TO GET SOMEWHERE. SO, IF ONE PATH
HAS A PROBLEM, YOUR DATA CAN STILL FIND ANOTHER WAY.

EASY TO GROW:

YOU CAN KEEP ADDING MORE DEVICES TO MAKE THE NETWORK

BIGGER WITHOUT MAKING IT SLOW.
 DisAdvantages
COMPLICATED SETUP:

MESH NETWORKS CAN BE HARD TO PUT TOGETHER BECAUSE

EVERYTHING NEEDS TO BE CONNECTED TO EVERYTHING ELSE.

EXPENSIVE:

MAKING SURE EVERYTHING HAS MULTIPLE CONNECTIONS CAN

COST A LOT OF MONEY.
 RING TOPOLOGY
- Ring topology is a network configuration where each device is
connected to exactly two other devices, creating a circular pathway
for data transmission.

- Data travels in a unidirectional or bidirectional manner around the

ring until it reaches its intended destination.

- While ring topology offers predictable data flow and fault tolerance,
a single cable or device failure can disrupt the entire network,
making it less commonly used in modern networking.
RING TOPOLOGY
 Advantages
PREDICTABLE DATA FLOW:

RING TOPOLOGY PROVIDES A PREDICTABLE AND ORGANIZED

DATA FLOW BECAUSE DATA TRAVELS IN A CIRCULAR PATH,
MAKING IT CLEAR WHERE DATA IS COMING FROM AND GOING TO.

FAULT ISOLATION:

IF ONE DEVICE IN THE RING HAS A PROBLEM, IT DOESN'T DISRUPT

THE ENTIRE NETWORK. THE REST OF THE DEVICES CAN STILL
COMMUNICATE.
 DisAdvantages
NETWORK INTERRUPTION:

IF THE RING IS BROKEN AT ANY POINT, PERHAPS DUE TO A CABLE

ISSUE OR A DEVICE FAILURE, IT CAN DISRUPT THE ENTIRE
NETWORK'S COMMUNICATION.

LIMITED SCALABILITY:

RING NETWORKS CAN BE LESS SCALABLE THAN OTHER

TOPOLOGIES BECAUSE ADDING MORE DEVICES TO THE RING CAN
BE COMPLEX AND AFFECT NETWORK PERFORMANCE.
 BUS TOPOLOGY
- Bus topology is a network setup where all devices are connected
to a single central cable, forming a linear structure.

- Data is transmitted along the cable, and each device receives the
data, but only the one intended for it processes it.
.
BUS TOPOLOGY
 Advantages
SIMPLICITY:

BUS TOPOLOGY IS STRAIGHTFORWARD TO SET UP AND

UNDERSTAND, MAKING IT AN EXCELLENT CHOICE FOR SMALL TO
MEDIUM-SIZED NETWORKS WITH LIMITED COMPLEXITY.

COST-EFFICIENCY:

IT'S COST-EFFECTIVE BECAUSE IT REQUIRES LESS CABLING THAN

SOME OTHER TOPOLOGIES, AS ALL DEVICES ARE CONNECTED TO
A SINGLE CENTRAL CABLE.
 DisAdvantages
SINGLE POINT OF FAILURE:

THE ENTIRE NETWORK CAN BE AFFECTED IF THE CENTRAL CABLE

(BUS) FAILS OR GETS DAMAGED.

LIMITED CABLE LENGTH:

BUS TOPOLOGY HAS RESTRICTIONS ON CABLE LENGTH, WHICH

CAN LIMIT THE SIZE OF THE NETWORK.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
- Star topology is a network configuration where all devices are
connected to a central hub or switch, creating a star-like structure.

- Data is transmitted through the central hub, and it intelligently

routes data to the specific device it's intended for, ensuring
efficient communication.

-
STAR TOPOLOGY
SIMPLICITY:
Advantages
STAR TOPOLOGY IS EASY TO SET UP AND MANAGE BECAUSE EACH
DEVICE CONNECTS DIRECTLY TO A CENTRAL HUB OR SWITCH.

RELIABILITY:

IF ONE DEVICE OR CABLE FAILS, IT DOESN'T AFFECT THE ENTIRE

NETWORK; ONLY THE AFFECTED DEVICE LOSES CONNECTIVITY.
 DisAdvantages
SINGLE POINT OF FAILURE:

THE CENTRAL HUB OR SWITCH IS A CRITICAL COMPONENT; IF IT

FAILS, THE ENTIRE NETWORK CAN GO DOWN.

COST:

SETTING UP A STAR NETWORK CAN BE MORE EXPENSIVE DUE TO

THE NEED FOR THE CENTRAL HUB/SWITCH AND THE CABLING
REQUIRED FOR EACH DEVICE.
 Tree or HYBRID TOPOLOGY
- Tree topology, also known as hierarchical topology, combines
characteristics of both star and bus topologies. It has a central hub like in
a star network and they are connected together in a bus-like structure.

- This hierarchical design allows for flexibility in expanding the network,

as new star networks can be added to the existing ones.
Tree or HYBRID TOPOLOGY
SCALABILITY:
Advantages
TREE TOPOLOGY IS SCALABLE AND CAN ACCOMMODATE A LARGE
NUMBER OF DEVICES AND SUBNETWORKS, MAKING IT SUITABLE
FOR GROWING NETWORKS.

HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE:

IT OFFERS A HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE, MAKING IT EASY TO

ORGANIZE AND MANAGE DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OR BRANCHES
OF THE NETWORK.
 DisAdvantages
COMPLEXITY:

TREE TOPOLOGY CAN BECOME COMPLEX TO DESIGN, CONFIGURE,

AND MANAGE AS THE NETWORK GROWS AND BRANCHES
EXPAND.

SINGLE POINT OF FAILURE:

IF THE CENTRAL POINT OF THE TREE (ROOT NODE) EXPERIENCES

A FAILURE, IT CAN DISRUPT A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE
NETWORK.
Identifying
Nodes in a
Networked
Communication
WHY DO WE NEED TO IDENTIFY NODES IN A
NETWORKED COMMUNICATION?

Each node in a network should be uniquely

identified so that a network device can
identify the sender and receiver and decide
a routing path to transmit data.
1.) MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) ADDRESS
A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a special code
assigned to every device that can connect to the internet,
like your phone, computer, or smart TV. It's made up of
numbers and letters and is unique to each device. When you
connect to a Wi-Fi network or plug into an Ethernet cable, the
network uses your device's MAC address to know who you
are. Think of it like a name tag for your device on the
internet—it helps the network recognize and communicate
with your device specifically.
.
2.) INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) ADDRESS
An IP address serves as a unique identifier for any device connected to the
internet, much like a house has a street address. It consists of a sequence of
numbers, like 192.168.1.1.

There are two types of IP addresses:

IPv4: These are the most common and look like the example I mentioned
above. However, due to the increasing number of devices on the internet,
we're running out of these addresses.

IPv6: To solve the shortage problem, IPv6 addresses were introduced. They
look a bit different, with a longer sequence of numbers and letters like
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
INTRODUCTION
TO
INTERNET
WHAT IS THE INTERNET ?
 INTERNET:
• The internet is a global network of interconnected
computers and devices.
• It enables communication and information sharing
among these devices.
• Operates on a decentralized system with data packets
traveling diverse routes.
• Relies on protocols like TCP/IP for data transmission.
• Facilitates activities such as web browsing, email,
online gaming, and data transfer.
• Has revolutionized information access, global
connectivity, and business operations.
 INTERNET MILESTONES
1969 - ARPANET's Birth: The precursor to the internet, ARPANET, was created on
October 29, 1969, when the first message was sent between two connected
computers at UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute. This event is often
considered the "birth" of the internet.

1983 - TCP/IP Standardization: In 1983, the adoption of the TCP/IP (Transmission

Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) standard became crucial, unifying various
networks into one global network, the foundation of the modern internet.

1990 - World Wide Web: Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web (WWW) in
1990, revolutionizing internet use by creating a system of interlinked hypertext
documents accessed via the internet.
 1995 - Commercialization: In 1995, the National Science
Foundation (NSF) allowed commercial traffic on the internet,
marking a pivotal moment as businesses began to embrace and
invest in the medium.

1998 - Google's Launch: Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded

Google in September 1998, introducing a revolutionary search
engine that would go on to dominate the internet's search
landscape.
TIM-BERNERS LEE
 Inventor of the World Wide Web, the HTML markup
language, the URL system, and HTTP.
• The World Wide Web (WWW) or web in short, is an
• ocean of information, stored in the form of trillions
• of interlinked web pages and web resources.
• HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is alanguage which is used to design
standardisedWeb Pages so that the Web contents can be read from any
computer.
• URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) or URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a
unique address or path foreach resource located on the web.
• HTTP – The HyperText Transfer Protocol is a set of rules which is used to
retrieve linked web pages across the web. The more secure and advanced
version is HTTPS.
 DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
The internet is like a huge library with many books
(websites). Each book is on a shelf (server) with a special
number (IP address). To read a book, you need to know its
number, but that's hard to remember. So, we give each
shelf a name (domain name) that's easy to remember, like
a book's title. It's like using a name to find a phone
number in a phonebook. This way, we can find websites
easily without needing to remember complicated
numbers.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
MEMBERS OF THE GROUP:
1.) DORIENDO, ANGELO JOSHUA S.
2.) APOSTOL, NICOLE
3.) CABALLERO, RICKY (LEADER)
4.) SANTISO, JUSTINE
5.) HIMPOLARAN, JOHN MARK