TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

# 938 AURORA BLVD. CUBAO, QUEZON CITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Hvac System Design: Refining The Air Conditioning Of Drift Motor Speedway

In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

ME 519
Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems

Designed by:
Acabado, Jose Lorenzo
Cabana, Xandri DAme
Caet, Rlee
Damo, Elbert
Gumanid, Adrianne C.

Presented to:
Engr. Ricardo Bote, PME
 PREFACE

This research focuses on designing an HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system

for Drift Motor Speedway, a themed park in Valley Fair Town Center, Taytay, Rizal, Philippines. With the

growing need for energy-efficient climate control in commercial spaces, especially in hot areas, the study

looks at improving comfort and sustainability by optimizing climate control on the establishment. By

calculating heat loads, assessing ventilation needs, and choosing the right equipment, the design aims to

maintain a steady indoor temperature and good air quality while using less energy.

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to the Technological Institute of the Philippines for

their academic support and guidance, as well as the industry experts for their valuable insights and help.

The knowledge and skills gained from this project not only help create a better HVAC system for Drift Motor

Speedway but also lay the groundwork for sustainable engineering practices in businesses all over the

Philippines.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Study.....................................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Definition of Terms.............................................................................................................................. 2

1.4 Purposes of the Hvac..........................................................................................................................3

1.5 Purposes of Load Calculations........................................................................................................... 4

1.6 Principles of Cooling Loads................................................................................................................ 4

1.7 Indoor Design Conditions................................................................................................................ 5

1.8 Outdoor Design Conditions............................................................................................................. 6

CHAPTER 2: VICINITY MAP, LAYOUTS AND ELEVATION DRAWINGS.....................................................8

2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Vicinity Map.........................................................................................................................................9

2.3 Layouts..............................................................................................................................................11

CHAPTER 3: EXTERNAL LOAD CALCULATION.......................................................................................12

3.1 Calculation for External Load Calculation......................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 4: INTERNAL LOAD CALCULATION........................................................................................15

4.1 Calculation for Internal Load............................................................................................................. 15

CHAPTER 5: VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION...................................................................................... 18

5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 18

5.2 Calculation For Heat Gain Through Infiltration..................................................................................20

CHAPTER 6: SYSTEM HEAT GAINS.......................................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER 7: PSYCHOMETRICS.................................................................................................................25

7.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 25
 Room Heat Factor:..................................................................................................................................25

Outdoor Air Sensible Heat...................................................................................................................... 25

Outdoor Air Latent Heat.......................................................................................................................... 25

Effective Room Sensible Heat................................................................................................................ 26

Effective Room Latent Heat:................................................................................................................... 26

Effective Room Heat Factor:...................................................................................................................26

Total Sensible Heat (Tsh)........................................................................................................................26

Total Latent Heat (Tlh)............................................................................................................................ 26

Grand Total Heat (Gth)............................................................................................................................26

Grand Sensible Heat Factor (Gshf)........................................................................................................ 26

CHAPTER 8: AIR DISTRIBUTION............................................................................................................... 27

8.1 Calculation For the Chilled Pipe........................................................................................................27

8.2 AIR DISTRIBUTION SUMMARY...................................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER 9: EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS............................................................................................30

CHAPTER 10: BILL OF MATERIALS AND ESTIMATED COST................................................................. 32

10.1 BILLS OF MATERIALS................................................................................................................... 32

CHAPTER 11: RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................33

 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In the Philippines, air conditioning is highly in demand for residential, commercial, and industrial

sectors because temperatures have been increasing. The area has reached up to 47°C in some areas, and

experts claim that this will continue in the succeeding months. Temperatures that are above 42°C are

hazardous, while temperatures above 52°C are dangerous. Health hazards brought by rising temperatures

include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, sunburn, and heatstroke. In response to this, the sales of air

conditioning units have increased, and approximately 870,000 units were sold in 2022. The commercial

segment accounts for nearly 48% of the air conditioning market, which has been increasing steadily but is

expected to slow down due to high market penetration as about 90% of commercial establishments already

have air conditioning.

Drift Motor Speedway and similar establishments fail to provide comfort to customers as well as the

staff through deficient air conditioning systems, creating a negative experience and output. Since it is of

crucial necessity for maintaining an environment suitable for human existence, firms find it essential to

install them to ensure the satisfaction of clients and comfort of employees. Proper air conditioning systems

do not only create a more pleasant atmosphere but also protect sensitive equipment from damage caused

by high temperatures and humidity. Thus, businesses are investing in efficient air conditioning systems to

maintain a conducive environment for customers and employees alike.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The most critical problem facing the institution was indoor heat and humidity that was above the

normal level. It made both customers and workers uncomfortable. The tests conducted in indoor air showed

that temperature stood at 31.6°C while relative humidity stood at 61.8%. All these are higher than the set

1
by ASHRAE Standard 55 Handbook-Fundamentals. According to the guidelines, to ensure comfort, relative

humidity should be within 30% and 60%, and indoor temperatures should range between 72°F and 80°F.

The testing occurred during an event, where the few people present caused only minor heat buildup.

However, the situation could worsen with more activity, especially if the go-kart track was in use. The use of

floor-standing fans and exhaust fans by the establishment was not enough to dissipate the heat that had

been gathered, thus causing discomfort among customers and employees. Such discomfort led to a

reduction in customer satisfaction and a decline in staff well-being, hence threatening the success of the

business if the issue was not addressed appropriately.

1.3 Definition of Terms

ASHRAE​ (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and

Air-Conditioning Engineers) is the governing society

responsible for developing building design as well as

energy efficiency standards and guidelines for the new

construction environment.

HVAC​ (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) stands for

heating, ventilation and air conditioning. In computing

and especially in enterprise data centers, HVAC systems

control the ambient environment and must be planned

for and operated along with other data center

components such as computing hardware, cabling, data

storage, fire protection, physical security systems and

power.

2
​ ​

EEV​ (Electronic Expansion Valves) are used in a range of

refrigeration systems such as commercial cool rooms

and walk-in freezers to precisely control the flow of

refrigerant into the evaporator.

BMS​ (Building Management System) control and monitor the

large energy consuming systems within a building, such

as HVAC, lighting, fire and security systems.

EMS​ (Energy Management Systems​is a smart tool used to

monitor energy utilization within a building. An EMS can

collect energy data from various appliances and systems

within a solution, and identify avenues of optimization.

AC​ (Air Conditioning) is generally used when referring to

systems that are designed to cool the air in your home.

Window units and central AC are standard systems that

are widely used.

ACH​ (Air Changes per Hour)​is a measurement of how many

times a volume of air within a room will be added,

removed, or exchanged with filtered clean air.

TON ​ (Tons of Refrigeration) Is a unit of power to describe the

heat-extraction capacity of refrigeration and air

conditioning equipment.

1.4 Purposes of the Hvac

3
The HVAC system is a necessary and dependable piece of equipment that maintains comfort in homes and

businesses by keeping people, pets, and employees at a constant temperature. This system primarily

controls heat and cooling, where the air conditioner is responsible for removing excess heat and the

furnace is responsible for providing warmth. Air flows through ducts across rooms, and the thermostat

controls the temperature. Fans, filters, air inlets and outlets, and heat exchangers are all key components

working in concert to manage temperature and airflow, creating a comfortable atmosphere for work and rest

1.5 Purposes of Load Calculations

Load calculations are very important while making an efficient HVAC design appropriate for a building's

specifications. It calculates the amount and layout of the right-sized HVAC system, based on the various

determinants, such as building sizes, insulation, windows, and door sizes. They also consider all

sun-generated heat, generated within the building through lighting appliances and air leakage. Accurate

calculations help the system ensure that it would run effectively, avoid energy waste, and maintain

consistent comfort at reduced costs. This process is key to the early building design stages, allowing

architects and engineers to make smart choices for long-term efficiency and sustainability.

1.6 Principles of Cooling Loads

Cooling load is the total heat that has to be controlled to maintain the comfort level of the indoor

environment. It can be caused by external sources such as walls, roofs, windows, and other openings or

internal sources like occupants, equipment, and lighting. Heat that originates from outside is called

"external loads," and heat originating from inside is referred to as "internal loads." Their combination

depends on location, design, and even purpose of the building. This balance decides the overall load

imposed on the cooling system.

4
The amount of cooling needed may also differ from building type. Buildings, in which most of the heating

happens from outside, like in sunshine or outdoors, will require changed cooling according to the weather

condition. However, buildings with all their heating coming from the interior, like people and equipment,

typically don't have much variation in their cooling loads. In reality, an efficient HVAC design will consider

these factors to ensure it is well-suited to the building needs while trying to maximize energy efficiency and

comfort.

In air conditioning, there are four types of heat flow rates that change over time:

●​ Space heat gain: The amount of heat entering the space.

●​ Space cooling load: The amount of heat that needs to be removed to reach the desired

temperature and humidity.

●​ Specific heat extraction: The amount of heat the HVAC system removes from the space.

●​ Cooling load: The total amount of heat the cooling system removes, including heat from inside the

building and external sources like air leaks, and outdoor air.

1.7 Indoor Design Conditions

●​ Cooling: Maintain the indoor temperature 15°F (8°C) lower than outdoors, to 75°F to 78°F (24°C

to 26°C) under these conditions. Humidification should not exceed what is outdoors except when

keeping at 50%. Use evapotranspirative cooling or ventilating to get the internal down to 80°F

(27°C), so specific limits for humidity aren't applied here.

5
 ●​ Heating: Low activity areas should be kept at 68°F (20°C) and high activity areas at 55°F (13°C).

Freeze protection should maintain a minimum of 40°F (4°C). If the humidity level is below 20%,

humidify to bring it around 30%.

●​ Infiltration: The HVAC system should be maintained to have slightly positive pressure to prevent

unauthorized air entry, unless negative pressure is required.

●​ Ventilation is to follow ASHRAE Standard 62.1 to meet good quality indoors to enhance comfort,

health, and productivity.

1.8 Outdoor Design Conditions

​ Equipment such as chillers, air handling units, and pumps should be placed in locations where

noise is minimal. Air conditioning and air handling rooms should be located away from sensitive

areas such as theaters or auditoriums to avoid vibrations. If these units have to be located near

sensitive areas, then vibration isolators and flexible connectors on pipes should be used to reduce

noise.

​ Noise is an important factor in HVAC design, with major sources including:

6
​ Supply and Return Fans: These are the largest noise producers. Centrifugal fans produce noise

in a wide frequency range, peaking between 31.5 to 250 Hz, mainly in lower frequencies. Fans

make the least noise when running efficiently.

​ Ducts, Dampers, and Air Terminals: Air deflectors such as vanes and fins help to distribute air

but can create noise. The more the air is deflected, the louder the noise.

7
 CHAPTER 2: VICINITY MAP, LAYOUTS AND ELEVATION DRAWINGS

2.1 Introduction

The themed park, centered around go-kart rentals, features a well-designed go-kart track, a

spacious stockroom for equipment maintenance, and a cozy coffee shop for visitors to unwind. This

establishment provides a range of recreational activities, offering customers the thrill of riding go-karts in a

safe and enjoyable environment. Originally, the business began as an exhaust shop catering to two- and

four-wheeled vehicles, operating from the same building. Over time, it evolved into a vibrant entertainment

destination, combining the excitement of go-kart racing with spaces for relaxation and socializing. The

facility is carefully planned to ensure safety, efficiency, and energy-conscious operation, making it a perfect

venue for fun and leisure activities.

8
2.2 Vicinity Map

Satellite View of Drift Motor Speedway

9
The Drift Motor Speedway

10
2.3 Layouts

11
 CHAPTER 3: EXTERNAL LOAD CALCULATION

Heat gains or losses resulting from external causes are referred to as external loads in HVAC

design. These elements may have a major effect on the HVAC system's necessary cooling or heating

capability. For an HVAC system to be designed effectively and efficiently in a theme park that rents out

go-karts in a tropical climate, it is essential to comprehend and compute external loads.

3.1 Calculation for External Load Calculation

𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐴 • 𝑈 • ∆𝑇

Where:

Qwall​ = Heat gain through wall (kW)

U​ = Overall heat transfer coefficient on the wall (W/m2 * K)

Al​ = Area of the wall (m2 )

∆𝑇 ​ = Temperature Difference

1
𝑈= 𝑅𝑇

Where:
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛 1
𝑅𝑇​ = ℎ𝑖
+ 𝑘1
+ 𝑘2
+ 𝑘𝑛
+ ℎ0

DESCRIPTION SURFACE AREA OF THE WALL & ROOF

NORTH WALL 258.79959 m2

EAST WALL 151.476 m2

SOUTH WALL (NEAR ENTRANCE) 155.35695 m2

SOUTH WALL (NEAR WEST WALL) 43.33452 m2

WEST WALL 127.87335 m2

ROOF 943.8615 m2

12
NORTH WALL

𝑄 = 2. 27272727273 𝑊/(𝑚^2 − 𝐾)× 258. 79959 𝑚2×(34. 5 − 20)𝐾

𝑄 = 8528. 6228 𝑊

EAST WALL:

𝑄 = 2. 27272727273 𝑊/(𝑚^2 − 𝐾)×155. 35695 𝑚2×(30. 5 − 20)𝐾

𝑄 = 3707. 3817 𝑊

SOUTH WALL (NEAR ENTRANCE):

𝑄 = 2. 27272727273 𝑊/(𝑚^2 − 𝐾)×151. 476 𝑚2×(33. 9 − 20)𝐾

𝑄 = 4785. 2645 𝑊

SOUTH WALL (NEAR WEST WALL):

𝑄 = 2. 27272727273 𝑊/(𝑚^2 − 𝐾)×43. 33452 𝑚2×(35. 5 − 20)𝐾

𝑄 = 1526. 5569 𝑊

WEST WALL:

𝑄 = 2. 27272727273 𝑊/(𝑚^2 − 𝐾)×127. 87335 𝑚2×(35. 5 − 20)𝐾

𝑄 = 4504. 6293 𝑊

ROOF:

13
𝑄 = 2. 11561104155 𝑊/(𝑚^2 − 𝐾)×943. 8615 𝑚^2×(33 − 20)𝐾

𝑄 = 25958. 9695 𝑊

1
𝑈= (𝑚^2−𝐾) (0.008 𝑚) (0.01 𝑚) (𝑚^2−𝐾)
(0.04 𝑊
)+( (45.28 𝑊/(𝑚−𝐾)) )+( (0.032 𝑊/(𝑚−𝐾)) )+(0.12 𝑊
)

𝑊
𝑈 = 2. 1156 (𝑚^2−𝐾)

𝑄 = 2. 11561104155 𝑊/(𝑚^2 − 𝐾)×943. 8615 𝑚^2×(33 − 20)𝐾

𝑄 = 25958. 9695 𝑊

14
 CHAPTER 4: INTERNAL LOAD CALCULATION

Calculating the quantity of heat produced inside a structure by different internal sources, including

people, lights, appliances, and other equipment. When designing HVAC systems, these internal heat gains

must be taken into account to provide adequate heating and cooling because they can have a substantial

impact on a building's overall thermal load.

4.1 Calculation for Internal Load

𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑄𝑝𝑠 + 𝑄𝑝𝑙

​ Where:

​ ​ 𝑄𝑝𝑠 = 𝑞𝑠×𝑁𝑝

​ ​ 𝑄𝑝𝑙 = 𝑞𝑙×𝑁𝑝

Total Heat,
W Sensible Latent
Degree of Location Heat, W Heat, W
Activity

Adult Adjusted, Low V High V

Male

Walking, Drug store, 160 145 75 70 - -

standing bank

Heavy Factory 440 425 170 255 54 19

Work

FOR OUTSIDE GO KART TRACK

𝑄𝑝𝑠 = (75 𝑊)×95

𝑄𝑝𝑠 = 7125 𝑊

𝑄𝑝𝑙 = (70 𝑊)×95

15
𝑄𝑝𝑙 = 6650 𝑊

FOR INSIDE GO KART TRACK

𝑄𝑝𝑠 = (170 𝑊)×5

𝑄𝑝𝑠 = 850 𝑊

𝑄𝑝𝑙 = (255 𝑊)×5

𝑄𝑝𝑙 = 1275 𝑊

FOR HEAT GAIN FROM LIGHTING

𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 82×10𝑊×1. 2

𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 984 𝑊

Description Power Rate Max heat gain

3.0 GHz processor, 8gb RAM unknown 83W

Appliances Heat Gain Formula

𝑄𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑞𝑅×𝑁𝐸

𝑄𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑞𝑒𝑚×𝑁𝑒

Where:

(1−𝐸𝑀)
𝑞𝑒𝑚 = 𝑃( 𝐸𝑀
)𝐹𝑈𝑀 𝐹𝐿𝑀

FOR COMPUTERS:

𝑄𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 83𝑊 𝑥 2 = 166 𝑊

𝑄𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 166 𝑊

16
FOR MONITOR:

𝑄𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 25 𝑊 ×4 = 100 𝑊

𝑄𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 100 𝑊

FOR GO-KART:

𝑞𝑒𝑚 = 1500 𝑊((1 − 0. 8)/0. 8)(1)(1) = 375 𝑊

𝑞𝑒𝑚 = 375 𝑊

7125 W
SENSIBLE HEAT
850 W
PEOPLE
6650 W
LATENT HEAT
1275 W

LIGHTING 984 W

COMPUTER 166 W

EQUIPMENT LAPTOP 100 W

GO-KART 375 W

TOTAL 17525 W

17
 CHAPTER 5: VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION

5.1 Introduction

Outdoor air is often considered pure and fresh with the right proportions of nitrogen (78%), oxygen

(21%), and other gases like hydrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor (1%). Humans and animals

need oxygen to survive, and since nitrogen and other gases are inert, they do not harm living things.

Humans inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide, making it necessary to introduce outdoor air to replenish

oxygen levels in closed spaces. However, before it enters, the outdoor air must be filtered and cleaned.

Inside a confined space, oxygen levels drop due to the presence of people, and pollutants from

activities or organisms like viruses can contaminate the air. To maintain oxygen levels and purify the air,

outside air must be supplied. The amount of outdoor air needed in a typical office building depends on the

number of occupants and process-related contaminants, for example, 20 cubic feet per minute (CFM) per

person. In industrial settings, the amount of outdoor air is mainly determined by the level of pollutants

generated within the space.

Regulating airflow is essential for moisture control, energy efficiency, and occupant comfort and

safety. Airflow within a building is influenced by factors such as wind pressure, stack effect, and mechanical

equipment like fans and furnaces.

Ventilation

Ventilation is the process of bringing outside air into a building or room and circulating it throughout

the space. The main goal of ventilation is to provide clean air by reducing and removing contaminants from

the indoor environment.

18
 Just like lungs, buildings need proper ventilation to ensure fresh air flows in and polluted air flows

out. Indoor air can contain moisture, odors, gases, dust, and other pollutants. To keep the air safe inside,

fresh outdoor air is necessary to dilute these indoor pollutants. Air enters and exits buildings in three main

ways:

a. Open doors and windows.

b. Gaps and cracks between building components like floors, walls, windows, and pipes.

c. Spot ventilation such as fans that remove air from areas like bathrooms.

Infiltration

Infiltration refers to the unintentional and uncontrolled entry of outside air into an enclosed space. It

happens through gaps in the building's exterior and due to pressure differences between the inside and

outside. When outdoor air enters through open doors or windows, it is considered infiltration, even if the

doors or windows were opened for ventilation. Infiltration is most common in colder climates when the

outdoor air is colder and denser than the indoor air. It is influenced by wind speed, direction, and how

airtight the building is. In tall buildings, the stack effect contributes to infiltration.

Air leakage inside buildings has a significant impact on energy use. Therefore, controlling the

movement of air in and out of buildings is crucial for improving energy efficiency.

Exfiltration

19
 Exfiltration refers to the movement of indoor air from an enclosed building to the outside.

Commercial air-conditioned buildings are designed to be airtight, which means windows are not meant to

be opened, and they are pressurized. During the summer, the indoor air is cooler and denser than the

warmer outside air. As a result, the natural flow of air is from the inside to the outside. Because these

buildings are pressurized, air leakage happens from the interior to the exterior. Exfiltration is usually

minimal and often not considered in HVAC calculations.

5.2 Calculation For Heat Gain Through Infiltration

FOR AIRFLOW RATE OF INFILTRATING AIR

((2𝑔Δ𝐻𝑁𝑃𝐿 (𝑇𝑖−𝑇𝑜))
𝑄𝐼 = 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝑂 𝑇𝑖

𝐶𝐷 = 0. 40 + 0. 0045|𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 |

𝑄𝑆 = ρ𝑎𝑖𝑟 • 𝐶𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 • 𝑄𝐼 • Δ𝑇

𝑄𝐿 = 3010𝑄𝐼 (𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡)

Description Values

Indoor Temperature 31.6c + 273 = 304.6K

Outdoor Temperature 30.5c + 273 = 303.5K

Indoor Relative Humidity 61.8%

Outdoor Relative Humidity 59.3%

Height of Door (Opening) 2.4m

Width of Door (Opening) 1.2m

20
𝐶𝐷 = 0. 40 + 0. 0045|304. 6𝐾 − 303. 5𝐾| = 0. 40495

𝑚 2.4𝑚
2(9.81 2 )( 2
)(304.6−303.5)𝑘
𝑠
𝑄𝐼 = 0. 40495(2. 4𝑚×1. 2𝑚 ) 304.6𝑘

3
𝑚
𝑄𝐼 = 0. 34 𝑠

FOR SENSIBLE HEAT:

3
𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝐽 𝐽 𝑚
𝑄𝑆 = 1. 2 𝑚^3
×1. 0062 (𝐾𝑔−𝐾)
×1000 1𝑘𝐽
×0. 34000878292 𝑠
×(30. 5 − 20)𝐾

𝑄𝑆 = 4310. 6721 𝑊

FOR INDOOR AIR:

​ Using a steam table to get the value of partial pressure of indoor dry air based on the dry

bulb temperature.

𝑃𝑑 = 4. 6538 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑣 = 4. 6538 𝑘𝑃𝑎×61. 8% = 2. 8760 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑘𝑔𝑣 2.8760 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑊 = 0. 622 𝑘𝑔𝑎
( 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 2.8760 𝑘𝑃𝑎 )

𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑊 = 0. 01817085988 𝑘𝑔𝑎

FOR OUTDOOR AIR:

𝑃𝑑 = 4. 375 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑣 = 4. 375 𝑘𝑃𝑎×59. 3% = 2. 5920 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑘𝑔𝑣 2.5920 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑊 = 0. 622 𝑘𝑔𝑎
( 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 2.5920 𝑘𝑃𝑎 )

21
 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑊 = 0. 0163 𝑘𝑔𝑎

FOR LATENT HEAT LOAD:

𝑘𝐽−𝑘𝑔𝑎 𝑚^3 𝑘𝑔𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑣

𝑄𝐿 = 3010 3 ×0. 34000878292 𝑠
×(0. 01817085988 𝑘𝑔𝑎
− 0. 01632914947 𝑘𝑔𝑎
)
𝑚 −𝑘𝑔𝑣

𝑘𝐽 1000𝐽
𝑄𝐿 = 1. 8849 𝑠
( 1𝑘𝐽
)

𝑄𝐿 = 1884. 8551 𝑊

FOR SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD USING AIR CHANGE METHOD

3
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 6130. 265 𝑚

For the air change per hour, Based on ASHRAE 16.15 and 16.29 for commercial buildings Air Change per

Hour (ACH) is 2

2 1ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 3
𝑞 = ( ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 )×( 3600𝑠 )×(6130. 265 𝑚 )

3
𝑚
𝑞 = 3. 405702778 𝑠

3
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 1000𝐽 𝑚
𝑄𝑠 = 1. 2 3 ×1. 0062 (𝑘𝑔−𝐾)
× 1𝑘𝐽
×3. 405702778 𝑠
×(30. 5 − 20)𝐾
𝑚

𝑄𝑠 = 43177. 9085 𝑊

FOR LATENT HEAT LOAD USING AIR CHANGE METHOD:

3
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 1000𝐽 𝑚
𝑄𝐿 = 1. 2 3 ×2466 𝑘𝑔
× 1𝑘𝐽
×3. 405702778 𝑠
×(30. 5 − 20)𝐾
𝑚

𝑄𝐿 = 105820. 6344 𝑊

Sensible Heat 4310.6721 W

22
Latent Heat 1884.8551 W

Sensible Heat ach 43177.9085 W

Latent Heat ach 105820.6344 W

Total Heat 155194.0702 W

23
 CHAPTER 6: SYSTEM HEAT GAINS

The heat load calculation determined the required heat removal capacity of an air-conditioning

system in Watts (W). It encompassed various factors including (walls, roofs, windows, skylights, doors,

partitions, ceilings, and floors), Internal (lights, people, appliances, and equipment), Infiltration (Air

Leakage, and moisture migration), system (outdoor air, duct leakage, and heat gain, reheat, fan, and pump

energy, and energy recovery). (2021 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, Chapter 18.1).

Load Sensible Heat (kW)

Heat Load From Conduction 49011.4250 W

Internal Heat Gain 17525 W

Heat Load From Infiltration 155194.0701 W

Total Heat Load 221730.4952W

24
 CHAPTER 7: PSYCHOMETRICS

7.1 Introduction

In both residential and industrial air conditioning, several processes are used to vary the

temperature and humidity of air to a specific requirement. These include heating or cooling the air, adding

or removing moisture, mixing different streams of air, or other combinations of these methods. The

psychrometric chart helps to understand and analyze these properties of air and processes easily. In the

following sections, we will examine some of the most common processes used in HVAC and how they

appear on the chart.

Load Calculation Sensible Heat (kW) Latent Heat (kW)

Total Occupancy 7975 W 7.925 W
Total Lightning 984 W ---
Total Appliance 641 W ---
TOTAL 9.6 KW (RSH) 7.925 KW (RLH)

Room Heat Factor:

𝑅𝑆𝐻
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿𝐻

9.6
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 9.6 + 7.925

𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 0. 5478
Outdoor Air Sensible Heat
𝑂𝐴𝑆𝐻 = 1. 20 𝑥 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿/𝑠) 𝑥 ∆𝑡
𝑂𝐴𝑆𝐻 = 1. 20 𝑥 383. 4713 𝑥 (31 − 21)
𝑂𝐴𝑆𝐻 = 4. 6016556 𝐾𝑊
Outdoor Air Latent Heat
𝑂𝐴𝐿𝐻 = 3. 0 𝑥 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿/𝑠) 𝑥 ∆𝑊
𝑂𝐴𝐿𝐻 = 3. 0 𝑥 383. 4713𝑥(28. 5 − 7. 7)
𝑂𝐴𝐿𝐻 = 23. 9286091 𝐾𝑊

25
Effective Room Sensible Heat
𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻 = 𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝐵𝑃𝐹 (𝑂𝐴𝑆𝐻)
𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻 = 9. 6 + 0. 1 (23. 9286091)
𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻 = 11. 9929 𝐾𝑊
Effective Room Latent Heat:
𝐸𝑅𝐿𝐻 = 𝑅𝐿𝐻 + 𝐵𝑃𝐹 (𝑂𝐴𝐿𝐻)
𝐸𝑅𝐿𝐻 = 7. 925 𝑘𝑤 + 0. 1 (23. 9286091 𝑘𝑤)
𝐸𝑅𝐿𝐻 = 10. 3179 𝑘𝑊

Effective Room Heat Factor:

𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝐸𝑅𝐿𝐻

11.9929
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 11.9929 + 10.3179

𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 0. 5375
Total Sensible Heat (Tsh)
𝑇𝑆𝐻 = 𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝑂𝐴𝑆𝐻
𝑇𝑆𝐻 = 9. 6 𝐾𝑊 + 4. 6016556 𝐾𝑊
𝑇𝑆𝐻 = 14. 2017 𝐾𝑊
Total Latent Heat (Tlh)
𝑇𝐿𝐻 = 𝑅𝐿𝐻 + 𝑂𝐴𝐿𝐻
𝑇𝐿𝐻 = 7. 925 𝐾𝑊 + 4. 6016556 𝐾𝑊
𝑇𝐿𝐻 = 12. 5267
Grand Total Heat (Gth)
𝐺𝑇𝐻 = 𝑇𝑆𝐻 + 𝑇𝐿𝐻
𝐺𝑇𝐻 = 14. 2017 𝐾𝑊 + 12. 5267 𝐾𝑊
𝐺𝑇𝐻 = 26. 7284 𝐾𝑊
Grand Sensible Heat Factor (Gshf)
14.2017 𝐾𝑊
𝐺𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 26.7284 𝐾𝑊

𝐺𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 0. 5313

26
 CHAPTER 8: AIR DISTRIBUTION

Air distribution is the process of moving air to and from conditioned spaces within a building. The

airflow management system consists of various components such as blowers, purifiers, regulators, and

ducts. These systems can be made from materials like fiberglass or coated metals and may use different

types of ducts within a single setup. Ducts are channels that allow air to flow through heating, ventilation,

and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to bring in fresh air and remove stale air. The key airflows include

supply air, which enters the space; return air, which leaves the space; and exhaust air, which is vented

outside. Ducts often carry ventilation air as part of the supply to maintain indoor air quality and thermal

comfort.

8.1 Calculation For the Chilled Pipe

Calculating the size of pipe:

Flow Rate of 150 GPM

Using the "high pressure" table

27
Interpolate:

SIZE OF WATER CHILLED PIPE = 1.662162162 INCHES

= 2 Inches

8.2 AIR DISTRIBUTION SUMMARY

Air distribution is essential for maintaining comfortable and healthy indoor environments, especially in

buildings with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It involves controlling the

movement of air into and out of conditioned spaces to maintain the right temperature, humidity, and air

quality. This process relies on an air distribution system made up of components like fans, filters, dampers,

and ducts, each serving a specific role in managing airflow and maintaining the desired environment

throughout the building.

Ducts are crucial in air distribution as they are the pathways for air within the HVAC system. They

deliver fresh air to occupied spaces and remove stale air, ensuring a continuous cycle that supports

comfort. The duct system includes different types of airflow: supply air that enters the space, return air that

is recirculated, and exhaust air that is vented outside. Ventilation air is often part of the supply of air,

bringing fresh outdoor air into the system to maintain good indoor air quality, which is key for health and

well-being.

Air distribution systems are made from materials like fiberglass and coated metals, chosen based

on the building’s needs and the system’s intended use. These materials vary depending on factors like

durability, cost, and the environment. The system’s design often combines different duct types to optimize

performance.

28
 Air distribution in HVAC systems plays a vital role in regulating indoor air quality and ensuring

thermal comfort. Proper selection and arrangement of components, particularly ducts, are crucial for

efficient air movement and a balanced, comfortable indoor environment. By controlling airflow within

buildings, air distribution systems enhance the health, comfort, and productivity of occupants.

29
CHAPTER 9: EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS

30
31
 CHAPTER 10: BILL OF MATERIALS AND ESTIMATED COST

10.1 BILLS OF MATERIALS

U/COST
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT (PHP) TOTAL COST (PHP)
AIR CONDITIONING UNIT
ACCU (RXYQ120TAYDU) -
33.4kW 7 UNITS 314679.00 2202753.00

FCU (FXFQ48TVJU) - 14kW 17 UNITS 168000.00 2856000.00

DUCTING
G. I. SHEETS # 18 25 UNITS 2450.00 61250.00

G. I. SHEETS # 18 15 UNITS 1422.00 21330.00

PIPING
COPPER PIPE, HD TYPE L 46 LENGTH 3620.00 166520.00

COPPER PIPE, HD TYPE L 23 LENGTH 3165.00 72795.00

TOTAL 5307853.00

32
 CHAPTER 11: RECOMMENDATIONS

The researchers suggest increasing the efficiency of the HVAC system at Drift Motor Speedway by

minimizing heat gains, which would reduce energy use. The system will have to work harder to cool as it

takes in more heat; hence, methods to reduce heat uptake should be identified. Reducing outside heat

sources can be achieved by the researchers' suggestion to incorporate shading solutions, such as

sunbreakers or solar-resistant windows, into areas where the HVAC system operates. These modifications

can decrease the load of the cooling system and reduce energy consumption. They also advise using

low-power equipment inside the building to reduce internal heat, which further improves HVAC efficiency.

Regular maintenance is also important to ensure that the cooling system is functioning correctly.

Checking the main components, such as cooling units, air filters, and ventilation parts, regularly can

prevent malfunctions that could affect comfort or operations. Skipping maintenance could lead to expensive

repairs or replacements, while proper care will extend the system's lifespan and maintain its efficiency.

Finally, the researchers recommend R-290 refrigerant that is more environmentally friendly than

any other refrigerant. The GWP of R-290 is very low and does not cause harm to the ozone layer, making it

a sustainable option. In this way, the commitment of Drift Motor Speedway towards sustainability is well

supported using this eco-friendly refrigerant while also providing good cooling.

33
 REFERENCES

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​ https://medicalchannelasia.com/extreme-heat-in-the-philippines-the-impact-on-health/
[2] ​ Philippines: Air conditioner demand 2022. (2023, June 26). Statista.
​ https://www.statista.com/statistics/909967/philippines-ac-demand-units/
[3] ​ Philippines air conditioning market - Forecast (2020 - 2025). (2020, December 29). LinkedIn.
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[4] ​ McQuiston, F. C., Spitler, J. D., & Parker, J. D. (2005). Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning:
​ Analysis and Design (6th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc
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%20is,%25%20of%20the%20time)
[7] ​ YouTech. (2023, July 6). 3 types of air conditioner (AC) evaporator coil issues and ways to fix. Snell
Heating & Air Conditioning.
https://www.snellheatingandair.com/blog/3-types-of-air-conditioner-evaporator-coil-issues-ways-to-fix/
[8] ​ Konyi, Ted. (2023). The Pros and Cons of VRF Systems.
https://www.airtest.com/post/the-pros-and-cons-of-vrf-systems#:~:text=Variable%20Refrigerant%20
Flow%20systems%20offer,risks%20related%20to%20refrigerant%20leaks.
[9]​ Product Filter - Daikin Philippines. (2024, March 21). Daikin Philippines.
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