OPERATING SYSTEM

Fundamentals

Menushi Wijesooriya 11/15/24 OS assignment

Preview.

Chapter 1 – Computer Architecture

1.1-A map of your computer’s architecture
1.2-Central processing unit (CPU)
Chapter 2 – Introduction to software
2.1 – System software
2.2 – Application Software

Chapter 3 – Introduction to Operating

systems
Chapter 4 – Several Operating systems
4.1- Types of operating systems
Chapter 5- Facilities provided by OS
5.1- Managing hardware
5.2- User friendly interface
COMPUTER ARCHITECHTURE
We need to know some important things about the hardware inside
of a computer in order to understand
some of the critical functions of any operating system.
Computer architecture refers to the overall design of the
physical parts of the computer.
That is, it refers to:
 what the main parts are;
 how they are physically connected
 how they work together;
Although all of the parts of a computer are connected to
each other by the motherboard, the operating
system is essential in order to control how those
parts talk to each other. Without the operating
system, the parts of the computer would not be
able to do anything that the user needs them to
do! We need to know some basics about how
the main parts of a computer are physically
connected to each other before we can truly
understand what an
operating system does.
1.1 A map of your Computer’s architechture

You can think of the motherboard

as a big city, and all of the parts
of the computer as buildings
throughout the city. Of course,
there
are roads to get between all of the
buildings. These roads are
those little metal lines (called
traces) running all over the motherboard. These traces are part of
what is called the system bus. There are several different busses on
the motherboard,depending upon which devices they are
connecting.
Some of the major components of your computer‘s architecture
(the main buildings) that are controlled by the operating system
include:
 CPU – Central Processing Unit
 This is the brain of your computer. It performs all of the
calculations.
 RAM – Random Access Memory
 This is your system memory.
 This is like a desk, or a workspace, where your computer
temporarily stores all of the information (data) and instructions
(software or program code) that it is currently using.
RAM.
 1.2 THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
The CPU is the brain of your computer. It
performs all of the calculations.
Of course, in order to do its job, the CPU needs
commands to perform, and data to work with.
These instructions and data travel to and from
the CPU on the system bus. The operating
system provides rules for how that
information gets back and forth, and how it will be used by the CPU.
 2) INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE
*Before we define the term Operating system (OS), we need to define
and classify the term software.
Software
The piece of code/program or set of instructions to execute a specific task is called
software. The software can be of two types: System Software and Application
Software

System Software: are designed to manage the systems and their activities e.g.
Operating System and Utility Programs etc.

Application Software: allow the users to interact with the computational systems
or system software e.g. Microsoft office suite, Adobe products and video players
etc. The application software can be further categorized as web application
software (cloud based) and desktop application software

SOFTWARE

Application Software System Software

2.1) System Software
System Software is the type of software that is the interface between
application software and the system. Low-level languages are used to
write the system software. System Software maintains the system
resources and gives the path for application software to run. An
important thing is that without system software, the system can not run.

System software are generally divided into three types. They are,
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Operating System – everything is

connected and controlled by the user

Utility Software – Software which are not

necessary in day to day life eg, anti virus software

Language translators – Translating

2.2) Application Software
The application software which runs on the Operating system is used to
carryout computer based activities of the user such as creating
documents, mathematical functions, data entry and computer games.
 03) INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEMS
Operating System

The Operating System (OS) is a system software which:

• Acts as intermediary between the hardware and user.

• Manages the system resources in an unbiased fashion

between the hardware and software.

• Provides a platform on which other application programs

are installed.

Let us understand, how the operating system acts as intermediary

between the hardware and the users. Now the first question is,
can we access hardware directly without OS or not? The answer
is yes but it would be extremely difficult and inefficient, one has
to communicate with computer in machine language to control
the complex computational logic. Another example to better
understand the role of OS as intermediary is described as follows:

If you want to turn on car Air Conditioner (AC) then can you turn
on AC without pressing the AC button? The answer is yes but it
would be inconvenient, one has to open the hood of the car and
manually turn that machine on. The AC button (on the dashboard
of car) acts as interface through which one can access that machine. Similarly, the
OS acts as interface between the user and the hardware (CPU, RAM, Hard drive
etc.).
04) SEVERAL OPERATING SYSTEMS

OPERATING CREATOR SPECIAL INFO

SYSTEM
1) Microsoft Bill Gates and *The most popular OS
Windows Paul Allen in the world.
*There’s also Windows
mobile versions and
server versions.
2) Apple Mac Steve Jobs *Is also a proprietary
software
*Can only be installed
on Apple computers

3) Ubuntu Mark Shuttleworth *Based on Linux OS.

*Free of Charge

4) Android Andy Rubin and his *Developed by Google

team *A free and open
Source software

5) Hanthana Linux Hanthana community *Based on Linux OS

*Free of charge
4.1 Types of Operating systems
Based on the Functionality of the operating system, it can be classified
as;
1.Single user – Provides service to one person at a time.
eg. MS Dos Operating System

2.Multi user- Allows multiple users to use a system simultaneously .

This type of OS is used in mainframe or server computers
Eg. Linux, windows server

3.Multi-tasking – Allows to run multiple operations at the same time.

Eg. Windows 7/8, Ubuntu, Mac OS

4.Real time – Gives output in real time

without any observable delays.
These operating systems are specifically designed for particular devices.
Eg. ATM machines, Calculators
Based on the Environment.
 05) SERVICES OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
The operating software is a Software which manages the hardware and
other software in computer system. It provides services to other software.
There are two main services performed by an operating system. They are,

I. Managing the hardware of a computer

II. Providing user interface

5.1) Managing hardware

I. Process management
II. Memory management
III. Device management
IV. File management
V. Security management
 VI. Network management
Process management
A program/software does nothing unless its instructions are executed by
a CPU so, a program in execution is called process. A process needs
certain resources to accomplish its tasks e.g. CPU, RAM, I/O devices
and these resources are allocated to the process while it is being
executed. The OS reclaimed all resources when the process gets
terminated or completed.
A process can perform multiple tasks simultaneously using either the
parent-child model or threading.
The OS does the following to manage a process:
• Execute
• Create and Terminate
• Abort
Memory management
To execute a program all of the instructions and the data must be loaded
onto RAM which further provides instructions to CPU to execute a
process. The Memory management activities are:
• Allocating and de-allocating Memory
• Assigning priority to processes
• Keeping a log/track of memory utilization
Device management
Device Administration within An operating system controls every piece
of hardware and virtual device on a PC or computer. Input/output
devices are assigned to processes by the device management system
based on their importance. Depending on the situation, these devices
may also be temporarily or permanently reallocated.
File management
The most visible component of an OS is the file which is the collection
of related information defined by its creators and organized in
directories. If the multiple users have access to the files then it is
important to define access controls of the file.
The OS manages the file systems using filing methods e.g. FAT, NTFS
and XFS etc. These filing methods defines the file creation, deletion,
location and back up methods of various file formats.
Security Management
The protection is the mechanism for controlling access of
processes/users to the resources (e.g. which process can access which
resources and how much it can access etc.). The security module acts as
defense of the system against internal and external attacks. The
Protection and the security module can distinguish among the users
based on the user ID, passwords and can define the access rights for
each user of the systems.
Network management
Network management is the sum total of applications, tools and
processes used to provision, operate, maintain, administer and
secure network infrastructure. The overarching role of network
management is ensuring network resources are made available to users
efficiently, effectively and quickly.

5.2) Providing User friendly interface

An operating system provides a user interface to input commands and
instructions in a user friendly manner. Using this interface, we can
perform tasks without using complex instructions.
There are two types of user interfaces provided by the Operating
systems. They are,

 Command line interface- CLI

 Graphical user interface- GUI

1. Command line interface.

A command line interface (CLI) is a text-based interface where you
can input commands that interact with a computer's operating
system.

2. Graphical User interface- GUI

A graphical user interface (GUI) is a digital interface in which a user
interacts with graphical components such as icons, buttons, and
menus. In a GUI, the visuals displayed in the user interface convey
information relevant to the user, as well as actions that they can talkh