SOFTWARE

ENGINEERIN
G
CO30
01
CHAPTER 7 – ARCHITECTURE
DESIGN

WEEK 7
Adapted from https://iansommerville.com/software-engineering-book/slides/
TOPICS COVERED

✔Architectural design decisions

✔Architectural views
✔Architectural patterns
✔Application architectures

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SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE

✔Describes how the system is organized as a

set of communicating components

Architecture?
"Architecture" can mean: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture)
A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures.
The art and science of designing buildings and (some) non-building
structures.
The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other
physical structures.
…

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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

✔Concerned with:
🢝 how a software system should be organized and
designing the overall structure of that system.
✔The critical link between design and
requirements engineering
🢝 as it identifies the main structural components in a
system and the relationships between them.
✔Agile?
🢝 An early stage: design an overall systems architecture.
🢝 Refactoring the system architecture is usually
expensive

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THE ARCHITECTURE OF A PACKING ROBOT
CONTROL SYSTEM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ph9WiUn5DSg

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ARCHITECTURAL ABSTRACTION

✔Architecture in the small

🢝 is concerned with the architecture of individual
programs.
✔Architecture in the large
🢝 is concerned with the architecture of complex
enterprise systems that include other systems,
programs, and program components.
Software architecture is important because it affects the
performance, robustness, distributability, and maintainability
of a system.
• Func. reqs.: individual components
• Non-func. reqs: depend on the system architecture
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ADVANTAGES OF EXPLICIT ARCHITECTURE

✔Stakeholder communication
🢝 Architecture may be used as a focus of discussion
by system stakeholders.
✔System analysis
🢝 Means that analysis of whether the system can
meet its non-functional requirements is possible.
✔Large-scale reuse
🢝 The architecture may be reusable across a range of
systems
🢝 Product-line architectures may be developed.

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ARCHITECTURAL REPRESENTATIONS

✔Mostly use: Simple, informal block diagrams

showing entities and relationships
🢝 Problem: lack semantics

✔Box and line diagrams

🢝 Very abstract - do not show the nature of
component relationships nor the externally visible
properties of the sub-systems.
🢝 However, useful for communication with
stakeholders and for project planning.

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USE OF ARCHITECTURAL MODELS

✔As a way of facilitating discussion about the

system design
🢝 A high-level architectural view is useful for
communication with system stakeholders and
project planning
✔As a way of documenting an architecture
that has been designed
🢝 to produce a complete system model that shows
the different components in a system, their
interfaces and their connections.

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 ARCHITECTURE DECOMPOSITION

✔Software systems:
🢝 complexity problem <= inter-relationship
✔Goals:
🢝 Maximizing cohesion
🢝 Minimizing coupling

Cohesion: degree of communication taken

place among the module’s elements

Coupling: degree of communication

among modules

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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
DECISIONS

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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN DECISIONS

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ARCHITECTURE AND SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS
✔Performance
🢝 Localize critical operations and minimize communications. Use
large rather than fine-grain components.
✔Security
🢝 Use a layered architecture with critical assets in the inner layers.
✔Safety
🢝 Localize safety-critical features in a small number of sub-
systems.
✔Availability
🢝 Include redundant components and mechanisms for fault
tolerance.
✔Maintainability
🢝 Use fine-grain, replaceable components.

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ARCHITECTURAL VIEWS

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ARCHITECTURAL VIEWS

✔What views or perspectives are useful when

designing and documenting a system’s
architecture?

✔What notations should be used for describing

architectural models?

✔Each architectural model only shows one view

or perspective of the system.
🢝 how a system is decomposed into modules
🢝 how the run-time processes interact
🢝 system components are distributed across a network
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ARCHITECTURAL VIEWS

need to present multiple views of the

Sep 2019
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 4 + 1 VIEW MODEL OF SOFTWARE
ARCHITECTURE
shows the key abstractions in shows how the software is
the system as objects or decomposed for development.
classes.

shows how, at run-time, the shows the system hardware and

system is composed of how software components are
interacting processes. distributed across the processors
in the system.
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4 + 1 VIEW MODEL VS UML

✔Logical view:
🢝 Class diagram, Communication diagram, Sequence
diagram
✔Process view:
🢝 Activity diagram
✔Development view:
🢝 Component diagram, Package diagram.
✔Physical view:
🢝 Deployment diagram
✔Scenarios (+1):
🢝 Use-case

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 ARCHITECTURAL
PATTERNS

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ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS

✔Patterns are a means of representing,

sharing and reusing knowledge.
🢝 Patterns should include information about when
they are and when the are not useful.
🢝 Patterns may be represented using tabular and
graphical descriptions.

✔An architectural pattern is a stylized

description of good design practice, which
has been tried and tested in different
environments.
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 20
 THE MODEL-VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
PATTERN
Name MVC (Model-View-Controller)
Description Separates presentation and interaction from the system data. The
system is structured into three logical components that interact with
each other. The Model component manages the system data and
associated operations on that data. The View component defines and
manages how the data is presented to the user. The Controller
component manages user interaction (e.g., key presses, mouse clicks,
etc.) and passes these interactions to the View and the Model.
Example The next slide shows the architecture of a web-based application
system organized using the MVC pattern.
When used Used when there are multiple ways to view and interact with data.
Also used when the future requirements for interaction and
presentation of data are unknown.
Advantages Allows the data to change independently of its representation and vice
versa. Supports presentation of the same data in different ways with
changes made in one representation shown in all of them.
Disadvantages Can involve additional code and code complexity when the data
model and interactions are simple.
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CONCEPTUAL VIEW OF THE MVC AND
WEB-BASED MVC

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 THE LAYERED ARCHITECTURE PATTERN
Name Layered architecture
Description Organizes the system into layers with related functionality associated
with each layer. A layer provides services to the layer above it so the
lowest-level layers represent core services that are likely to be used
throughout the system. See Figure 6.6.
Example A layered model of a system for sharing copyright documents held in
different libraries
When used Used when building new facilities on top of existing systems; when
the development is spread across several teams with each team
responsibility for a layer of functionality; when there is a requirement
for multi-level security.
Advantages Allows replacement of entire layers so long as the interface is
maintained. Redundant facilities (e.g., authentication) can be provided
in each layer to increase the dependability of the system.
Disadvantages In practice, providing a clean separation between layers is often
difficult and a high-level layer may have to interact directly with lower-
level layers rather than through the layer immediately below it.
Performance can be a problem because of multiple levels of
interpretation of a service request as it is processed at each layer.
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 A GENERIC LAYERED ARCHITECTURE
A generic layered architecture

The architecture of the iLearn system

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REPOSITORY ARCHITECTURE

✔Sub-systems must exchange data. This may

be done in two ways:
🢝 Shared data is held in a central database or
repository and may be accessed by all sub-
systems;
🢝 Each sub-system maintains its own database and
passes data explicitly to other sub-systems.
✔When large amounts of data are to be
shared, the repository model of sharing is
most commonly used a this is an efficient
data sharing mechanism.
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 25
 THE REPOSITORY PATTERN
Name Repository
Description All data in a system is managed in a central repository that is
accessible to all system components. Components do not interact
directly, only through the repository.
Example The next is an example of an IDE where the components use a
repository of system design information. Each software tool generates
information which is then available for use by other tools.
When used You should use this pattern when you have a system in which large
volumes of information are generated that has to be stored for a long
time. You may also use it in data-driven systems where the inclusion
of data in the repository triggers an action or tool.
Advantages Components can be independent—they do not need to know of the
existence of other components. Changes made by one component
can be propagated to all components. All data can be managed
consistently (e.g., backups done at the same time) as it is all in one
place.
Disadvantages The repository is a single point of failure so problems in the repository
affect the whole system. May be inefficiencies in organizing all
communication through the repository. Distributing the repository
Sep 2019 across several computers may be difficult.
CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 26
A REPOSITORY ARCHITECTURE FOR AN IDE

Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 27

 THE CLIENT–SERVER PATTERN
Name Client-server
Description In a client–server architecture, the functionality of the system is
organized into services, with each service delivered from a separate
server. Clients are users of these services and access servers to
make use of them.
Example Figure in the next slide is an example of a film and video/DVD library
organized as a client–server system.
When used Used when data in a shared database has to be accessed from a
range of locations. Because servers can be replicated, may also be
used when the load on a system is variable.
Advantages The principal advantage of this model is that servers can be
distributed across a network. General functionality (e.g., a printing
service) can be available to all clients and does not need to be
implemented by all services.
Disadvantages Each service is a single point of failure so susceptible to denial of
service attacks or server failure. Performance may be unpredictable
because it depends on the network as well as the system. May be
management problems if servers are owned by different
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A CLIENT–SERVER ARCHITECTURE FOR A
FILM LIBRARY

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 THE PIPE AND FILTER PATTERN
Name Pipe and filter
Description The processing of the data in a system is organized so that each
processing component (filter) is discrete and carries out one type of
data transformation. The data flows (as in a pipe) from one
component to another for processing.
Example Figure in the next slide is an example of a pipe and filter system used
for processing invoices.
When used Commonly used in data processing applications (both batch- and
transaction-based) where inputs are processed in separate stages to
generate related outputs.
Advantages Easy to understand and supports transformation reuse. Workflow
style matches the structure of many business processes. Evolution by
adding transformations is straightforward. Can be implemented as
either a sequential or concurrent system.
Disadvantages The format for data transfer has to be agreed upon between
communicating transformations. Each transformation must parse its
input and unparse its output to the agreed form. This increases
system overhead and may mean that it is impossible to reuse
functional transformations that use incompatible data structures.
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 30
AN EXAMPLE OF THE PIPE AND FILTER
ARCHITECTURE

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 APPLICATION
ARCHITECTURES

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APPLICATION ARCHITECTURES

✔Application systems are designed to meet an

organizational need.
🢝 As businesses have much in common, their
application systems also tend to have a common
architecture that reflects the application
requirements.

✔A generic application architecture is an

architecture for a type of software system
that may be configured and adapted to
create a system that meets specific
requirements.
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 33
USE OF APPLICATION ARCHITECTURES

✔As a starting point for architectural design.

✔As a design checklist.
✔As a way of organising the work of the
development team.
✔As a means of assessing components for
reuse.
✔As a vocabulary for talking about application
types.

Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 34

EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION TYPES

✔Transaction processing applications

🢝 Database-centred applications that process user
requests and update information in a system
database.
✔Event processing systems
🢝 Applications where system actions depend on
interpreting events from the system’s
environment.
✔Language processing systems
🢝 Applications where the users’ intentions are
specified in a formal language that is processed
and interpreted by the system.
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 35
TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS

✔Process user requests for information from a

database or requests to update the database.
✔From a user perspective a transaction is:
🢝 Any coherent sequence of operations that satisfies a
goal;
🢝 For example - find the times of flights from London to
Paris.
✔Users make asynchronous requests for service
which are then processed by a transaction
manager.
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 36
THE SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE OF AN
ATM SYSTEM

Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 37

INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE

✔Information systems have a generic architecture

that can be organized as a layered architecture.
✔These are transaction-based systems as
interaction with these systems generally involves
database transactions.
✔Layers include:
🢝 The user interface
🢝 User communications
🢝 Information retrieval
🢝 System database
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 38
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MENTCARE
SYSTEM

Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 39

WEB-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

✔Information and resource management systems

are now usually web-based systems where the
user interfaces are implemented using a web
browser.
✔Often implemented as multi-tier client/server
architectures.
🢝 The web server is responsible for all user
communications, with the user interface implemented
using a web browser;
🢝 The application server is responsible for implementing
application-specific logic as well as information
storage and retrieval requests;
🢝 The database server moves information to and from
the database and handles transaction management.
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 40
LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEMS

✔Accept a natural or artificial language as

input and generate some other
representation of that language.
✔May include an interpreter to act on the
instructions in the language that is being
processed.
✔Used in situations where the easiest way to
solve a problem is to describe an algorithm or
describe the system data
🢝 Meta-case tools process tool descriptions, method
rules, etc and generate tools.
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 41
THE ARCHITECTURE OF A LANGUAGE
PROCESSING SYSTEM

Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 42

COMPILER ARCHITECTURE

✔Components
🢝 A lexical analyzer: takes input language tokens and
converts them to an internal form.
🢝 A symbol table: holds information about the names of
entities (variables, class names, object names, etc.)
used in the text that is being translated.
🢝 A syntax analyzer: checks the syntax of the language
being translated.
🢝 A syntax tree: an internal structure representing the
program being compiled.
🢝 A semantic analyzer: uses information from the syntax
tree and the symbol table to check the semantic
correctness of the input language text.
🢝 A code generator: ‘walks’ the syntax tree and
generates abstract machine code.
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 43
A PIPE AND FILTER VS REPOSITORY
ARCHITECTURE FOR COMPILERS

Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 44

SUMMARY

✔A software architecture is a description of how a

software system is organized.
✔Architectural design decisions include decisions on
the type of application, the distribution of the system,
the architectural styles to be used.
✔Architectures may be documented from several
different perspectives or views such as a conceptual
view, a logical view, a process view, and a
development view.
✔Architectural patterns are a means of reusing
knowledge about generic system architectures. They
describe the architecture, explain when it may be
used and describe its advantages and disadvantages.

Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 45

SUMMARY (CONT.)

✔Models of application systems architectures help us

understand and compare applications, validate
application system designs and assess large-scale
components for reuse.
✔Transaction processing systems are interactive
systems that allow information in a database to be
remotely accessed and modified by a number of
users.
✔Language processing systems are used to translate
texts from one language into another and to carry out
the instructions specified in the input language. They
include a translator and an abstract machine that
executes the generated language.
Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 46
IN-CLASS ACTIVITY

✔Choose at least 02 of the following

architectures for your project and present.
🢝 Layered
🢝 Repository
🢝 Client-Server

Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 47

IN-CLASS ACTIVITY

✔Use Client-Server to SCAMS system

🢝 Deployment diagram

Sep 2019 CHAPTER 6. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 48