Arch 162

URBANIZATION
Urbanization

 Process when large numbers of

people become permanently
concentrated in a relatively smaller
area.
 When people move from rural to
urban areas.
 Involves:
o Population growth
o Population density increase
o Migration
o Emigration and immigration
o Natural increase due to higher
birth rates
 How Urbanization Leads to City
Formation?
o Small groups into settlements
into towns
o Smaller towns into larger
towns; larger towns to cities
o Growth of cities when people
live to work there  Conurbation – the merging into one
o Cities expand, swallowing up contiguous area of a number of cities,
neighboring areas to become large towns, and urban areas due to
mega-cities population growth and
 Factors: physical/territorial expansion.
o Industrialization o Metro Manila is now a
o Trade Routes conurbation.
o Economic Opportunities
Location and Movement
o Education and Entertainment
Centrality

RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION • Cities have internal structures based

on access to markets and the clustering of
activities in central places.
Rural-Urban Continuum
• Locational advantage of cities:

o Market towns (historical)

o Seats of government or religion

o Large central squares/open spaces

as important gathering places of city life

o New capital cities at the central point

of national territory as the most rational
form of centralized governance.
 Arch 162
o 7 – Outlying Business
District
URBAN SPATIAL MODELS AND LAND o 8 – Residential Suburb
THEORIES o 9 – Industrial Suburb
o 10 – Commuter’s Zone
 Service Classification and
TRADITIONAL MODELS OF URBAN
Threshold Population
SPATIAL STRUCTURES

1. Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model

2. Harris and Ullman’s Multiple

Nuclei Model

 By Ernest Burgess (1925)

 Social ordering of industrial cities
(early 20th century)
 Competition revolves around the
control of urban spaces needed to
maintain social distance between
groups.
 Applied on Chicago
 Concentric ring model depicts
urban land usage
 Influenced the later models of  By Chauncy Harris and Edward
Hoyt and Ullman, and also the Bid (1945)
Rent Curve Theory  Cities have multiple growth
 Zone of Transition points or “nuclei”/nodes around
o Part of the central city which growth take place.
which is contiguous with  Based on Chicago
the CBD  Although a city begun with
o Characterized by ageing Central Business District, other
structures smaller CBDs develop on the
o Derives many of its outskirts of the city near the
features from the fact that more valuable housing areas to
it has served as a buffer allow shorter commutes.
zone between the CBD and  Assumptions:
the more stable residential o Land is not flat. It is
districts of the city. difficult to find flat land for
 Districts big cities, and the terrain
o 1 – CBD features affects the
o 2 – Wholesale Light activities, development,
Manufacturing and direction of growth of
o 3 – Low Class Residential an urban area.
o 4 – Medium Class o Even distribution of
Residential resources. No one enjoys
o 5 – High Class Residential privileges or have exclusive
access to resources.
o 6 – Heavy Manufacturing
 Arch 162
o Even distribution of routes on the periphery of the
people in residential city.
areas. Homogenous  These neighborhoods may offer
distribution and not aesthetic views, such as
concentrated in a particular prominent landscape features
area or pocket. like river bluffs and hilltops or
o Even transportation proximity to other important
cost. Cost is even in the landmarks like parks or
city and not influenced by universities.
location.  As high-income groups moved
o Profit maximization. A into new houses, their old houses
particular activity will become available for other
locate itself where households to occupy.
maximum profit can be  Supports presence of low-income
earned. A different groups near industries.
combination of rent,  Transport linkages profoundly
transportation costs, labor influence activities and their
cost, proximity to the locations.
market.  Low transportation cost and
 Criticisms proximity to roads/railway reduce
o Negligence of the height of the cost of production.
buildings.  Components
o Non-existent of abrupt o Central Business District
divisions between zones. (CBD)
o Each zone displays a - The city center, located
significant degree of at the geographical
internal heterogeneity and center, the downtown,
not homogeneity. has high rise buildings.
o Unawareness of inertia o Industry
forces.  Represented in the
o No consideration of the form of a sector
influence of physical relief radiating out from the
and government policy. center with the
o The concepts may not presence of a transport
apply to Asian cities with linkage (both road and
different cultural, railways) along which
economic, and political the activities grew.
backgrounds. o Low Class Residential
3. Hoyt’s Sector Model  For low-income groups,
with narrow roads, high
population density,
small houses with poor
ventilation.
 Narrow roads often
connect to the
 By Homer Hoyt (1939) industries where most
 As cities grew, the highest of the people in this
income groups moved into new sector work.
homes in new neighborhoods.  Closeness to industries
 These neighborhoods were often reduces the travel cost
located along transportation
 Arch 162
and thus attracts multiple business centers
industrial workers. are not accounted for.
 Environmental and o Physical features may
living conditions are restrict of direct growth
often inadequate along specific wedges.
because of the o No reference to out-of-town
proximity to factories. development.
o Middle Class Residential
Urban Land Use Theories
 Middle income groups
who can afford more 1. Central Place Theory
substantial travel costs  By Walter Christaller (1933)
and want better living and August Losch (1938)
conditions.  Range of goods and threshold
 It has more linkages population of retail shops and
with CBD along with service establishments determine
some linkages to the number, size, and distribution
industries. patterns of settlements.
 This area has the most  Settlements only existed to
significant residential function as “central places” to
area. provide services for the
o High Class Residential surrounding area.
 The outermost and  Small settlements will be situated
farthest area from next to another for efficiency
downtown. (e.g. travelling for everyday
 Wealthy and affluent needs)
people live in this area.  People will travel further for more
 Clean, has less traffic, expensive and infrequent
quiet and has large purchase.
houses. 2. Bid Rent Theory
 Corridor or spine  By William Alonzo (1946)
extending from CBD to  A.k.a. Land Rent Theory or Alonzo
the edge has the best Model
housing.  A geographical economic theory.
 Significance  Refers to how the price and
o Role of transport routes in demand for real estate change as
affecting the spatial the distance from the CBD
arrangement of the city. increases.
o Consideration of both the  Different land users will compete
distance and direction of with one another for land close to
growth from the city center. the city center for profit or utility.
o Location of industrial and  CBD is the optimal location.
environmental amenity 3. Least Cost Theory
values as determinants in a  By Alfred Weber (1929)
residential place.  Least Cost Theory on Industrial
 Limitations Location
o Only railway lines are  Based on 3 factors:
considered for the growth  Minimizing transport cost
of sectors and do not make  Minimizing labor cost
allowance for private cars.  Cost saving from agglomerative
o It is a monocentric location or proximity to other
representation of cities;
 Arch 162
firms typically within cities or concentrate populations within
regions of cities. compact settlements.

2.3 | Organic Development VS New 2.4 | Urbanization Trends in the

Towns Philippines

Organic Development Urbanization Trends

 Settlement that grows over time  Half of the population lives in urban
without a set plan/structure areas.
 Common characteristic of small village o Rural-to-urban migration patterns
and rural towns. are rapid and driven by need for
work.
New Town Development
o Driven by economic opportunity,
 A new planned settlement a lack of jobs in rural areas and
 Not an extension of an existing city allure of a better lifestyle; also
 Aimed to decongest overpopulated the existence of social networks
cities in the city.
o Efforts to address this migration
Filipino Urban Planning
includes:
 In the Philippines, most of the  Initiative to promote rural
development of our towns were development;
initially shaped by “La Traza” or the  Create jobs outside major
pattern from which Spanish colonial cities; and
cities were built.  Improve living conditions in
 There was always a central plaza, a rural and urban settings.
main church, town council building,
Impact of Urbanization
residences of the main civil and
religious officials, and residences of  Proliferation of informal settlers/slum
important residents of the town. communities/homeless.
 Increasing pressure on basic and
Bajo de la Campana (under the bells)
functional services, e.g.
 Period: Spanish Colonial Period o Shortage of Housing
 Concentrated populations using o Shortage of Land
religious and humanitarian o Access to Safe Water
motivations. o Power
 Church bells are integral components o Garbage Disposal
of Filipino urban planning.  Environmental Impact
 During the Spanish period, scattered o Air and Water Pollution
settlers were compelled to relocate to o Traffic Congestion
compact towns by being within
hearing distance of church bells. To Become a City in the Philippines
 Bells were used for religious
 The municipality or group of
announcements and emergency calls.
barangays must meet these
 The concept of “Bajo de la Campana”
requirements (RA11683):
shows the technical and political
o Population of at least 150,000
dimensions of urban planning.
people
 People were “guided” by the rings of
o Average annual income of at
the church bells. The Spanish
least Php100 million for the
conquerors used the bells to
previous two years (or Php400M
 Arch 162
for pop less than 150K or area  After World War II, 1945, this was
less than 100sqkm) dissolved by Sergio Osmena
o Land Area: The municipality must  Headed by a Chairman or Governor
have a contiguous territory of at which acts as a General Manager as
least 100 square kilometers well; with a Commissioner for
 The Department of Finance, the Planning, Commissioner for Finance;
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) Commissioner for operations
and the Land Management Bureau  There are Local Chief Executives per
certify the requirements. city or municipality
 Only Congress can incorporate cities  The Metropolitan Manila is a public
and voted by constituents. corporation that acts as a central
government that establishes and
Why Aspire to Convert into a City?
administers programs and services to
 Cities have much bigger revenue the area (e.g. levy/collect taxes and
allocations than municipalities (Fiscal fees, appropriation of funds, approve
Factor) ordinances, make policies, centralized
 Politically motivated - extension of fire control, garbage collection and
term limits of mayors (New Cities are disposal, transport and traffic center).
different "LGUs" than the previous  1978 - Also known as the National
municipality) Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines
 Expenditure by Function, CY 2010  1990 - President Corazon Aquino
(in PhP Million) reorganizes and changed the structure
of the Metropolitan Manilla
Commission and renamed it to the
Metropolitan Manila Authority. Mayors
from different cities and municipalities
chose among themselves the chair of
the agency.
 1995 - RA 7924: Reorganized and
created the present day Metropolitan
Manila Development Authority.
Chairperson is appointed by the
president and not have a concurrent
2.5 | History of Metro Manila elected position such as mayor.
 Most likely founded in the middle
 Most likely founded in the middle ages, in the early 16th Century
ages, in the early 16th Century
 It is referred to as the "Kingdom of
Maynila" ruled by Rajah Matanda
 Hindu and Sanskrit influence
 Engaged in global trade
 1570 - Battle of Manila, start of
Spanish Rule
 1942 - During World War II. President
Quezon Created the City of Greater
Manila as an emergency measure. It
merged the cities of Manila and
Quezon City. Jorge Vargas was
appointed as the first Mayor. Heads of
cities and municipalities were called
"District Chiefs"
 Arch 162
adjacent regions linked through
shared infrastructure, labor markets,
and social systems.

Metropolitan Planning

 Critical in addressing the complex

challenges of urbanization, economic
development, and environmental
sustainability.
 Independent/Isolated Planning
o Fragmented governance,
inefficient infrastructure, and
unequal economic growth.
 Metropolitan Approach
o Ensured coordinated and
strategic development across
multiple cities within a shared
region.

DRIVERS OF METROPOLITAN
PLANNING

1. Urbanization Trends
 Migration
 Polycentric Development
 Informal Settlements
2. Economic
 Activities in Urban Centers
 Efficient Infrastructure
 Urban-Rural Disparity
3. Waste Management
 Natural Resources
 Climate Change Impact
 Need for Green Spaces
4. Housing Shortages
5. Social
INTRODUCTION TO  Improved Public Services
 Quality of Life
METROPOLITAN 6. Governance
 Fragmented Management
APPROACH  Need for Coordinated Service
Delivery
Metropolis

 A large, densely populated urban

center that serves as the economic,
THEORIES, CONCEPTS, AND
cultural, and administrative hub of a
STRATEGIES
broader region.
 It often anchors a metropolitan area,
Pedro Ortiz’s Metropolitan Approach
which includes the core city and its
interconnected suburbs, towns, and  Metropolitan Genoma
 Arch 162
 Continuous and Discontinuous o Strict zoning laws to protect
Systems historical areas.
 Green Grey Infrastructure o Urban renewal projects in
 Isostatic Maps peripheral districts.
 Reticular Planning  Planning Techniques:
 Metropolitan Acupuncture o Spatial:
 Balanced Urban Development  Integration of green belts to
limit sprawl.
 Preservation of
Integrated Urban Planning Techniques
archaeological sites with
 Use of Geographic Information urban planning.
Systems (GIS) for spatial analysis o Policies:
 Participatory planning involving  Incentives for sustainable
community stakeholders building practices.
 Scenario planning to anticipate future  .Regulations to control
urban challenges urban expansion.

PARIS METROPOLITAN AREA

Sustainable Infrastructure
Development
Urban Form and Pattern:
 Promotion of public transportation
o Compact city center with historic
systems
architecture.
 Implementation of green building
o Well-defined arrondissements
practices
 Development of renewable energy (districts).
sources within urban areas o Extensive public transportation
network.
 Issues Faced:
o Housing affordability.
METROPOLITAN ISSUES AND o Air pollution.
SOLUTIONS o Social inequality in suburban
areas.
 Solutions Implemented:
ROME METROPOLITAN AREA o Expansion of affordable housing
projects.
 Urban Form and Pattern o Promotion of green
o Historic city center with ancient transportation initiatives.
architecture. o Urban regeneration programs in
o Radial road network disadvantaged suburbs.
o Suburban expansion with modern  Planning Techniques:
residential areas. o Spatial:
 Issues Faced:  Development of mixed-use
o Traffic congestion. neighborhoods.
o Preservation of historical sites  Preservation of historical
amidst urban development. urban fabric.
o Urban sprawl.  Greater Paris’ Grand Paris
Express project integrates
 Solutions Implemented:
new urban centers around
o Development of public
expanded metro lines,
transportation systems.
ensuring sustainable urban
 Arch 162
growth without excessive o Diverse architectural styles
sprawl. across boroughs.
o Policies:  Issues Faced:
 Strict environmental o Affordable housing shortages.
regulations; o Aging infrastructure.
 Incentives for sustainable o Traffic congestion.
urban development.  Solutions Implemented:
o Inclusionary zoning policies for
affordable housing.
o Infrastructure modernization
GREATER LONDON programs.
o Investment in public transit
improvements.
 Urban Form and Pattern:  Planning Techniques:
o a concentric ring pattern, with o Spatial:
the City of London at the center  High-density mixed-use
surrounded by Inner London developments.
(dominated by terraced houses)  Revitalization of waterfront
and Outer London (primarily areas.
consisting of 20th-century o Policies:
suburban housing)  Tax incentives for urban
 Issues: redevelopment.
o Housing shortage, Inequality,  Sustainability mandates for
o Environmental concerns new constructions.
 Solutions Implemented:
o Expansion of affordable housing
projects, CHICAGO METROPOLITAN AREA
o Promotion of green
transportation initiatives,  Urban Form and Pattern:
o Urban regeneration programs in o Dense urban core with a strong
disadvantaged suburbs. high-rise skyline
 Planning Techniques: o Grid-based street layout
o Spatial: o Extensive suburban expansion
 Rooftop Development along radial transport corridors
(APEX) Air Space  Issues Faced:
Development o Economic disparity between
 Zoning for opportunities central city and suburbs
o Policies: o Public safety concerns in certain
 Tax on conservation areas; areas
 Design competition projects o Aging infrastructure and transit
system maintenance
 Solutions Implemented:
NEW YORK-NEWARK o Investment in rail and public
transit modernization
o Economic development initiatives
 Urban Form and Pattern: in underserved areas
o High-density urban core with o Smart city initiatives for
skyscrapers. infrastructure monitoring
o Grid street layout in Manhattan.  Planning Techniques:
o Spatial:
 Arch 162
 Redevelopment of  Sustainable city initiatives
waterfront and industrial (e.g., LA Green New Deal)
zones  Incentives for mixed-income
 Expansion of bike and housing development
pedestrian-friendly urban
spaces
o Policies:
TOKYO
 Zoning reforms to
encourage mixed-use
development  Urban Form and Pattern:
 Tax incentives for o Extremely dense city core with
investment in high-rise and mixed-use
underdeveloped areas developments
o Well-integrated transit systems
with multi-modal connectivity
o Compact urban planning with
LOS ANGELES METROPOLITAN AREA limited suburban sprawl
 Issues Faced:
o Aging population and workforce
 Urban Form and Pattern:
shortages
o Decentralized, polycentric urban
o Risk of natural disasters
structure
(earthquakes, typhoons)
o Extensive freeway network and
o High cost of living and housing
car dependency
affordability
o Low-density suburban sprawl
 Solutions Implemented:
with high-rise clusters in key
o Advanced earthquake-resistant
districts (Downtown LA, Century
building technologies
City)
o Smart city and AI-driven urban
 Issues Faced:
o Urban sprawl and car management solutions
o Mixed-use development policies
dependency
o Housing affordability and to maximize land efficiency
 Planning Techniques:
homelessness crisis
o Spatial:
o Traffic congestion and air
 Hyper-dense mixed-use
pollution
developments around
 Solutions Implemented:
transit hubs
o Expansion of metro rail and bus
 Underground infrastructure
rapid transit networks
utilization for better space
o Affordable housing programs and
management
zoning reforms
o Policies:
o Green infrastructure initiatives to
 Proactive disaster resilience
reduce emissions
planning
 Planning Techniques:
 Incentives for urban renewal
o Spatial:
projects
 Transit-Oriented
Development (TOD) around
new metro lines
 Mixed-use zoning to SINGAPORE
increase density in key
areas
 Urban Form and Pattern:
o Policies:
 Arch 162
o High-density, highly planned city-  Issues Faced:
state with limited land o Severe traffic congestion and
o Well-connected green corridors limited mass transit capacity
and public spaces o s
o Vertical urbanism with a focus on o Housing shortages and the
mixed-use development growth of informal settlements
 Issues Faced: o Environmental degradation and
o Limited land availability for pollution
expansion  Solutions Implemented:
o High dependency on imported o Expansion of mass transit (MRT-7,
resources Metro Manila Subway, LRT-1
o Rising real estate prices Cavite Extension)
 Solutions Implemented: o Road infrastructure projects
o Sustainable urban planning with (Skyway expansions, BGC-Ortigas
a strong emphasis on green Link Bridge)
infrastructure o Flood control projects (Metro
o Strict land-use planning and Manila Flood Management
efficient mass housing programs Project)
o Smart city initiatives for urban o Housing and relocation programs
efficiency and resource for informal settlers
management  Planning Techniques:
 Planning Techniques: o Spatial:
o Spatial:  Transit-Oriented
 High-rise mixed-use Development (TOD) in key
developments to maximize areas
space  Reclaiming land for new
 Green and blue urban districts (e.g., New
infrastructure integration Manila Bay)
o Policies: o Policies:
 Stringent land-use  Green infrastructure
regulations initiatives (e.g., Pasig River
 Smart nation initiatives for rehabilitation); Urban
efficient urban services renewal programs to
revitalize older districts

PHILIPPINE METROPOLISES
METRO CEBU

METRO MANILA  Urban Form and Pattern:

o Coastal linear development along
the eastern side of Cebu Island
 Urban Form and Pattern:
o Dense city core with mixed-use
o Polycentric metropolitan
commercial centers
structure with multiple economic
o Expanding urban peripheries with
hubs
gated communities and industrial
o High-density mixed-use
zones
developments in central districts
 Issues Faced:
o Extensive road and rail network
o Increasing traffic congestion
but highly congested
along major corridors;
 Arch 162
o Environmental degradation  Development of growth
(deforestation, coastal erosion); centers to balance
o Insufficient mass transit and urbanization
public transport options o Policies:
 Planning Techniques:  Strong environmental
o Spatial: protection laws (e.g.,
 Integrated land use and logging ban)
transport planning (e.g., BRT  Incentives for agro-industrial
corridors) and export industries
 New reclamation projects
for expansion
o Policies:
 Investment incentives for
tech and IT- related
businesses
 Coastal and marine THE
conservation regulations
METROPOLITAN
GENOMA
METRO DAVAO
A NEW DISCIPLINE

 Urban Form and Pattern:

o Low-density urban core with Metropolitan Discipline and Growth
integrated green spaces  Metropolises are rapidly expanding,
o Decentralized growth centers necessitating a new discipline for
(Toril, Bunawan, Calinan) effective management.
o Well-connected road network
with future transit expansions  The growth of cities is accelerating,
 Issues Faced: with around 300,000 people moving
o Climate and disaster risks to cities each day.
(typhoons, earthquakes)  The rapid urbanization, especially in
o Informal settlements and urban- the last 60-70 years, calls for
rural migration challenges innovative approaches to urban
o Need for improved planning and management.
interconnectivity across growth
areas
 Solutions Implemented: Historical Context and Growth
o Davao City Coastal Bypass Road
for decongesting traffic 1. Population Growth in Cities
o Expansion of Davao International  Historically, only a few cities had
Airport populations over 700,000:
o Disaster resilience programs
(flood control, early warning o Rome during Julius Caesar’s
systems) time
 Planning Techniques: o Beijing during the Ming
o Spatial: Dynasty
 Sustainable urban
expansion and integrated o London during Queen
land-use planning Victoria's reign
 Arch 162
 Today, there are more than 600
cities with populations exceeding
The Efficiency of Large Metropolises
700,000.
1. Economic Efficiency
 Urban areas are growing at a rate of
about 5% annually, doubling every  Larger cities are more economically
14 years. efficient due to shared resources and
infrastructure.

 As cities expand, they become

more efficient, similar to how
biological organisms increase in
efficiency as they grow.

2. Potential for Future Growth

 By 2050, the number of people living

in cities will double.

 Proper urban planning is essential to

prevent the growth of slums, as
upgrading slums is more costly than
 Challenges arise as cities grow larger
proactive planning.
and denser, requiring strategic
planning. o Upgrading slums is 3-7 times
more expensive than proper
2. Economic Impacts of Urban Growth
initial planning
 As cities grow, they generate
 Metropolises are economic engines,
significant economic power:
and their growth should be leveraged
o Example: Los Angeles, Paris, for broader societal benefit.
and others have economic
output comparable to entire
nations. The Role of Metropolises in the Global
o Five major U.S. cities Economy
contribute 25% of the 1. Economic Powerhouses
country's GDP, which is 12.5%
of the global GDP.  Metropolises often surpass nations in
economic output.
 Larger cities benefit from
economies of scale, becoming  48 of the top 100 economic units in
more efficient in resource usage. the world are cities rather than
countries.

2. Potential for Political Influence

 Metropolises may become influential

enough to operate independently of
national governments.

 The growing influence of cities might

require international organizations
 Example: In China, cities with over like the United Nations to adjust their
10 million people have a GDP per frameworks to incorporate city-level
capita of $40,000-$45,000, far above governance.
the national average.
 Arch 162

Approaches to Metropolitan Planning

1. Strategic Approach

 Focuses on aligning and integrating

the city's growth through
collaboration and technical analysis.

 Participatory planning ensures that

all elements of the city are
cohesively articulated for long-term
success. Introduction

2. Structural Approach  This lecture explores the

complexities of metropolitan
 Concentrates on the physical and governance, focusing on the
spatial management of the challenges faced when balancing
metropolis, ensuring infrastructure different objectives in planning and
aligns with the strategic vision. management.
 Regulatory frameworks guide the  Previous discussions distinguished
implementation and physical metropolises from cities, highlighting
organization of the metropolis. the unique characteristics and
governance challenges of larger
metropolitan areas.
Conclusion

 Metropolises are key to the global

economy, and their growth must be Economic Efficiency vs. Social Equity
carefully planned to balance The Dichotomy of Decision-Making
economic, social, and environmental
considerations.

 The strategic and structural

approaches to urban planning offer
pathways to manage their expansion
efficiently.

 Proper planning and management  Metropolis governance often

are essential for the sustainability grapples with two key objectives:
and prosperity of metropolises in the economic efficiency and social
future. equity.

o Economic Efficiency:
Requires concentrated
investments and centralized
THE METROPOLITAN GENOME
efforts to increase productivity.

o Social Equity: Calls for a

more widespread distribution
of resources and services to
ensure fair access for all
citizens.
 Arch 162
 The struggle between these their access to essential services and
objectives is a core issue in opportunities.
metropolitan planning, with no clear,
rational solution. Various
instruments exist to address The Governance Role: Balancing
either efficiency or equity, but Conflicting Objectives
there is no simple tool to strike a
balance between the two. Balancing Economic Efficiency, Social
Equity, and Sustainability
 Political parties often represent these
conflicting goals, with one focusing  Governance is responsible for
on economic efficiency and the other balancing these competing
on social equity. Ultimately, the objectives—economic efficiency,
population decides the balance social equity, and environmental
through democratic elections, sustainability. This is a difficult task
favoring one aspect over the other requiring dialogue between the
depending on the historical moment. public and private sectors, each
with their own interests.

 A successful governance model goes

Physical Environment in Metropolitan beyond immediate results and
Governance considers the long-term impacts of
policies. Collaborative efforts, based
The Role of the Physical Environment
on dialogue and mutual
 In addition to economic and social understanding, are essential to
factors, the physical environment effective metropolitan management
plays a critical role in metropolitan and planning.
governance. It encompasses both the
Theories of Governance and
natural and artificial environments,
Sustainability
including housing, infrastructure, and
other physical elements of the
metropolis.

 The objective for the physical

environment is sustainability. A
sustainable physical environment
supports both economic efficiency
and social equity by ensuring long-
 The theories behind these
term viability and providing a base
approaches come from the
for growth.
European Union, which applied
Struggles for Balance in the Physical trade-off policies to balance these
Environment objectives since the 1990s.

 Economic development often comes  These concepts also draw from the
at the expense of the work of Spangenberg and Borneo,
environment (e.g., natural who proposed sustainability
ecosystems may be destroyed for frameworks for urban and rural
infrastructure projects). management. These ideas have
proven successful in metropolitan
 Social equity objectives can conflict
planning over the past 25 years.
with urban accessibility. A city that
isn't accessible to all its citizens
marginalizes certain groups, limiting
 Arch 162
Complexity of Metropolitan interconnectedness between
Management economic, social, and
environmental systems.
Interconnectedness of Elements
 There is no one-size-fits-all solution;
metropolitan managers must
continuously balance these
elements, considering both the
immediate and long-term impacts of
their decisions.

 The next presentation will dive into

the specific components of
metropolitan systems, exploring both
continuous and discontinuous
systems in greater detail.
 Metropolitan governance is complex,
with various sub-systems interacting.
ECONOMIC COMPONENT
For example:

o Continuous Systems:
Natural environment and
transport systems, which are
interconnected and must
function seamlessly.

o Discontinuous Systems:
Housing, public services, and
industries, which can be
distributed across the
metropolis but should be
carefully planned to avoid
disparities. Three Key Factors of the Economic
Component
 These elements are interdependent.
For instance, improvements in 1. Capital
education can lead to higher 2. Labor
productivity, which in turn can
generate higher tax revenues. These 3. Entrepreneurship
funds can then be reinvested into
social services, which further
improve education and living Capital
conditions.

 It is crucial for metropolitan

managers to understand how actions
in one area affect others to make
informed decisions.

Conclusion

 Managing a metropolis requires a

deep understanding of the
 Arch 162
 Others advocate for
better management
& alternative
transport

 Three Phases of Metropolitan

Development

o Cities without significant

capital

o Cities building up capital

o Cities with excess capital

that need better
 Types of Capital:
management
o Fixed Capital – Infrastructure
o Example: Paris, London,
(roads, buildings)
New York – focus on capital
o Circulating Capital – optimization
Investments, financial liquidity

 Attracting Capital Investment

Entrepreneurship
o Requires high returns, high
liquidity, and low risk

o Policies should encourage

investment-friendly
conditions

 The Wundt Curve (Psychological

Economic Concept)

 Shift from Land to

Entrepreneurship

o 19th-century classical
economics focused on land

o Today, entrepreneurship
o Growth leads to benefits up to drives economic growth
a point
 Key Elements of
o Beyond that, excessive Entrepreneurship
investment or congestion can
o Management – Organizing
become harmful
resources effectively
o Example: Traffic congestion
o Innovation – Creating unique
 Some argue for more products/services
infrastructure
 Arch 162
 Innovation vs. Traditional Workforce (Labor)
Economic Growth

o The 20th century relied on

cheap labor & low-cost
production

o The 21st century prioritizes

innovation & uniqueness

o Innovation gives temporary

monopolies → Competitive
advantage

 Changing Business Structures

o Traditional economies:
Hierarchical, specialized,  Key Factors for a Competitive
top-down Workforce:
o Modern economies: o Quality – Skilled and trained
Collaborative, flexible, labor force
innovation-driven
o Quantity – Sufficient
Innovation vs. Research population to sustain
economic activity

 Labor Productivity & Economic

Growth

o Workforce must align with the

city's economic direction

o Productivity depends on both

quality & availability of
labor

 Further exploration in the social

component discussion
 Research:
Conclusion
o Focuses on discovering
 To remain competitive, a metropolis
knowledge
must effectively manage:
o Follows strict scientific
o Capital (investment &
methodologies
infrastructure)
 Innovation:
o Entrepreneurship
o Focuses on creating useful (management &
inventions innovation)

o Adapts to economic and o Labor (skilled & sufficient

social needs workforce)

o Helps cities stay competitive

in a globalized world
 Arch 162
 Public sector plays a role in
SOCIAL COMPONENT providing necessities when
individuals cannot afford them.

 Investments in both private and

public provisions are crucial.

 Knowledge is a key factor:

o General education ensures

minimum competence for
workforce integration.

o Higher education focuses on

specialized skills to enhance
competitiveness.
Introduction o Education investment should
 The lecture explores the social align with the metropolis’s
component of the metropolitan strengths and future goals.
system. 2. Social Resources
 Social aspects often conflict with  The ability to work together
economic ones, but physical planning efficiently to produce better
can balance them. outcomes.
 Institutions, both government and  Strong social resources improve
civil society, play a key role in productivity beyond the sum of
maintaining equilibrium. individual contributions.

 The absence of social resources

weakens metropolitan effectiveness.
Key Elements of the Social Component

Theories of Social Resources

1. Empirical Theory (Chicago & New

1. Human Resources York Schools)

 Represents the human capital of a  Social resources develop through:

metropolis.
o Cognition – Understanding
 Involves basic needs (housing, what others are doing.
food, education) that must be met
o Coordination – Parallel work
through private or public provision.
and knowledge transfer.
 Arch 162
o Cooperation – Active
collaboration for multiplied
effects.

 These elements are essential for

governance and planning.

2. Vienna School (Psychoanalytic

Approach)

 Compares social dynamics to human

psychology:
Introduction
o Id – Present desires
(consumption, leisure, well-  The lecture focuses on metropolitan
being). governance, a key aspect of
metropolitan discipline.
o Super-ego – Long-term vision
and ambitions.  Governance must balance economic,
social, and physical priorities, which
o Ego – Balances immediate
can often be in conflict.
needs with future aspirations.
 The public and private sectors
 Governance is responsible for
collaborate to articulate and address
managing this balance.
metropolitan needs.
 A metropolis must determine if it
prioritizes immediate consumption or
long-term growth. Key Aspects of Metropolitan
Governance

1. The Role of Governance

Metropolitan Planning & Governance
 Governance ensures equilibrium
 Planning approaches vary based on
between competing priorities
cultural and ethical priorities.
(economic, social, physical).
 Strategic Planning – Integrates
 Economics focuses on
social, economic, physical, and
competitiveness and efficiency,
governance aspects.
social on equity, and physical on
 Physical Planning – Focuses on the sustainability.
physical development of the
 Governance is responsible for
metropolis.
balancing these priorities.
 Governance is key to ensuring
2. Public and Private Sector Roles
metropolitan success by balancing
different components.  Public Sector: Composed of
executive, legislative, and judicial
branches, with the executive and
legislative branches engaging most
GOVERNANCE COMPONENT with the private sector.

 Private Sector:

o Formal: Includes business

associations, NGOs, and other
 Arch 162
formalized organizations
representing private interests.

o Informal: Includes lobbying,

media influence, and
sometimes corruption.

o Governance must manage

both formal and informal
private sector influences.

Public vs. Private Sector Dialogue

 Public Sector: 1. Confederal System

o The government must  Independent units (e.g.,
integrate different interests municipalities) retain sovereignty.
and work for the overall
benefit of the metropolis, not  Cooperation is achieved through
just specific sectors. shared information and joint projects.

o There is a need for  Limitation: No central authority to

institutionalized dialogue to enforce decisions; units may
ensure transparency and withdraw if disagreements arise.
inclusivity.  Example: Early United States and
 Private Sector: European Union.

o The formal private sector is 2. Unitary System

represented by legitimate  Central government oversees the
institutions, but the informal metropolis and can delegate
private sector can exert authority to regional offices.
influence through non-
institutional means (e.g.,  Central government retains control,
lobbying, media). but local agencies coordinate with
national ministries.
o Governance must regulate
these interactions to prevent  Example: France’s system of
undue influence and préfets.
corruption. 3. Federal System

 A directly elected metropolitan

Governance Models for Metropolises government has real power to make
decisions at the metropolitan level.

 Governance at this level is

independent of the national
government and accountable to the
electorate.

 Example: Berlin, Bremen, and

Hamburg as city-states in Germany.
 Arch 162
Metropolitan Governance Challenges investments in infrastructure,
housing, and decision-making.
 Governance involves three tiers of
government: national, municipal, and  Acts as the gateway to subsequent
metropolitan. stages of metropolitan planning.

 Clear relationships between these

levels of government are essential
Key Aspects of the Physical
for effective governance.
Component
 Future lectures will discuss the
physical component of metropolitan
governance.

Conclusion

 Governance is central to the

functioning of a metropolis, ensuring
balance among competing priorities.

 Public-private sector dialogue must

be managed transparently and
inclusively for effective governance.

 The next lecture will explore the

physical components of metropolitan 1. Continuous Systems
systems.
 Natural Environment: Requires
continuity to ensure biodiversity and
ecological flow.
PHYSICAL COMPONENT  Transport Systems: Must work
together seamlessly (e.g., trains,
buses) to ensure smooth movement
and connectivity between various
modes of transport.

 Importance: These systems depend

on each other for effective
functioning and must be carefully
integrated into the metropolitan
structure.

2. Discontinuous Systems

 Housing: Location impacts

Introduction
transport, goods distribution, and
 Focuses on the physical environment social factors such as income levels.
of the metropolis, including both
 Productive Activities: Includes
natural and urban elements.
industries, commerce, and offices
 Serves as the foundational that do not need to be in close
component for metropolitan planning proximity to each other.
and development, influencing
 Social Facilities: Hospitals, schools,
universities, and other facilities,
 Arch 162
which can be located independently 2. Structural Approach
but should be strategically placed
 Focuses on the physical
within the metropolis.
management of the metropolis,
 Importance: These systems are ensuring that the infrastructure
more flexible in placement and do aligns with the strategic vision.
not require continuous integration
 Involves regulatory frameworks and
but should be aligned for efficiency.
municipal-level planning for
implementation.

Challenges of Continuous Systems  Primarily concerned with the physical

and spatial organization of the
 Integration of continuous systems,
metropolis.
like transport and natural
environment, can lead to spatial co
nflicts.
Interdependence of Components
 Solutions must be devised to
 Any change in one component will
minimize the disruption of these
affect the others (e.g., improving
continuous systems while ensuring
education can lead to a more
their effective operation.
efficient economy, which, in turn,
 Transport and Environment are improves social facilities and overall
foundational to the metropolis and quality of life).
need to be established before
introducing housing and industries.

 This interconnectedness contributes

to a circular economy, where each
element supports the others,
creating a self-sustaining system.
Approaches to Metropolitan Planning

1. Strategic Approach

 Focuses on the alignment and

integration of all systems through
collaboration and technical analysis.

 Involves a participatory process with

experts or a technical approach to
create a strategic plan that
incorporates all elements.

 Ensures that all components of the
metropolis are articulated cohesively.
 Arch 162
 Metropolis planning requires careful
management of these
interdependencies to ensure long-
term sustainability.

REGIONAL AND
SECTORAL
PLANNING
City Planning

 Focuses on land use plans, spatial

 growth, and policies at the local level
(City or town)

Regional Planning
Conclusion
 Focuses on the policies of social,
 The physical component is integral to
economic, and environmental
the effective functioning of the
development of a region.
metropolis and must be planned
 Covers rural and undeveloped areas
carefully to balance economic, social,
as well which are not usually covered
and environmental priorities.
in city/town plans
 The strategic and structural
Sectoral Planning
approaches provide frameworks for
integrating these components, with a Targets development of a particular
focus on both collaboration and economic sector (like agriculture, tourism,
physical management.

 A well-structured and balanced THE REGIONAL PLANNING PROCESS

physical environment is essential for
the prosperity and sustainability of
National Level
the metropolis.
 NEDA formulates the Philippine
Development Plan
 Duration usually covers the term of
the existing President.

PDP 20223-2028

 Aims to reinvigorate job creation and

accelerate poverty reduction to steer
the Philippine economy back to its
growth trajectory

Regional Level

 Regional Development Council (RDC)

analyzes the PDP and and identifies
regional priorities (16 RDCs + 2
equivalent bodies for Metro Manila
and Bangsamori Autonumous Region.
 Arch 162
 Stakeholders include LGUs, SCOs
(Civil Society Organizations) and
Private Sector are consulted through
workshops and dialogues.

Planning and Formulation

 RDC drafts the Regional

Development Plan (RDP) aligned with
the PDP and incorporating regional
priorities. Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUP)
 The RDP includes  Technical document that guides how
o Vision: Long-term aspirations a municipality or city will develop
for the region over time.
 Typical CLUP covers 8 to 10 years.
 Purpose
Review and Approval o Guides future actions and
 The draft RDP is submitted to NEDA development
for technical review and approval. o Helps avoid conflicting land
 Upon approcal by NEDA, the RDP is use interests
formally adopted by the RDC. o Protects public investments
 LGUs formulate their local o Prevents inappropriate
Development Plans (LDPs) based on development
the RDP and their specific needs. o Promotes economic
development
Implementation o Helps investors make
 Government agencies, LGUs and decisions
other stakeholders collaborate to  How CLUPs are created
implement the plans. o Local government prepare
 This involves: CLUP
o Resource allocation o CLUPs are encated through
o Project development and zoning ordinances
execution o CLUPs are updated to comply
o Monitoring and evaluation with National Laws
o CLUPs integrate coastal and
forest lands into city/municipal
land use planning.
Monitoring and Evaluation

 Progress is monitores against set Feature CLUP CDP

targets and indicators. Focus Spatial Sectoral
 The effectiveness of the plans is Content Land uses, Goals,
evaluated and adjustments are made infrastructure onbjectives
as necessary. plans , programs
and
projects for
various
sectors
Responsibili Sangguniang Local
 Arch 162
ty Bayan/Lungs Developme
od nt Council
(LDC)
Relationship
to CLUP

THE SECTORAL PLANNING PROCESS

National Level

 NEDA collaborates with Cabinet

Clusters and identifies national
development priorities and sectoral
focus areas based on the Philippine
Development Plan (PDP).

Sectoral Committee Formation

Five Sectors in Sectoral Development

Planning

1. Social Sector

2. Economic Sector

3. Environment Sector

4. Infrastructure Sector

5. Institutional Sector


NEWER/ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF
PLANNING

Integrated Planning

Participatory Planning

Adaptive Planning

Place-Based Planning