Research - the phenomena being studied is defined, classified, and

categorized
- comes from the middle French word "recherche", which
means "the act of searching closely. - 2. Prediction
combination of the prefix re- means "again" and search
means " to look for" - process of - stating the possible consequences of present events
looking for information once again. - based on based on existing knowledge of something
investigation of constructs that stem from an interest or
problem 3. Understanding/ Explanation
Science - process of analyzing information to find out the causes
behind phenomena.
- conceptualize as a procedural and systematic approach in
gaining new knowledge by making through observations
and using controlled and precise methods.
Importance of Research

1. Knowledge is established.
Scientific Method in Research
2. Perceptions are corrected.
- process of conducting research scientifically. -
involves a systematic collection and investigation of data
through the scientific method. 3. Phenomena are validated.

4. Present solutions are tested for effectivity.

1. Empirical Approach 5. Problems are solved.

- knowledge is gained through direct observation and

experiment
Constructs
2. Observation
- mental abstractions derived from the combination of
- awareness of your environment concepts, or your mental representation of the world.

3. Inquiry Ex: Age - young or old

- knowledge comes from inquiries that are answerable Sex - male or female Height - small, average, tall

4. Hypotheses Concept

- attempt to explain a phenomena - cannot be described in just one description or word.

5. Experiment Ex: Age, Sex, Height

- given hypothesis should assure testability in a crafted Variables

condition for the accuracy and reliability of results.
- constructs that can be understood differently because of
6. Analyses their differences in values.

- the data gathered are subjected for analysis through

statistical methods.
Kinds of Variables
7. Conclusion
1. Independent Variables
- process of making inferences involves concrete data to
rule out opinions. - manipulated variables that cause a change in another
variables
8. Replication
2. Dependent Variables
- doing the same study once again to a different set of
participants - those that are affected by independent variables.

A. Establishment of reliability of findings. 3. Confounding or Extraneous Variables

B. Discovery of new knowledge. - those variables usually indicated in an experimental

research.
C. Ascertainment of the generalizability of results.
4. Discrete Variables
Goals of Research
- quantitative variables obtain by counting but we can
1. Description pinpoint
5. Continuous Variables - test hypotheses and make predictions to measured
accounts and ultimately describes an event by using
- those variables in which values are based on a given numerical figures.
interval or continuum
3. Mixed Method Approach
6. Quantitative Variables
- involves collection and analysis of data using both
- variables that give details regarding the number or level quantitative and qualitative approaches to be able to
of something. address the disadvantages of the two approaches and
provide better understanding of data.
7. Qualitative Variables

- variables that represents kinds of types of objects.

Types of Quantitative Research
- synonymous with categorical variables.
1. Descriptive Research

- involves the collection of data to

Variables and their Level of Measurement
Data
Level of Measurement
- typically numeric, collected through survey, interview, or
- association of the values that are linked to a variable. observation

Importance: A. Correlational Research

1. Proper interpretation of data related to the variable. - attempts to determine the level of relation between two
or more quantifiable variables.
2. Decisions about the proper statistical analysis to be
used. B. Survey

2. Casual- comparative Research

Four Levels of Measurement - attempts to establish cause-effect relationship among the

variables of this study.
1. Nominal Scales
3. Experimental Research
- just concerned with the names and categories of
responses. - Similar to casual-comparative research

2. Ordinal Scales - measured the effect of the independent variables to the

dependent variables
- used for data that intendsto be ranked.
- the researcher can control the independent variables
3. Interval Scales
A. True experiment
- equal units of measurement and intervals to know the
distance between them more than the sequence. B. Quasi-experimental Designs

4. Ratio Scales - another alternative to determine the cause and effect

- highest level of measurement Literature Review

- Is a comprehensive classification and evaluation of what

other researchers have written about your topic
Major Approach Used in Research
- One whole essay that has its own introduction, body, and
conclusion
1. Qualitative Approach

- aims to provide description of characteristics, kind, and - composed of the review of elevant or related
quality of a subject , while interpreting and attempting to studies, the hypotheses, and the theoretical
understand an event framework.
Defining your variables:
1. Lexical Definitions ( conceptual)
2. Quantitative Approach
- according to authoritative sources
2. Operational Definitions
- ones are based on how term is or will be used 2 Types of Alternative Hypothesis
in your study
A. Directional Hypothesis
Theory
- the researcher here makes a prediction about
- statement of how facts are related the expected outcome based on prior literature
review.
- system of ideas intended to explain a specific
phenomena. B. Nondirectional Hypothesis
Hypothesis - the researcher makes prediction, but the exact
change in directional hypothesis, is unknown.
- a proposed explanation about a phenomena
made on daily basis Hypotheses
- meant to be tested empirically - base on - are themselves the problem of your paper.
experience
Research Title
Writing a hypothesis:
- important part of your paper.
1. Your hypotheses must be clearly written.
2. If you are doing a test of relationship the type
of relationship must be provided in the A good literature review
hypotheses.
- to direct and become the foundation of the
3. Choose a form of hypotheses based on the paper
type of study.
Two Form of Hypothesis
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
1. Null Hypothesis
- as important as the other sections of your
- represents the traditional approach as it paper
makes a predictions
- connects present study with existing theories
2. Alternative Hypothesis
- popular in journal articles