ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do we present test data
graphically?
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

HOW DO WE PRESENT TEST DATA GRAPHICALLY?

1. Histogram

It is a graph appropriate for quantitative data such as test scores.

It consists of columns - each has a base representing one class
interval, and its height represents the number of observations or
simply frequency in that class interval.
Various tools, including Microsoft Excel, Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS), Desmos, and Canva, can be used to
construct histograms and other types of graphs.

Source: Ubiña-Balagtas, M., et al. (2020). Assessment in Learning 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Figure 7.1. Histogram of Test Scores of College Students

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

HOW DO WE PRESENT TEST DATA GRAPHICALLY?

2. Frequency Polygon
It is also used for quantitative data, and it is one of the most commonly
used methods in presenting test scores.
It is a line graph of a frequency polygon.
It very similar to histogram, but instead of bars, it uses line to compare
sets of test data in the same axes.
In a frequency polygon, you have lines across the scores in the
horizontal axis.
Each point in the frequency polygon represents two numbers, which are
the score in the horizontal axis and the frequency of the class interval in
the vertical axis.
Source: Ubiña-Balagtas, M., et al. (2020). Assessment in Learning 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Figure 7.2. Frequency Polygon in Reading Comprehension Test

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

How well did 15-year-old students in the Philippines do on the test?

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Figure 7.3. Frequency Polygon of Test Scores of College Students

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

HOW DO WE PRESENT TEST DATA GRAPHICALLY?

3. Cumulative Frequency Polygon

A cumulative polygon differs from a frequency polygon as it plots
cumulative frequencies.
Points are placed above the exact limits of intervals.
It shows the number of observations below a certain score rather than
frequencies within intervals.
A cumulative percentage polygon is useful for comparing multiple
frequency distributions with unequal observations.
The graphs display ogive (pronounced as “oh jive”) curves.
Source: Ubiña-Balagtas, M., et al. (2020). Assessment in Learning 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

HOW DO WE PRESENT TEST DATA GRAPHICALLY?

4. Bar Graph
This graph represents frequencies in qualitative variable categories.
It resembles a histogram but has spaces between bars.
Columns represent categories, and bar height shows frequency.
The x-axis typically shows categories, and the y-axis represents test
scores if using experimental data.
Bar graphs can be displayed vertically or horizontally.
It is very useful in comparison of test performance of groups categorized
in two or more variables.
Source: Ubiña-Balagtas, M., et al. (2020). Assessment in Learning 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

SIMPLE BAR GRAPH

Figure 7.4. Mean Scores on Mathematics Test of Pre-Service Teachers in Different Countries
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

DOUBLE BAR GRAPH

Figure 7.5. Summative Test Scores of Grade 5 Pupils

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

HORIZONTAL BAR GRAPH

Figure 7.6. Students’ Competency Level in Geometry Test by Majorship

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

TOP PERFORMERS AND LOW-PERFORMING STUDENTS IN MATHEMATICS, READING AND SCIENCE

Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). PISA 2022 results (Volume I and II) - Country notes: Philippines.
https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i-and-ii-country-notes_ed6fbcc5-en/philippines_a0882a2d-en.html
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

HOW DO WE PRESENT TEST DATA GRAPHICALLY?

5. Box-and-Whisker Plots
This is a very useful graph depicting the distribution of test scores through
their quartiles.
The first quartile, , is the point in the test scale below, where 25% of the
score lies. The second quartile is the median, which defines the upper
50% and lower 50% of the scores. The third quartile is the point above
which 25% of the score lies.

Source: Ubiña-Balagtas, M., et al. (2020). Assessment in Learning 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOTS

Quartile Group 4
(25%)

Quartile Group 3
(25%)

Quartile Group 2
(25%)

Quartile Group 1
(25%)

Figure 7.7. Box-and-Whisker Plots on Test Scores of College Students

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

HOW DO WE PRESENT TEST DATA GRAPHICALLY?

6. Pie Graph
A circle graph, also known as a pie graph, is a common way to represent
categorical data.
A full circle measures 360 degrees in basic mathematics.
Each category is represented as a slice of the circle, resembling pieces
of a pie—hence the name "pie graph."
The size of each slice is determined by the percentage of students in
each category.
Since the entire circle represents 100% of the data, the sum of all slice
percentages equals 360 degrees.

Source: Ubiña-Balagtas, M., et al. (2020). Assessment in Learning 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

PIE GRAPH
Percentage Distribution of Test Scores by Performance Level

Group

Source: Ubiña-Balagtas, M., et al. (2020). Assessment in Learning 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Which graph is best?

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

PURPOSE OF DATA PRESENTATION

Histograms are useful for quantitative data but may not be ideal
for comparing multiple groups.
Bar graphs are effective for qualitative data and comparing
subgroup performance.
Frequency and percentage polygons help analyze quantitative
data distributions.
Cumulative percentage polygons are useful for comparing groups
with unequal sizes.
Box-and-whisker plots are less common but provide valuable
insights without requiring statistical software.

Source: Ubiña-Balagtas, M., et al. (2020). Assessment in Learning 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

What are the

variations on the
shapes of frequency
distributions?
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Skewness
Skewness measures the asymmetry of a probability
distribution. It indicates whether data values are more
concentrated on one side of the mean
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

WHAT IS SKEWNESS?

Figure 7.8 represents a normal

distribution.
Half of the curve is a mirror image
of the other half, making it
symmetrical.
This type of distribution is also
known as a bell-shaped distribution
due to its characteristic shape.

Figure 7.8. Symmetrical Distribution of Test Scores

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

WHAT IS SKEWNESS?
y

In negatively-skewed
distribution, there are more who
get higher scores and the tail,
indicating lower frequencies of
distributions points to the left or
the lower scores

Figure 7.9. Negatively Skewed Distribution

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

WHAT IS SKEWNESS?
y

In positively skewed distributions,

lower scores are clustered on the
left side. This means that there
are more who get lower scores
and the tail indicates the lower
frequencies are on the right or to
the higher scores.

Figure 7.10. Positively Skewed Distribution

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

WHAT IS SKEWNESS?

y
A rectangular distribution occurs
when the frequency of each
score, data point, or class interval
is equal or nearly equal.
Because of this uniformity, it is
also known as a uniform
distribution.

x
Figure 7.11. Rectangular Distribution
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

TYPES OF MODALITY
The modality of a distribution is determined by the number of peaks it contains.

Two peaks appear

The curve has More than two
at the points of
only one peak. peaks.
highest frequency
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

WHAT IS KURTOSIS?
Kurtosis describes the flatness or peakedness of a distribution, reflecting how sharply
or broadly the data is distributed.
A leptokurtic distribution is the steepest and
most narrow type of distribution. The term
leptokurtic comes from lepto, meaning
narrow or slender.

A mesokurtic distribution is a moderate

distribution, representing a normal curve
with neither a sharp peak nor a flat shape.
The term meso means intermediate.

A platykurtic distribution is the flattest

type of distribution, characterized by a
broad and flat peak.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Organizing and Presenting Test Data

Why organize What are the tools in

test data? presenting summarized data?

What are the basic elements of frequency What are the types of
distribution table for grouped data? graphs?

How is each element When do you use each How do you construct
determined? type of graph? each graph?

When do you use each How do frequence

distribution of scores differe in characteristics??
 ANALYSIS,
INTERPRETATION, AND
USE OF TEST DATA
By Robemar M. Albaño
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What are the different measures
to analyze, interpret, and use
appropriately test results?
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

What are measures of

central tendency?
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Measures of central tendency refer to the central location or
point where a set of values tends to converge.
Test scores typically cluster around a central value, reflecting
this tendency.
This central value is often the average of the set of scores.
A measure of central tendency provides a single value that
represents the entire set of data.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Table 8.1. Scores of 100 College Students in a Final Examination

53 30 21 42 33 41 42 45 32 58
36 51 42 49 64 46 57 35 45 51
57 38 49 54 61 36 53 48 52 49
41 58 42 43 49 51 42 50 62 60
33 43 37 57 35 33 50 42 62 49
75 66 78 52 58 45 53 40 60 33
46 45 79 33 46 43 47 37 33 64
37 36 36 46 41 43 42 47 56 62
50 53 49 39 52 52 50 37 53 40
34 43 43 57 48 43 42 42 65 35

Source: Ubiña-Balagtas, M., et al. (2020). Assessment in Learning 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

MEAN
Measures of central tendency refer to the central location or
point where a set of values tends to converge.
Test scores typically cluster around a central value, reflecting this
tendency.
This central value is often the average of the set of scores.
A measure of central tendency provides a single value that
represents the entire set of data.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Solutions:

Mean Formula

where:
= the mean
= the sum of all scores
= the number of scores
in the set
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Table 8.1. Frequency Distribution of Grouped Test Scores

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Mean Formula
in Frequency Distribution
of Grouped Data

where:
= the midpoint of the class interval
= frequency of each class interval
= total frequency
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Steps to Compute the Mean in

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
1. Open the Data Editor window (Ensure that
your dataset is already prepared).
2. On the menu bar, click Analyze →
Descriptive Statistics → Frequencies to open
the Frequencies dialog box.
3. In the Descriptive Options box, press
Continue.
4. In the Frequencies dialog box, press OK to
generate the results.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Steps to Compute the Mean in

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Steps to Compute the Mean in

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

FIGURE. MEAN PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS, READING AND SCIENCE IN PISA 2022

Philippines, OECD average and selected comparison countries

Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). PISA 2022 results (Volume I and II) - Country notes: Philippines.
https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i-and-ii-country-notes_ed6fbcc5-en/philippines_a0882a2d-en.html
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

MEDIAN
The median is the value that divides a ranked dataset into two
halves, representing the middle value of the ordered scores.
If the number of scores is odd, the median is the single middle
value.
If the number of scores is even, there are two middle values, and
the median is the average of these two values.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Median Formula
in Frequency Distribution
of Grouped Data The median class is not
necessarily the class
located in the middle.

The median class is the

class or interval that
contains the median.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Table 8.2. Frequency Distribution of Grouped Test Scores

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Table 8.2. Frequency Distribution of Grouped Test Scores Solutions:

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Steps to Compute the Median in

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
1. Open SPSS and load your dataset.
2. Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >
Frequencies.
3. In the Frequencies dialog box, move the
variable for which you want to compute the
median into the Variable(s) box.
4. Click on Statistics and check the box for
Median.
5. Click Continue, then OK.
6. The Output Viewer will display the median
under the Statistics Table.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Steps to Compute the Median in

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Steps to Compute the Median in

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Steps to Compute the Mode in

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
1. Open SPSS and load your dataset.
2. Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >
Frequencies.
3. In the Frequencies dialog box, move the
variable for which you want to compute the
median into the Variable(s) box.
4. Click on Statistics and check the box for
Mode.
5. Click Continue, then OK.
6. The Output Viewer will display the median
under the Statistics Table.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

describes the representative value of a set of data

MEAN MEDIAN MODE

Most representative or typical
Arrange the data in ascending Most frequently occurring data
value of a dataset.
order, then identify the middle point in a dataset.
The most stable measure of
value. It always exists as a data point in
central tendency.
The median divides the the set.
Also known as the arithmetic
dataset into two equal halves: Not affected by extreme values,
mean.
50% of the values are above it, making it a stable measure.
Calculated by summing all
and 50% are below it. Particularly useful for qualitative
data values and dividing by the
May not be an actual data or categorical data.
total number of values.
point in the given set. A dataset can have one mode
Sensitive to extreme values,
Unaffected by extreme values, (unimodal), two modes
which can affect its accuracy.
but influenced by the position (bimodal), or more (multimodal).
May not be an actual data
of data points.
point in the given set.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

When are mean, median,

and mode appropriately
used?
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

When are mean, median, and mode appropriately used?

To appreciate the comparison of the three measures of central tendency,

a brief background on the level of measurement is important.
We make observations and perform assessments on various variables
related to learning, such as: Vocabulary, Spelling ability, Self-concept,
Birth order, Socio-economic status or etc.
The level of measurement helps in interpreting data as measures of these
attributes.
It also serves as a guide in determining the appropriate descriptive
statistics to apply when analyzing test data.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Four Types of Measurement Scales

Measurement
Characteristics Examples
Scale

Gender
Nominal Groups and labels data (1-male, 2-female)

Ranks data Income

Ordinal Distance between points are indefinite (1-low, 2-average, 3- high)

Test scores and temperature

Distance between points are equal
Interval No absolute zero point
* a score of zero in a test does not
mean no knowledge at all

All of the above except that it has an Height, weight

Ratio absolute zero point * a zero weight means no weight at all
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

How do
measures of central tendecy
determine skewness?
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

How do measures of central tendecy

determine skewness?
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

How do measures of central tendecy

determine skewness?

It indicates the variability, spread, or scatter of the score distribution.

It provides an estimate of how compressed or dispersed the scores are,
contributing to the flatness or peakedness of the distribution.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

MEASURE OF DISPERSION
describes the degree of spread or dispersion of a set of data

STANDARD
RANGE VARIANCE DEVIATION
It is the difference between
It is a measure of how spread It is the root-mean-square of the
the highest and lowest score
out a set of data points is from deviations from the mean.
in a set of observations
the mean. It is the most accurate to
It is the simplest measure of
It quantifies the average reresent the deviation of
variability but also considered
squared deviation of each data individual scores from the mean
as the least accurate.
point from the mean of the values in the distribution.
It does not take into
dataset. It is the most widely used
consideration the spread of all
Note: A higher variance measure of variability.
scores; its value simply
indicates greater dispersion,
depends on the highest and
while a lower variance
lowest scores.
suggests that the data points
its value could drastically
are closer to the mean.
changed by a single value.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

FORMULA OF MEASURE OF DISPERSION

describes the degree of spread or dispersion of a set of data

STANDARD
RANGE VARIANCE DEVIATION
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Determine the range for the following scores:

9, 9, 9, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15, 17, 17, 18, 18, 20, 20, 20

Range Formula
Now, replace a high score in one of the scores, say,
the last score and make it 50. The range becomes:

Note: The range increased so high, which can be interpreted as large dispersion of test
scores; however, when you look at the individual scores, it is not.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

TEST SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS

How each mean represents

the score in their respective
distribution?
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

RAW SCORE FORMULA

Raw Score Formula It is an alternative formula

for standard deviation.
It does not reflect the
concept of “deviation:
which connotes
“difference”.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Steps to Compute the Variance and Standard Deviation in

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

1. Enter the scores in the Data Editor

with appropriate labeling of the
variable name, such as ”Scores”
or whatever label you prefer.
2. On the menu bar, click Alanyze,
go to Statistics, then click
Frequencies. Then, select
Variance and Standard Deviation.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Coefficient of Skewness Formula

How does standard

deviation relate to
skewness?

Note: The coefficient of skewness formula further tells us that if the mean and median are
equal, Sk will be equal to 0, therefore, the distribution will be symmetrical. As the
difference between mean and median moves farther from 0, the coefficient of
skewness changes to either lower or higher values.
 ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

MEASURE OF POSITIONS
describe the relative standing of a data point within a data set

QUARTILE DECILE PERCENTILE

Divides the distribution into Divides the distribution Divides the distribution into
4 equal parts into 10 equal parts 100 equal parts

which are classified into two

UNGROUPED
GROUPED DATA
DATA
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Given the following scores, find the 1st quartile, 3rd quartile, and quartile deviation
90, 85, 85, 86, 100, 105, 109, 110, 88, 105, 100, 112
Lower Part (Q1) Higher Part (Q3)

85, 85, 86, 88, 90, 100, 100, 105, 105, 109, 110, 112

Median
Q2

Recall: Semi-interquartile Range or Quartile Deviation Formula

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Mrs. Labonete gave a test to her students in Statistics. The students

finished their test in 35 minutes. This time is the 2.5th decile of the
allotted time. What does this mean?

This means that 25% of the learners finished the test. A

low decile is considered good because it means the
students finished the test in a short period of time.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

The 75th percentile SAT score for incoming freshmen is 1400.

What does this mean?

This means that 75% of incoming freshmen scored 1400

or lower on the SAT, while the top 25% scored higher
than 1400. This percentile helps gauge how a student's
SAT score compares to others in the incoming class.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Mrs. Labonete gave a test to her students in Statistics. The students

finished their test in 35 minutes. This time is the 2.5th decile of the
allotted time. What does this mean?

This means that 25% of the learners finished the test. A

low decile is considered good because it means the
students finished the test in a short period of time.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

What is coefficient of variation as a measure of relative dispersion?

ABSOLUTE DISPERSION COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

Measures the spread of data in Measures the spread of data as a

original units. proportion of the mean or other
Same as the original data. reference value.
Shows the actual amount of Unitless (expressed as a ratio or
variation. percentage).
When comparing data sets with Allows comparison of variability
the same units. across different datasets or scales.
When comparing data sets with
different units or scales.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

What is coefficient of variation as a measure of relative dispersion?

ABSOLUTE DISPERSION COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

Range Coefficient of Variation (CV)

Interquartile Range (IQR) Quartile Coefficient of Dispersion
Quartile Deviation Relative Range
Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)
Variance E.g. "The coefficient of variation is 12%,
Standard Deviation meaning the data has moderate
relative variability."
E.g. "The standard deviation of test
scores is 5 points."
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

What is coefficient of variation as a measure of relative dispersion?

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE
If the mean score of the students in The mean score of students in Science
mathematics is 40 with a standard of is 18 with a standard deviation of 5.
10, then the coefficient variation is The coefficient variation is computed
computed as: as:
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

How is standard
deviation applied in a
normal distribution?
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

The Normal Distribution

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve is
used to compare scores.
Common in natural phenomena like
IQ, height, income, and test scores.
Most values cluster in the center, with
fewer at the extremes.
Standard reference in research and
evaluation.
Also called the Gaussian distribution,
named after Carl Friedrich Gauss.
 ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Empirical Rule (68-95-99.7 Rule)

68% of the scores fall between
one standard deviations below
and above the mean (μ ± 1σ)
95% of the scores fall between 2
standard deviations below and
above the mean (μ ± 2σ)
99.7% of the scores fall between
3 standard deviations below
and above the mean (μ ± 3σ)

Figure 8.7. The Areas under the Normal Curve

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Figure 8.7. The Areas under the Normal Curve

If test scores follow a normal distribution with μ = 80 and σ = 5, then:

68% of students score between 75 and 85.
95% score between 70 and 90.
99.7% score between 65 and 95.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Properties of Normal Distribution

Figure 8.7. The Areas under the Normal Curve

1. The mean, median, and mode are all equal.

2. The curve is symmetrical. As such, the value in a specific area on the left is equal to
the value of its corresponding area on the right.
3. The curve changes from concave to convex and approaches the X-axis, but the tails
do not touch the horizontal axis.
4. The total area on the curve is equal to 1.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Standard Scores
Shows a student’s position by
measuring how much their raw
What are the score deviates from the average.
Describes performance in terms of
standard scores?
standardized units from the mean.
Illustrated by the normal
probability curve, also known as
the normal curve.
Provides a common unit for
comparing raw scores across
different tests.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

STANDARD SCORES
STANINE
Z-SCORE T-SCORE SCORES
The most useful kind of It is a transformed The scores are on a
standard score. standard score. nine-point scale.
It represents a raw It refers to a set of In this scale, the mean
score relative to the normally distributed is 5, and the standard
mean and standard standard scores with a deviation of 2.
deviation. mean of 50 and a It simplifies score
standard deviation of interpretation.
10.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Figure 8.8. A Comparison of Score Distributions with Different Means and Standard Deviations

Given: Solutions: Conclusion:

English Score (86): Mean = 80, Compared with the rest of the
Standard Deviation = 3 class, the performance in
Physics Score (90): Mean = 95, English is better than in Physics.
Standard Deviation = 2
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Figure 8.9. Different Raw Scores in one Z-score Distriution

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

T-Score Computation
Given: Solutions: Conclusion:
English Score (86): Mean = 80, Where z-scores from -4 to +4,
Standard Deviation = 3, Z=2 more than 99% of the scores are
between 20 and 80.

Stanine = 2z + 5

Z-Score Computation = 2(2) + 5

=4+5
=9
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Let’s observe this!

Note:
Scores in the stanine scale have some limitations. Since they are in a 9-point scale and
expressed in whole number, they are not precise. Different Z-scores or T-scores may
have the same score equivalent.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Normal Distribution of Stanine Scores

Kate has a stanine score of 2,

while John is in the 6th stanine.
Based on their stanine scores,
who performed better? Justify
your answer.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Figure 8.10. The Normal Distribution and the Standard Scores

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Measures of Covariability
It describes the relationship between two variables and how they change together.

Figure 8.11. Various Types of Relationships

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

MEASURES OF COVARIABILITY

COVARIANCE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

Measures the direction of the A standardized measure of Strength of Correlation:
relationship between two covariability that shows both 0.70 to 1.00 → Strong
variables. direction and strength of a 0.40 to 0.69 → Moderate
A positive covariance means relationship. 0.10 to 0.39 → Weak
both variables increase or Ranges from -1 to +1: 0.00 to 0.09 → Very
decrease together. +1 → Perfect positive correlation
weak/negligible
(strongest relationship, both increase
A negative covariance means
together).
one variable increases while
-1 → Perfect negative correlation
the other decreases. (strongest inverse relationship, one
Covariance values depend increases while the other decreases).
on the units of measurement, 0 → No correlation (no consistent
making interpretation difficult. relationship)
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Some Examples of interpreting Correlation Coefficients

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation

DEVIATION-SCORE FORMULA
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation

RAW SCORE FORMULA

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025
Table 8.3. Computation for Correlation for Raw Score
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Solutions:

The correlation coefficient is 0.075

between the performance scores in
Reading and Problem-Solving. This
coefficient indicates a moderate
correlation between performance in
reading and problem-solving.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Solutions:

Coefficient of Determination
explains the percentage of the
variance in one variable that is
associated with the other variable.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Solutions:

Coefficient of Determination
explains the percentage of the
variance in one variable that is
associated with the other variable.

Interpretation:
49% of the variance in Problem-
Solving test scores is associated
with the Reading scores.
51% of the variance in problem-
solving test scores is due to other
factors.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Reading Problem-Solving

Figure 8.12. Covariation of Performance in Reading and Problem-Solving

ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Steps to Compute the Correlation Coefficient in

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

1. Open SPSS and load your dataset.

2. Go to Analyze > Correlate > FBivariate.
3. Select Variables
4. Click on Statistics and check the box for
Median.
5. Choose the Correlation Method.
6. Select Options, then Click OK.
7. Interpret the Output.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Steps to Graph the Correlation Coefficient in

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

1. Open SPSS and load your dataset.

2. Go to Graphs, then Chart Builder.
3. Select Scatter/Dot, then Simple Scatterplot.
4. Drag the independent variable to the X-Axis
and the dependent variable to the Y-Axis.
5. (Optional) Click Elements, then Fit Line at
Total for a trend line.
6. Click OK to generate the scatterplot.
7. Interpret the pattern.
ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES February 22, 2025

Correlation Between Performance in Reading and Problem-Solving

 Analyzing, Interpreting and Using the Test Data

Measures of Measures of Measures of Measure of

Central Dispersion Position Covariability
Tendency

Range Variance Quartile Decile Percentile Co Variance

Mean

Standard Corellation
Median Deviation

Standard
Mode scores

Stanine
Z-score T-score Scores