Maharashtra State Board of

Technical Education, Mumbai.

Government Polytechnic,
Dharashiv

-Diploma in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering.

Academic Year : 2024 – 25.
A
Micro - Project Report
On :-

“Generation of PPM Signal .”

Submitted By -
Roll Enrollment Student Name
No. No.
06. 23510250501 Badule Indrajit Irappa
18. 23510250517 Deshpande Gaurav Suhas
62. 23510250567 Wakde Adarsh Vilas

ELECTROICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERIG.

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 CERTIFICATE
Certified that this Micro Project Report

“Generation of PPM Signal”

Is the work of

Roll Enrollment Student Name Signature of

No. No. Student
06. 23510250501 Badule Indrajit
Irappa
18. 23510250517 Deshpande Gaurav
Suhas
62. 23510250567 Wakde Adarsh Vilas
The students of Semester : Fourth.
Subject Name :- Digital Communication System ( DCS – 314326 ) of
Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering 2024 -25.
This report is partial fulfillment for the award of the Micro Project,
Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering by MSBTE,
Mumbai.
Guide Name :- Smt. Maindarkar A. B.
Date & Sign :-

S. R. Panke S. L. Andhare
HOD PRINCIPAL

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 INDEX
Sr. Title Page No.
No.
1. Introduction 04
2. Circuit Diagram & 06
Components Used
3. Generation Process 07
4. Block Diagram of PPM 08
5. Detection of PPM 10
6. Working 11
7. Advantages 12
8. Disadvantages 13
9. Applications 14

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 INTRODUCTION
Pulse Position Modulation is another kind of important
modulation technique used in electronics communication system
apart from amplitude and phase modulation.
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) is a modulation technique
used to encode information in the time position of a series of
pulses relative to a reference time. In PPM, the amplitude and
width of the pulses are kept constant, while the position of each
pulse varies in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal. PPM is widely used in optical
communications, telemetry, and wireless communication systems
due to its high power efficiency and noise immunity.
 DEFINIION :-
A modulation technique that
allows variation in the position of the pulses according to the
amplitude of the sampled modulating signal is known as Pulse
Position Modulation (PPM). It is another type of PTM, where the
amplitude and width of the pulses are kept constant and only the
position of the pulses is varied.

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  What is Pulse Position Modulation?

Pulse position modulation is one type of analog

modulation which allows variation within the position of the
pulses based on the sampled modulating signal’s amplitude
is called PPM or Pulse Position Modulation. In this type of
modulation, the amplitude & width of the pulses are kept
stable & the position of the pulses only varied.

The PPM technique allows computers to transmit data

by simply measuring the time taken to reach each data
packet to the computer. So is frequently used within optical
communication where there is small multi-pathway
interference. This modulation totally transmits digital
signals & cannot be utilized by analog systems. It transmits
simple data which is not efficient while transferring files.

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 Circuit Diagram & Components Used

 Components Used :-

1. IC 555
2. Capacitor
3. Resistor
4. Diode

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 GENERATION PROCESS
Basically, the 555 IC is a monolithic IC that is available in an
8-pin DIP package. It is used in many applications used as
an astable multivibrator and bistable multivibrator to generate the
triangular wave, square wave, etc. So, the generation of PPM is
also considered one of the applications of 555 IC.
Let’s see how the PPM signal is generated using the above PPM
circuit with 555 IC. For a generation of PWM pulses and PPM
pulses, the 555 timer operates in monostable mode. Monostable
mode is one of the modes of multivibrators. Multivibrators are
generally electronic circuits which are having no one or two stable
states. Based on the stable states, there are three types astable,
bistable and monostable multivibrators.

The input PWM pulse is applied to the pin2 of 555 IC-like

triggered input through a differentiator network formed by diode
D1, resistor R, and capacitor C1. Now based on the received input
at pin2, the output will be obtained at pin3 of 555 timer IC. The
output will remain high for the duration of the time period decided
by resistors R2 and C2 so that the width and amplitude of each
pulse remain constant and we will get a PPM signal at the output.

In this way, the 555 timer IC is used for generating a PPM

signal.

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 Block diagram of PPM

The pulse position modulation block diagram is shown below

which generates a PPM signal. We know that a pulse position
modulation signal is easily generated by using a PWM signal. So,
here at the o/p of the comparator, we have assumed that a PWM
signal is generated already & now we have to produce a PPM
signal.
In the above block diagram, a PAM signal is generated from
the modulator once, and further, it is processed at the comparator
to produce a PWM signal. After that, the output of the comparator
is given to a monostable multivibrator which is negative edge
triggered. Thus, with the trailing edge of the PWM signal, the
output of the monostable goes high.
Thus, a pulse of the PPM signal starts by the trailing edge of
the PWM signal. Here, it is to be noted that the high output
duration mainly depends on the multivibrator’s RC components.

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So this is the main reason why a stable width pulse is attained in
the case of the PPM signal.

The PWM signal’s trailing edge shifts through the

modulating signal, so with this shift, the pulses of PPM will show
shifts within its position. The PPM signal’s waveform
representation is shown below.

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 DETECTION OF PPM

The detection of the pulse position modulation block diagram

is shown below. In the following block diagram, we can observe
that it includes a pulse generator, SR FF, reference pulse generator
& a PWM demodulator.
The PPM signal which is transmitted from the modulation
circuit will get distorted with the noise throughout transmission.
So this distorted signal will reach the demodulator circuit. The
pulse generator used in this circuit will produce a pulsed
waveform with a fixed duration. This waveform is given to the SR
FF’s reset pin. The reference pulse generator produces a reference
pulse with a fixed period once a transmitted PPM signal is given
to it. So this reference pulse is utilized to set the SR FF. At the
output of the FF, these set & reset signals will generate a PWM
signal. Further, this signal is processed to give the original
message signal.

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  How does Pulse Position Modulation works?
In PPM information is simply transmitted by the position of
the pulse. In order to transmit data, it sends electrical, optical, or
electromagnetic pulses to another device. This gives us a
constraint because transmission is only possible if both
transmitting and receiving devices are synchronized, i.e. having
the same clock.
In order to reduce the bandwidth consumption, we can use a
different sub-type of PPM which is differential pulse position
modulation. In this method data is encoded based on the
difference between broadcast time. The device which receives the
data carefully measures the difference in arrival time to perform
decoding of data.

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 ADVANTAGES

 PPM has the most power efficiency as compared to other

modulations.
 This modulation has less stable amplitude noise interference.
 This modulation separates the signal easily from a noisy signal.
 It needs less power as compared to PAM.
 Separation of signal & noise is extremely simple
 It has constant transmitted power output.
 This technique is simple to divide the signal from a noisy signal.
 It needs extremely less power as compared to PAM & PDM
because of amplitude & short duration pulse.
 Easy noise removal & separation is extremely easy in this type
of modulation.
 Power utilization is also extremely low as compared to other
modulations because of stable pulse amplitude & width.
 PPM communicates only simple commands from a Tx to an Rx,
so it is frequently used in lightweight applications because of its
low system necessities.

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 DISADVANTAGES

 PPM is very complex.

 It needs more bandwidth for transmission as compared to PAM.
 It is extremely sensitive to multi-pathway interference like
echoing that can disturb a transmission by changing the
difference in arrival times of every signal.
 Synchronization is necessary between transmitter & receiver
which is not feasible each time & we require a dedicated channel
for it.
 Special devices are required for this kind of modulation.

APPLICATIONS

 The PPM is mainly used in telecommunication systems & air

traffic control systems.
 This modulation is used in radio control, an optical
communication system & military application.
 This technique is used in planes, remote-controlled cars, trains,
etc.
 PPM is used in noncoherent detection wherever a receiver does
not require any Phase lock loop or PLL to track the carrier’s
phase.
 It is used in RF (radio frequency) communication.
 It is also utilized in high-frequency, contactless smart cards,
radio frequency ID tags, etc.

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